Chapter- 4 : AC Analysis

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AC Analysis : OUTLINE
 Time-Domain Analysis
 Complex Numbers
 Frequency-Domain Analysis
 Power
 Important Power Concepts
 Poly-phase Circuits
 Three-Phase Loads

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Introduction

Step functions are useful in determining the response of the ckt, when
they are first turned on or when sudden or irregular changes occur in
the input.
However, to see how a ckt, responds to a regular or repetitive input
(Sinusoids) called AC analysis or Sinusoidal analysis.
We can analyze the AC ckt. Using standard techniques – discussed
previously by generalizing the sinusoid.

We can perform ac analysis in a more simplified manner that avoids

the direct solution of differential equations. Instead, we use the
concepts of Phasors and Complex impedances

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Alternating Waveforms

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Time-Domain Analysis

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Time-Domain Analysis

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Time-Domain Analysis

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Concept of Lag / Lead

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Techniques for Sinusoidal Analysis

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Frequency / Phasor Domain Analysis

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Phasor Algebra

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Resistor

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Inductor

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Capacitor

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Phasor Diagram

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Example

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Impedances & Admittance

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Complex Numbers

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Complex Numbers

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Complex Numbers

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Frequency - Domain Analysis
• A phasor is a complex number that contains the
amplitude and phase angle information of a sinusoidal
function.

• A phasor diagram is a graph of phasors on the

complex plane (using real and imaginary axes). It helps
to visualize the relationships between currents and
voltages.

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Frequency-Domain Analysis
• The voltage and the current are ‘‘in phase’’ for resistor.

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Frequency-Domain Analysis
• For an inductor the voltage leads the current by 90 degrees,
or equivalently, the current lags the voltage by 90
degrees.

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 Frequency-Domain Analysis
• For a capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 90
degrees

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Example

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 Time Domain Ckt.

Frequency Domain
Ckt.

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Frequency-Domain Analysis
Series Connections of Impedances

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Frequency-Domain Analysis

Series Connections of Impedances

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Frequency-Domain Analysis

Parallel Connections of Impedances

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Frequency-Domain Analysis
Parallel Connections of Impedances

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Steps to Analyze ac Circuits

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Analysis Techniques

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NODAL Analysis

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MESH Analysis

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Superposition Theorem

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Source Transformation

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalent Circuits

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Thevenin’s Theorem: AC Analysis

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AC Power Analysis :

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Instantaneous Power

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Average Power

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Max. Average Power

NB : Vth Is a peak value

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Ans : V0 = 0.5 Լ120 degree

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AC Power Analysis : A Single Phase System

=
OR
=

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 =
=

• The instantaneous power absorbed by the element is

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Power: Average Power
• The instantaneous power absorbed by the element is

• The average power absorbed by the element is

• The average power absorbed by a resistor is

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Instantaneous Power

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Instantaneous Power: Contd. --

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 v(t)  Vm cos(t  )
i(t)  I m cos(t  )

 Vm Im 
P  cos       Vrms Irms cos     
 2 
Q  Vrms Irmssin     

S  P  jQ  (Vrms )(Irms )*

S  S  P2  Q2  Vrms Irms

pf  cos     
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Power : Average Power

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Power : Maximum Power Transfer

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Important Power Concepts

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Important Power Concepts

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Complex Power : S

= P+JQ
COMPLEX CONJUGATE

2
P= R = V.I .Cos(φ)
I.
Q= I2. X = V.I .Sin(φ)

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Important Power Concepts

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Sinusoidal Waveforms

Basics of Power Electronics

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Instantaneous Power

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Prob.: For the ckt. Shown below, Find the voltage, pf, P, Q,
& S also draw the currents and voltage phasor diagram

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Power Factor Correction

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Power Factor – Improvement

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Power Factor – Improvement

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Prob. : Find the Power rating of the motor in hp, and the overall pf.
Of the ckt.

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 A 2hp AC motor operates on a single phase 50Hz supply, drawing 10.7A at 0.6
lagging power factor. In an attempt to improve the power factor, the user
mistakenly connects a 500µF capacitor in series with the motor at its input
terminals. What is the consequent power factor as seen by the supply?
Soln.

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Three Phase System

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Introduction

Almost all electric power generation and most of the power

transmission in the world is in the form of three-phase AC circuits.
A three-phase AC system consists of three-phase generators,
transmission lines, and loads.

There are two major advantages of three-phase systems over a single-

phase system:
1) More power per kilogram of metal from a three-phase machine;
2) Power delivered to a three-phase load is constant at all time, instead
of pulsing as it does in a single-phase system. So the 3-phase
Induction Motors are silent/less noisy then single phase IM.

