Project Management Skills

Unit-1: Introduction to Project Management

Q. No. 1: Define project. Mention the projects you see in daily life. (Mar/Apr-2022/2 Marks)
(Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/6 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 1: Define project. (Aug/Sept-2022/2 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/2.5 Marks)
Answer: Definition 1: In general, project is a work plan which is scientifically devised with
right man for the right work at the right time to achieve a specific objective within a certain set
time frame.
OR
Definition 2: Project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service or
result. (American National Standard Institute ANSI/PMI99-001-2004)
OR
Definition 3: Project is a unique process, consist of a set of coordinated and controlled activities
with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective confirming to specific
requirements, including the constraints of time cost and resource. (ISO10006)
OR
Definition 4: A project is a one-shot, time limited, goal directed, major undertaking, requiring
the commitment of varied skills and requirements. (Project Management Institute, USA)
Projects in daily life are:
a) Construction projects
b) Railway projects/Metro rail projects
c) Highway road construction projects
d) Information Technology projects
e) Manufacturing projects
f) Health projects
g) Educational projects
h) Oil refinery projects
i) Power projects
j) Automotive Manufacturing projects
k) Information technology projects
l) Construction of apartments
m) Conducting national elections
n) War execution
o) Launching new weapon defense system etc.

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Q. No. 2: Define project and list any three characteristics of project. (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer:
Definition 1: The project is a specific activity with a specific starting point and a specific ending
point, intended to accomplish a specific objective.
OR
Definition 2: In general, project is a work plan which is scientifically devised with right man for
the right work at the right time to achieve a specific objective within a certain set time frame.
OR
Definition 3: Project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service or
result. (American National Standard Institute ANSI/PMI99-001-2004)
OR
Definition 4: Project is a unique process, consist of a set of coordinated and controlled activities
with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective confirming to specific
requirements, including the constraints of time cost and resource. (ISO10006)
OR
Definition 5: A project is a one-shot, time limited, goal directed, major undertaking, requiring
the commitment of varied skills and requirements. (Project Management Institute, USA)

Characteristics of Project:
1) Unique in nature. (No two projects are exactly similar) .
2) Have definite objectives (goals) to achieve.
3) Have a specific time frame for completion.
4) Have definite start and finish.
5) Requires set of resources.
6) Project is developed by a dedicated team of work force.
7) Project has a life cycle reflected by growth, maturity and decline.
8) Change is an inherent feature in any project throughout its life.
9) Require cross-functional teams and interdisciplinary approach.
10) Involve risk and uncertainty.

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Q. No. 3: Mention any two features of project. (Mar/Apr-2022/2 Marks)

OR
Q. No. 3: List any five features of a project. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
(Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 3: List any eight features of a project. (June/July-2023/8 Marks)
Answer: Features of project as follows:
1) Unique in nature. No two projects are exactly similar.
2) Have definite objectives (goals) to achieve.
3) Require set of resources.
4) Have a specific time frame for completion with a definite start and finish.
5) Project has a life cycle reflected by growth, maturity and decline.
6) Involves risk and uncertainty.
7) Require cross-functional teams and interdisciplinary approach.
8) Change is an inherent feature in any project throughout its life.

Q. No. 4: List the different types of projects. (Mar/Apr-2022/2 Marks)

Answer: Different types of project are
1) Normal Projects
2) Crash Projects
3) Disaster Projects

Q. No. 5: Explain the different types of project. (Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/6

Marks)
Answer: Types of project
1) Normal Projects: Adequate time is allowed for implementation. All the phases in a
project are allowed to take their normal time, as measured previously Minimum
requirement of capital. No sacrifice in terms of quality.
2) Crash Projects: Requires additional costs to gain time. Maximum overlapping of phases
is encouraged. Simultaneous work, by subcontracting is the way out
3) Disaster Projects: These are projects, undertaken, due to unexpected nature’s calamities
or fury like floods results in rehabilitation of dwelling houses for affected people.
Anything needed to gain time is allowed in these projects. Round the clock work is done
at the construction site. Capital cost will go up very high. Project time will get drastically
reduced.

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Q. No. 6: Define the meaning of project management. (Mar/Apr-2022/2 Marks)

Answer: Project management is a distinct area of management that helps in handling projects. It
has three key features: a project manager, the project team and the project management system.
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project
activities to meet the project requirements. It enables organizations to execute projects
effectively and efficiently.

