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CA Lesson 1 Bacteria

Biology

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CA Lesson 1 Bacteria

Biology

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dnfr5hhxn4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 17: Lesson 1

Bacteria
Focus Question

What are the differences between the domains


of prokaryotes?
New Vocabulary

bacteria
nucleoid
capsule
pilus
binary fission
conjugation
endospore
March 14, 2024

Objective: Identify the types of prokaryotes


with their structure and characteristics.
Warm-up activity: Label the parts of this
prokaryote.
Review Vocabulary

prokaryotic cell: cell that does not contain any


membrane-bound organelles
Diversity of Prokaryotes

• My education.com - Launch the Lesson: Bacteria


• Explore and Explain: Prokaryote Structure and Characteristics

• Prokaryotes are divided into two domains:


• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Bacteria (eubacteria) belong to Domain
Bacteria, exist in nearly every environment on
Earth, and are important to the human body,
industry, and food production.
• Archaea tolerate extreme environments. They
have similar proteins to eukaryotic cells.
Diversity of Prokaryotes

Archaea
• Predominate in extreme environments
• Are mostly anaerobic; cannot tolerate oxygen
• Include:
• halophiles (salt-loving)
• methanogens (use CO2 and give off methane)
• thermoacidophiles (high temperature, low pH)
Diversity of Prokaryotes

Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea


• Different cell wall proteins
• Different lipids in plasma membrane
• Different ribosomal proteins and RNA
• Archaea ribosomal proteins resemble eukaryotic
ribosomal proteins.
Prokaryote Structure

• Prokaryotes are microscopic, unicellular


organisms.
• They have some characteristics of all cells, such as
DNA and ribosomes.
• Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane and other
membrane-bound organelles.
• They have a long, circular chromosome found in
the nucleoid.
• They usually have at least one smaller piece of
DNA called a plasmid, which is also circular.
Prokaryote Structure
Prokaryote Structure

• Some prokaryotes secrete a layer of


polysaccharides (type of carbohydrate) around the
cell well, forming the capsule, which
• prevents cell dehydration
• helps with attachment to surfaces
• protects from antibiotics
• Pili (singular: pilus) are submicroscopic hair-like
structures made of protein.
• Pili help cells attach to surfaces and serve as
bridges between cells to send plasmids to each
other.
Prokaryote Structure

• Prokaryotes are only 1-10 micrometers long and


0.7-1.5 micrometers wide.
• Their small size makes nutrient diffusion easy.
Prokaryote Characteristics

Prokaryote Shape
• Cocci (spherical or round)
• Bacilli (rod-shaped)
• Spirilli (spiral-shaped)
Prokaryote Characteristics
• Scientists classify bacteria based on the
composition of their cell walls.
• All bacterial cells have peptidoglycan in their cell
walls.
• Gram staining (purple stain) is a common
procedure for identifying main kinds of bacteria.
• Bacteria with large amounts of peptidoglycan
appear purple when stained; Gram-positive.
• Bacteria with lipid layers have less
peptidoglycan and appear pink when stained;
Gram-negative.
• Important for antibiotic treatment
Prokaryote Characteristics

• Some prokaryotes are stationary, but others use


flagella for movement.
• Prokaryotic flagella are made of filaments, unlike
flagella of eukaryotes, which are made of
microtubules.
• Other prokaryotes glide over a layer of secreted
slime.
Quiz

1. Which organism is not included in Domain Archaea?

A cyanobacteria CORRECT

B methanogens

C halophiles

D thermoacidophiles
Quiz

2. Which line on the graph best


indicates the growth rate of
a population of bacteria
living in ideal conditions?

A line I C line III


CORRECT

B line II D line IV
March 12, 2024 Reproduction of Prokaryotes
• Objective: Describe the reproduction and
metabolism in bacteria as well as their mode of
survival.