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Three - Phase Circuits

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Three-Phase Circuits

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Voltages and Currents
There are two types of connections in three-phase circuits:
a)Y connection

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Voltages and Currents
b)  connection

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Voltages and Currents

Each generator and each load can be either Y- or 

connected.
Any number of Y- and -connected elements may be mixed
in a power system.

Phase quantities - voltages and currents in a given phase.

Line quantities – voltages between the lines and currents in
the lines connected to the generators

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Voltages and currents

1. Star / Y- Connection
Assuming a resistive
load…

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Voltages and currents

1. Y-connection (cont)

Van  V 00
Vbn  V   1200
Vcn  V   2400

Since we assume a resistive load:

I a  I 00
I b  I   1200
I c  I   240 0

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Voltages and Currents

1. Y- connection (cont 2)
The current in any line is the same as the current in the corresponding
phase

I L  I
Voltages are:
 1 3  3 3
Vab  Va  Vb  V 0  V   120  V    V  j V   V  j V
0 0

 2 2  2 2
 3 1
 3V   j   3V 300
 2 2
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 Voltages and currents

1. Y-connection (cont 3)
Magnitudes of the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages are
related as:

VLL  3V
In addition, the line voltages are
shifted by 300 with respect to the
phase voltages
In a connection with abc sequence, the
voltage of a line leads the phase voltage.

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Voltages and currents

1. -connection :

assuming a resistive load

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Voltages and currents

Here,
Vab  V 00
Vbc  V   1200
Vca  V   2400

I ab  I 0 0

I bc  I   120 0

I ca  I   240 0

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 Voltages and Currents

1.  - Connection (cont)

VLL  V
The currents are:

 1 3 
I a  I ab  I ca  I 00  I 2400  I    I  j I 
 2 2 
3 3  3 1
 I  j I  3I   j   3I   300
2 2  2 2

The magnitudes:

IL  3I

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Voltages and Currents

For the connections with the abc phase sequences, the current of a line lags
the corresponding phase current by 300 (see Figure below).

For the connections with the acb phase sequences, the line current
leads the corresponding phase current by 300.

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Power Relationships

For a balanced Y-connected load with the impedance Z = Z0:

and voltages:

van (t )  2V sin t
vbn (t )  2V sin(t  1200 )
vcn (t )  2V sin(t  2400 )
The currents can be found:

ia (t )  2 I sin(t   )
ib (t )  2 I sin(t  1200   )
ic (t )  2 I sin(t  2400   )

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Power Relationships

The instantaneous power is:

p(t )  v(t )i(t )

Therefore, the instantaneous power supplied to each phase is:

pa (t )  van (t )ia (t )  2VI sin(t ) sin(t   )

pb (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  2VI sin(t  120 0 ) sin(t  120 0   )
pc (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )  2VI sin(t  2400 ) sin(t  240 0   )
Since
1
sin  sin   cos(   )  cos(   )
2

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Power Relationships

Therefore
pa (t )  VI  cos   cos(2t   ) 
pb (t )  VI 
 cos   cos(2 t  240 0
  )

pc (t )  VI 
 cos   cos(2 t  480 0
  )

The total power on the load

ptot (t )  pa (t )  pb (t )  pc (t )  3VI cos

The pulsing components cancel each other because of 1200
phase shifts.

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Power Relationships

The instantaneous power in phases.

The total power supplied to the load is constant.

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Power Relationships

Phase quantities in each phase of a Y- or -connection.

Real P  3V I cos   3I Z cos  2

Reactive Q  3V I sin   3I 2 Z sin 

Apparent S  3V I  3I 2 Z

Note: these equations are valid for balanced loads only.

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Power Relationships

Line quantities: Y-connection.

Power consumed by a load: P  3V I cos 

Since for this load
I L  I and VLL  3V
Therefore VLL
P 3 I L cos 
3
Finally

P  3VLL I L cos 
Note: these equations are valid for balanced loads only.

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Power Relationships

Line quantities: -connection.

Power consumed by a load:

P  3V I cos 
Since for this load I L  3I and VLL  V
Therefore: IL
P3 VLL cos 
3
Finally
P  3VLL I L cos 
Same as for a Y-
connected load!

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Power Relationships

Line quantities: Y- and -connection.

Reactive power Q  3VLL I L sin 

Apparent power S  3VLL I L

Note:  is the angle between the phase

voltage and the phase current – the
impedance angle.