Q. No. 7: Describe the project management process. (Mar/Apr-2022/3 Marks) (Sept-2023/5

Marks)
Answer: Project management process:

It is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet
the project objectives. This involves the application and integration of the five project
management process such as initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling and
closing. The Project Manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives

Q. No. 8: List the objectives of project management. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: Following are the objectives of project management
1) The successful development and implementation of all project’s procedures.
2) Productive guidance, efficient communication and apt supervision of the project’s team.
3) The achievement of the project’s main goal within the given constraints.
4) Optimization of the allocated necessary inputs.
5) Production of a complete project which follows the client’s exclusive needs and
objectives.
6) Project management aims to plan, co-ordinate and control the complex and diverse
activities of the modern industrial and commercial projects.
7) The purpose of project management is to predict as many uncertainties and problems as
possible and to plan, organize and control activities so that the project is completed
successfully in spite of all the risks.

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Q. No. 9: What are the obstacles in project management? (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-
2023/3 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Obstacles of project management
1) Project complexities.
2) Coordination with the many agencies
3) Restructuring the organization is a typical task.
4) Change in technology needs highly qualified team.
5) Forward planning and pricing in a project.
6) Execution of customer’s special requirement may result in time delay.
7) Project risks, coupled with statutory changes are nightmare for the project manager.

Q. No. 10: Explain the role project manager. (Mar/Apr-2022/3 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
(Sept-2023/4 Marks)
Answer: The role of project manager
1) Project Manager plays a pivotal role in the entire project team and accelerates its
activities.
2) He holds the overall control of the project and responsible for its execution and
performance.
3) He is involved in planning the work, monitoring, directing and leading the team members
and seeks to reach the project goal in time-cost-quality challenge.
4) He should maintain a project dairy to record the activities and progress of the project.
5) He should ensure timely availability of the resources and take necessary action to reduce
the wastage of the resources.

Q. No. 11: List the five characteristics of Project Manager. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
(Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: The characteristics of Project Manager
1) Flexible and adaptable to all circumstances.
2) Imitativeness and should be a good leader.
3) Aggressiveness, confidence, persuasiveness and verbal fluency.
4) Effective communication skills.
5) Ambition and forcefulness.
6) Effectiveness as integrator of project personnel.
7) Poised with enthusiasm, in agitation, spontaneity.
8) Able to identify problems ahead.
9) Able to willing to devote most of his time for planning and controlling.
10) Willing to make decisions which are acceptable to the team.
11) Ability to maintain proper balance in the use of time

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Q. No. 12: Explain the role project consultants. (Mar/Apr-2022/3 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5
Marks)
Answer: The role of project consultants
1) Consultants provide guidance as well as direction to the projects from the formulation
state to the completion and post project evaluation state.
2) They provide the advantage of expertise.
3) They fill the gap when there is no in-house facility available.
4) They provide the assistance especially for projects with new technology or imported
technology.
5) They assist the Project manager or the project team to achieve cost control and time
control.
6) They assist to prepare appropriate estimate and effective and efficient management of the
resources.

Q. No. 13: Discuss any three needs and any five main jobs of project consultants. (June/July-
2023/8 Marks)
Answer: Need of Consultants are:
a) When a project with new technology is undertaken.
b) When the in-house consultant is incapable of meeting the requirement of the project.
c) When there is no in-house facility available in the organization.
d) When the project is executed on the basis of imported technology and knowhow.
e) To avail the advantages of expertise available with the outside consultants.
Main jobs of the consultants are: (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
a) Preparation of feasibility report.
b) Techno-economic report.
c) Preparation of detailed project report.
d) Detailed engineering and consultancy services.
e) Detailed commercial capability.
f) Project monitoring and control.
g) Supervision of erection and commissioning of report.
h) Provide pre and post commissioning services.

Q. No. 14: List well known consultancy forms. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: Well known consultancy forms
1) TATA Consultancy Services Ltd.
2) Dastur and Co Ltd.
3) Birla Technical Services.
4) Kirloskar Consultancy Ltd.
5) Power Consultancy Services India Pvt Ltd.
6) Technical Consultancy Organization.
7) Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Park Ltd.