• Warm-up activity: Go to myeducation.com


• Explore and Explain: Reproduction of
Prokaryotes.
March 12, 2024 Reproduction of Prokaryotes

• Binary fission is the asexual division of


one cell into two identical cells. The
chromosome replicates. A new piece of
plasma membrane and cell wall forms and
separates into 2 identical cells.
• In conjugation, two prokaryotes attach to
each other and exchange genetic
information. The pilus is used for attaching
the 2 cells for transferring the genetic
material. This is a sexual way of
reproduction.
Prokaryote Reproduction
Binary Fission
Metabolism of Prokaryotes

• Prokaryotes are also classified by how they obtain


energy for cellular respiration or fermentation.
• They are also classified by how they use oxygen.
• Anaerobic prokaryotes do not use oxygen for
metabolism.
• Obligate anaerobes cannot live or grow in the
presence of oxygen, and obtain energy only
through fermentation.
• Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without
oxygen.
• Obligate aerobes require oxygen.
Prokaryote Metabolism
Prokaryote Metabolism

Heterotrophs
• Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food.
They must take in nutrients.
• Many heterotrophic prokaryotes are saprotrophs.
• They decompose organic material associated
with dead organisms or waste.
Prokaryote Metabolism

Photoautotrophs
• Photosynthetic autotrophs, or photoautotrophs,
gain energy through photosynthesis.
• Photosynthetic bacteria are often cyanobacteria,
an important food chain component.

Chemoautotrophs
• They break down and release inorganic compounds
that contain nitrogen or sulfur.
• They are important in cycling inorganic
compounds, such as nitrogen, through ecosystems.
Survival of Bacteria
In harsh environmental conditions such
as lack of water or temperature changes
some bacteria produce endospores.
Endospores are dormant cells produced
in response to harsh environmental
conditions.
• Bad conditions: The spore coat
surrounds a copy of the bacterial
chromosome and a small part of the
cytoplasm.
• The bacteria may die but the
endospore remains.
• Favorable conditions: The spore
germinates and grows into a new
bacterial cell.
Survival of Bacteria

Mutations
• Genetic mutations can help bacteria survive
in changing environments.
• Mutations allow for genetic diversity in an
asexually reproducing population.
• Mutations lead to changes like antibiotic
resistance.
March 13, 2024 Ecology of Bacteria

Objective: Identify the role of bacteria in


nutrient recycling and their effects on other
organisms.

Warm-up activity: Discuss the nitrogen cycle


done before. Identify the two types of bacteria
in the cycle. Describe their role in this cycle.
Show a diagram of Nitrogen cycle to revisit the
processes involved.
Ecology of Bacteria
• Nutrients are constantly cycled in the ecosystem.
• Organisms that obtain energy from dead organisms are
called decomposers.
• Bacteria are decomposers, returning vital nutrients to
the environment.
• Some soil bacteria fix nitrogen, which is vital for amino
acid, DNA, and RNA synthesis.
• Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in symbiotic
relationships with plants/crops.
• Your body is covered in bacteria inside and out.
• Normal flora have a symbiotic relationship with
humans; they prevent disease, aid with digestion, and
make vitamins.
Ecology of Bacteria

• Bacteria are responsible for some food production.


Examples include:
• cheese
• yogurt
• Commercial production of vitamins
• Can be used to fight disease/produce antibiotics
Ecology of Bacteria

Disease-Causing Bacteria
• A small percentage of bacteria cause disease.
• Bacteria cause disease in two ways:
• They multiply quickly at the site of infection
before the immune system responds.
• They secrete a toxin or harmful substance.
Quiz

3. Why is an electron microscope useful when studying


bacteria?

A Electrons can penetrate C Bacteria move quickly;


through the capsules the electrons stun the
surrounding bacteria. bacteria.

B Bacteria are tiny. D Bacteria organelles are


CORRECT small and tightly
packed together.
Quiz

4. Which line on the graph best


indicates the growth rate of a
population of bacteria exposed
to an effective antibiotic?

A line I C line III


CORRECT

B line II D line IV

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