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Q.1. Three identical resistors of 20 Ω are connected in Y to a 415 V, 3-
phase , 50 Hz supply.
(a) Calculate the total power taken by the load
(b) Calculate the power drawn by the load if they are now connected in
Delta to same supply
(c) If one resistor is open circuited in case (a), calculate the power
consumed
Soln. (a) Phase voltage Vphase = 415/√3 = 240V
Phase Current Iphase = Iline = 240 / 20 = 12 A
Per Phase Power P = V2 phase / R = 240 x 240 / 20 = 2880 W
Three Phase Power = 8640 W

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Soln. (b) When Load is Delta Connected (Same Value of Resistor)
Line Voltage = Phase voltage Vphase = 415 V
Phase Current Iphase = 415 / 20 = 20.78 A
Line Current Iline = 1.732 x 20.78 = 36 A
Per Phase Power P = V2 phase / R = 415 x 415 / 20 = 8611.25 W
Three Phase Power = 25833 W
** The high Power Rating motors / Machine are Delta Wound
(C) When one of the phase in star load gets disconnected --- The load now would
behave as single phase load—
R effective = 20 + 20 = 40 Ω & Phase voltage Vphase = 415 V
Per Phase Power P = V2 phase / R = 415 x 415 / 40 = 4305.5 W

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Q.2. A balanced three phase load consisting of a resistance, inductance
and capacitance of 25 Ω, 0.15 H , and 120 µF respectively is fed from a
415 V , 50 Hz supply. Calculate the line current and the power drawn
when the loads are connected in (a) star and (b) Delta.
Soln. (a) When Load is Star Connected
Phase voltage Vphase = 415/√3 = 240V ,
Impedance Z = {25 + (47.1- 26.5)j} = 25 +20.6 j = 32.4 /400 Ω
Phase Current Iphase = Iline = 240 / 32.40 = 7.4 /- 400 A
Per Phase Power P = I2 phase x R = 7.40 x 7.40 x 25 = 1371.7 W
Per Phase Power Q= I2 phase x X = 7.40 x 7.40 x 20 .6 = 1128.0 W
Three Phase Power P = 4115.23 W ; Q = 3384.1 VAR
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(b) When Load is Delta Connected
Phase voltage Vphase = 415V,
Impedance Z = {25 + (47.1- 26.5)j} = 25 +20.6 j = 32.4 /400 Ω
Line Current Iline = √3 x Iphase = √3 x 415 / 32.40 /400 = 22 /- 400 A
Per Phase Power P = I2 phase x R = 22x22x 25 = 12100.0 W
Per Phase Power Q= I2 phase x X = 22x22x 20 .6 = 9970.4VAR
Three Phase Power P = 36300 W ; Q = 29911.2 VAR .

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Q.3. The combination of a Star -Delta connected balanced load is fed
from a 120 V supply. The Z Y is (3+j4 ) Ω and ZD is (5-j12) Ω.
Find the pf, line current and power absorbed by the load.

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Example

for a 208-V three-phase ideally balanced system, find:

a)the magnitude of the line current IL;
b)The magnitude of the load’s line and phase voltages VLL and
VL;
c)The real, reactive, and the apparent powers consumed by
the load;
d)The power factor of the load.

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Example

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Solution

Both, the generator and the load are Y-connected, therefore, it’s easy to construct a
per-phase equivalent circuit…
a) The line current:

V 12000 12000 12000

IL      7.94  37.10
 A
Z L  Zload (0.06  j 0.12)  (12  j9) 12.06  j9.12 15.1237.10

b) The phase voltage on the load:

V L  I L Z L  (7.94 37.10 )(12  j9)  (7.94 37.10 )(1536.90 )  119.1 0.20 V

The magnitude of the line voltage on the load:

VLL  3V L  206.3V

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Solution

c) The real power consumed by the load:

Pload  3V I cos   3 119.1 7.94cos 36.90  2270W

The reactive power consumed by the load:

Qload  3V I sin   3 119.1 7.94sin 36.90  1702var

The apparent power consumed by the load:

Sload  3V I  3 119.1 7.94  2839VA

d) The load power factor:

PFload  cos  cos36.90  0.8lagging

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 Summary
• The average power absorbed by a capacitance or an inductance is
zero.
• The power factor (pf) is the ratio of average power to apparent
power.
• If current lags voltage, the pf is lagging. If current leads voltage,
the pf is leading.
• Average or real power can be generalized with the notion of
complex power.
• The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit
is called as true power (in Watt).
• Reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors make up what is
called as reactive power (in volt- ampere reactive VAR).
• The linear combination of true power and reactive power is called
as apparent power (in volt-ampere VA). BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Summary
• Power factor correction is usually achieved by adding
capacitive load to offset the inductive load present in the
power system.
• The ordinary household uses a single-phase, three- wire
electrical system.
• The most common polyphase electrical system is the
balanced three-phase system.
• Three-phase sources are generally Y connected, and three-
phase loads are generally D connected.
• The device commonly used to measure power is the
wattmeter.
• Three-phase load power measurements can be taken with
the two-wattmeter method.
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