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Q. No. 15: Match the following consultancy firms with their service. (June/July-2023/6
Marks)

Answer:

Q. No. 16: Give an outline about different sectors where project opportunities are available as a
project manager / project consultant.
Answer:
 Construction Sector
 Manufacturing Sectors
 Production fields
 Health care
 Power Generation
 Automotive / aerospace
 Marketing and sales
 Supply chain management
 IT Sectors, cyber security etc.
 Education sectors
 Defense
 Refinery Sector

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Q. No. 17: Analyze the difference between project and operation. (Mar/Apr-2022/3 Marks)
(June/July-2023/4 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 17: Identify any five differences between project and operation. (Aug/Sept-2022/5
Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Difference between project and operation.
Project Operation
1) Projects are unique and temporary 1) Operations are ongoing and permanent
with a repetitive output.
2) Projects have a fixed budget 2) Operations have to earn a profit to run the
business.
3) Projects are executed to start a new 3) In operational work does not produce
business objective and terminated when it anything new and is ongoing.
is achieved.
4) Projects create a unique product or 4) Operations produce the same product,
service. aim to earn a profit and keep the system
running.
5) There are more risks in projects as they 5) While in operations there are fewer risks
are usually done for the first time. as they are repeated many times.
6) Projects are performance intensive 6) While operations are efficiency intensive.
7) Projects are managed through project 7) Operations require business process
management. management.

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Unit-2: Project Administration

Q. No. 1: Define project administration. Mention any two tools used in project
administration system. (Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks)
Answer: Project Administration is the process of providing a project management service for the
project teams and relieves them of most of the planning, tracking, and reporting responsibility.
They assist a project manager by performing many of the administrative tasks required for the
smooth running of the project. Some of the tools used for effective projective project
administration are:
1) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
2) Project Execution Plan (PEP)
3) Project Procedure Manual (PPM)

Q. No. 2: Mention the types of project teams and write at least two advantages of effective
team. (Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks)
Answer: Different types of a project teams are:
1) Initial project team
2) Project manager
3) Core project team
4) Full project team
5) Project advisors
6) Project stakeholders
7) Process facilitators

Various advantages are:

1) Clear objective of the project from the initiation to completion.
2) Good decision-making, which speed up the activities.
3) Clear roles, responsibilities and leadership, without overlapping, ensure smooth progress.
4) Trust, co-operation, support and constructive feedback.
5) Individual and mutual accountability for better results.

Q. No. 3: List the different types of project team and explain any two project team.
(Aug/Sept-2022/6 Marks) (June/July-2023/6 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Different types of a project teams are:
a) Initial project team
b) Project manager
c) Core project team
d) Full project team
e) Project advisors
f) Project stakeholders
g) Process facilitators

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a) Initial project team: It consists of specific people who have idea of starting a project.
The member of this team may or may not be a part of the core project team.
OR
b) Designated project leader/manager: Any one of the team members will be designated
as a project leader/manager and he will be responsible for coordinating the activities of
team members, managing the relations with key stakeholders and the process of going
through the project cycle.
OR
c) Core project team: It is a small group of people of 3 to 8 members who are ultimately
responsible for designing and monitoring the project. It is also called the project driving
committee consisting of sponsor, client, leader, expert/specialist and internal auditor.
(Inspector or examiner).
OR
d) Full project team: It is bigger than the core project team. It consists of a complete group
of people involved in designing, implementing, monitoring and learning from a project.
This team includes managers, stakeholders, researchers and other key members of the
project.
OR
e) Project advisors: The project advisors are not the part of project team. Team members
can depend on advisors for honest feedback and counseling. Project advisors can
coordinate the works of the project.
OR
f) Project stakeholders: The project stakeholders are individuals, groups or institutions
who are interest in the project outcome. They have a stake in the project. The project
success or failure depends on how much the stakeholders are satisfied with the project. It
is not mandatory that all the stakeholders should be a part of the project team. The key
stakeholders will find a place in the project team. Example: Project manager, Team
member, Managers, Executives, Company owners and Investors etc.
OR
g) Project facilitators: Project facilitators help the project through the planning process. He
is part of the initial project team and the core project team. He understands the key
elements of the process and he has good facilitation skills. A facilitator is an unbiased
person who listens to both sides of an argument. The facilitator will solve problems by
reaching common ground between two or more people.

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Q. No. 4: Mention the different types of project teams and describe project advisors.
(Nov/Dec-2022/4 Marks)
Answer: Different types of project teams
a) Initial project team
b) Project manager
c) Core project team
d) Full project team
e) Project advisors
f) Project stakeholders
g) Process facilitators

Project Advisors: Project advisors are the people who are not in the project team, but finally to
whom the team members can depend for honest feedback and counseling. Project advisor is a
person who anchors the cause of the project.

Q. No. 5: List the types of Project team. Explain any one. (Sept-2023/7 Marks)
Answer: The following are different types of a project teams.
1) Initial Project team
2) Core Project team
3) Full Project team
4) Project Advisors
5) Project stakeholders
6) Project facilitators
1) Initial project team: The initial project team consists of specific people who initially
conceive the idea of starting a project. The team members are responsible for the planning and
execution of the project. One of the team members will be designated as the project manager.
The project manager will be responsible for coordinating the activities amongst the team
members.
OR
2) Core project team: The core project team is a small group of people, typically 3 to 8 people
who are ultimately responsible for designing and managing a project. This team consists of
sponsor, client leader, expert and internal auditor.
OR
3) Full project team: This team consists of complete group of people involved in designing,
implementing, monitoring and controlling a project. This team includes managers, stakeholders,
researchers and other key implementers of the project.
OR
4) Project advisors: Project advisors are the people who are not in the project team, but finally
to whom the team members can depend for honest feedback and counseling. Project advisor is a
person who anchors the cause of the project.
OR

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5) Project stakeholders: Project stakeholders are the individuals, groups or institutions who
have a special interest in the natural resources of the project area.
OR
6) Process facilitators: A Process facilitator is a person who can help the project team through
the planning process. The process facilitator understands the key elements of the process and has
good facilitation skills.

Q. No. 6: Identify any five advantages of effective team. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Feb/Mar-
2023/4 Marks)
Answer: Advantages of effective team are:
1) Clear objective of the project from the initiation to completion.
2) Good decision-making, which speed up the activities.
3) Clear roles, responsibilities and leadership,
4) Ensure smooth progress without overlapping.
5) Leadership roles are shared by the team head.
6) Trust, co-operation, support and constructive feedback.
7) Individual and mutual accountability for better results.

Q. No. 7: Develop the factors to be considered while selecting the team members in a
project. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Factors to be considered while selecting the team members in a project are:
 Knowledge about biodiversity and threat to biodiversity.
 Knowledge about political, social and economic context.
 Knowledge or experience of stakeholders and their concerns.
 Experience or skill in developing the strategies.
 Experience in communication.
 Experience in fundraising.
 Experience in budgeting and risk assessment.
 Should understand the psychology of the team.
 Should not be short tempered.

Q. No. 8: List the benefits of project design stage in execution of projects. (Feb/Mar-2023/5
Marks)
Answer: Project design is useful to the entrepreneurs in the following ways:
1) It gives a comprehensive idea about the entire project- described in every phase along
with the time schedule within which it has to be completed.
2) It is a diagrammatic representation of the work plan designed to execute the project, after
adjusting the usual delays that may arise in the implementation of the project
3) The various constituent activities of the project are narrated in sequence to highlight the
various phases of the project.

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4) It enables to identify the knowhow of events which must take place for the successful
completion of the project.
5) It helps entrepreneurs in coordinating project activities.
6) It serves as an effective tool of planning and implementation of a project.
7) It helps managers to plan the project economically

Q. No. 9: Explain the use of product design concept in any project and discuss steps of
involved in it. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
Answer: Project design is the first stage in the execution of the project. Project design is
concerned with developing project scheduling techniques and implementation of the project. It
includes finding of location, construction of buildings, procuring plant and machinery and finally
execution the project. Product design along with the network analysis will help us to develop the
work plan of the project. The steps involved are:
Step 1: Conceive the total physical system and its natural modules.
Step 2: Identification of connection between these modules.
Step 3: Developing the control system using information as the media to control the project.

Q. No. 10: Discuss the significance/advantages of product design. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: Significance or advantages of product design are:
1) It gives a comprehensive idea about the entire project.
2) It is a diagrammatic representation of the work plan designed to execute the project.
3) The various activities of the project are explained in sequence to highlight the various
phases of the project.
4) It helps entrepreneurs in coordinating project activities.
5) It serves as an effective tool of planning and implementation of a project.
6) It helps managers to plan the project economically.

Q. No. 11: List the Tools used for effective project administration. Explain any one. (Sept-
2023/7 Marks)
Answer: Tools used for effective project administration are as follows:
1) Project Execution Plan (PEP)
2) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
3) Project Procedure Manual (PPM)

1) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Work breakdown structure, WBS in short, is a

technique which breaks down a work into its components and at the same time establishes the
connections between the components. It is constructed by dividing the project into its major
parts, with each of these being further divided into sub-parts. This is continued till a breakdown
is done in terms of manageable units of work for which responsibility can be defined. The work
breakdown structure defines what work is to be done in a detailed manner. To assign
responsibility for the tasks to be done, the work breakdown structure has to be integrated with
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the project organization structure. Work breakdown through the hardware approach is the only
natural and permanent way of breaking work. Performance target, schedule, budget and
accountability can similarly be fixed for any hardware element.
OR
2) Project Execution Plan (PEP): The Project Execution Plan is the governing document that
establishes the means to execute, monitor, and control projects. Project execution plan includes
four sub-plans. These are:
a) Contracting Plan
b) Work Packing Plan
c) Organization Plan
OR
3) Systems and Procedure Plan OR Project Procedure Manual (PPM): The project
procedure manual gives a complete picture about the system. It is intended to guide project
managers. A project procedure manual is to be prepared in such a way that the interacting
agencies are able to see their roles and mutual relationships in achieving the common goal.
Preparation of a project procedure manual should start with each project management sub
system. It contains the instruction for handling the project in accordance with the terms of the
contract.

Q. No. 12: Describe the use of Project Procedure Manual (PPM) and Project Execution
Plan (PEP) for the successful implementation of the project. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/4 Marks) (Sept-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Project Procedure Manual (PPM): The project procedure manual gives a complete
picture about the system. It is intended to guide project managers. It has to be prepared in such a
way that the agencies are able to see their roles and mutual relationships in achieving the
common goal. Preparation of a project procedure manual should start with each project
management sub system. It contains the instruction for handling the project in accordance with
the terms of the contract.

Project Execution Plan (PEP): The Project Execution Plan is the governing document that
establishes the means to execute, monitor, and control projects. It is a document that describes
the objectives we wants to achieve in a company with the time and resources needed along with
the costs, quality, benefits, etc. PEP includes four sub-plans. These are:
1) Contracting Plan
2) Work packing Plan
3) Organization Plan
4) Systems and Procedure Plan

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Q. No. 13: Explain project execution plan (PEP). (Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/4 Marks)
Answer: The Project Execution Plan is the governing document that establishes the means to
execute, monitor, and control projects. It is a document that describes the objectives we want to
achieve in a company with the time and resources needed along with the costs, quality, benefits,
etc. PEP includes four sub-plans. These are:
1) Contracting Plan
2) Work packing Plan
3) Organization Plan
4) Systems and Procedure Plan

Q. No. 14: Explain project diary with three advantages. (Aug/Sept-2022/6 Marks)
Answer: Project diary: A project manager is to conduct number of meetings with vendors,
contractors, his own staff and various outsides concerned to project work. Thus have to maintain
a record of points discussed and decisions taken in date wise while carrying the project work,
this is known as project diary.
Advantages of project diary:
1) This will ensure effective and efficient management.
2) This record will justify the decisions in later dates.
3) This record can also be used to defend against non-admissible claims and litigations.
4) This dairy also helps to prepare a follow-up, as this record contains all the pending works
with dates committed against each.
5) Maintaining the dairy helps us to get relief from the burden of carrying everything in our
mind.
6) It will also boost up our memory power thereby helps us to avoid the problems of
unattended work due to lack of memory.

Q. No. 15: Examine the importance of the following in Project administration

i) Project Dairy ii) Project Coordination Project Dairy (Sept-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Project Diary: The Project Diary is a summation of all of the daily activities on a
project. This diary should be written so that it will represent the status of the project each day to
anyone reviewing it in future years. A project manager would be holding several meetings with
vendors, contractors etc. and many decisions are taken in these meetings and many commitments
are made. Information derived on these meetings; decisions taken have to be properly recorded
in the project diary. Information noted in the diary will help to justify the decisions at later date.
All project managers have to maintain project diaries, for efficient management of project.

Project Coordination: Project coordination is the day-to-day management of tasks within the
department. The purpose of coordinating projects is to streamline the workflow of the tasks. A
project manager informs employees about who is responsible for each section of a project and its
deadlines. Co-ordination in a project is important because of the need for simultaneous working

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of number of activities. Therefore, one cannot proceed simply, with the execution of a project
without proper co-ordination.
Project Co-ordination Procedure: Co-ordination basically addresses itself to two aspects of
work.
1) Physical aspect would refer to what work is to be done, how much work is to be done and
who will do the work.
2) Timing aspect would refer to when the work will be done.

Q. No. 16: Describe Project Execution System. (Dec-2023/4 Marks)

Answer: Project Execution System:
 The Project Execution System consists of the processes performed to complete the work
defined in the project management plan to satisfy the project specifications.
 The successful execution and administration of project requires direction, organization,
coordination, communication and control all at the same time but in varying proportion.
 Project execution is a document describing how, when and by whom a specific target or
set of targets is to be achieved. These targets will include projects product, timescales
costs, quality and benefits.
 It is a governing document that establishes the means to execute monitor and control
projects.

Q. No. 17: Explain Generalized work breakdown structure (WBS) with a neat sketc h.
(Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks) (June/July-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Generalized work breakdown structure:

 A project is a combination of interrelated activities which must be performed in a certain

order for its completion. The process of dividing the project into these activities is called
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The connection between each activity is established
and implemented in a project. The number of activities or the size of each activity will
depend upon the level of detail desired.

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 The work breakdown structure represents a systematic and logical breakdown of the
project into its component parts such as activities. It is constructed by dividing the project
into its major parts, with each of these being further divided into sub-parts. This is
continued till a breakdown is done in terms of manageable units of work for which
responsibility can be defined.
 Effective planning by dividing the work into manageable elements which can be planned,
budgeted, and controlled. Assignment of responsibility for work elements to project
personnel and outside agencies.
 Development of control and information system.

Q. No. 18: Develop a work breakdown structure for the construction of a college building.
(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: A general WBS for construction of college building.

Q. No. 19: Develop a work breakdown structure for the software development project.
(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: A general WBS for software development project.

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Q. No. 20: Develop a WBS for the college development in your institution. (Aug/Sept-2022/5
Marks)
Answer: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for the college day event.

Q. No. 21: Develop Work Breakdown Structure for the construction of residential house.
(Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for the construction of residential house.

Q. No. 22: Construct a Work Breakdown Structure of Cultural and Sports Day Event of
your Institution. (Sept-2023/7 Marks)
Answer: Work Breakdown Structure of Cultural and Sports Day Event of Institution.

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Q. No. 23: Prepare a list of project resources needed for construction of residential
building. (Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: List of project resources needed for construction of residential building:
1) Different categories of workforce - supervisor, construction worker, engineer etc.
2) Construction equipment’s such as bulldozers etc.
3) Building materials for construction such as wood, cement, metals, bricks, concrete, clay
etc.
4) Money (Finance).
5) Land for construction.

Q. No. 24: Develop Work Breakdown Structure for the waste water treatment project.
(Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for the waste water treatment project.

Q. No. 25: Prepare a detailed work breakdown structure for conducting college annual day
program of your institution. (Feb/Mar-2023/10 Marks)
Answer: Work Breakdown Structure for College Day Annual Day Event

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Q. No. 26: Develop a WBS for sports event of a college. (June/July-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: WBS for sports event of a college

Q. No. 27: Develop work break down structure for manufacturing of LED television.
(Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Work Break down Structure for manufacturing of LED television

Q. No. 28: Define Project Direction in Project Administration and list its steps. (Nov/Dec-
2022/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No.: Analyze the steps involved in project direction. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No.: Explain the steps involved in Project Direction. (Sept-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Project Direction is the process of implementing and carrying out of those approved
plans that are necessary to achieve objectives.

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Project direction involves steps as follows:

1) Staffing: Seeing that a professional person is chosen for every position.
2) Training: Training individuals and groups on how to fulfill their duties and
responsibilities.
3) Supervising: Giving day-to-day instructions, guidance and discipline as required so that
they can fulfill their duties and responsibilities.
4) Delegating: Assigning work, responsibility, and authority so that others can make
maximum utilization of their abilities.
5) Motivating: Encouraging others to put more effort into the successful completion of the
projects.
6) Counseling: Solve the personal problems and holding private discussions about how he
might do better work.
7) Coordinating: Bring synchronization between different activities.

Q. No. 29: Describe communication in organization and mention the channels/medium of

communication. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Communication is the exchange of facts opinions ideas and emotions between different
persons. Communication is a two-way process which involves transferring of information or
messages from one person or group to another. This process goes on and includes a minimum of
one sender and receiver to pass on the messages. These messages can either be any ideas,
imagination, emotions, or thoughts.
Channels of Communication:
1) Face-to-face conversations/Oral conversations
2) Videoconferencing
3) Audio conferencing
4) Emails
5) Written letters and memos
6) Chats and messaging
7) Blogs
8) Formal written documents
9) Spreadsheets
10) Symbols
11) Public address system

Q. No. 30: List the Steps to be taken for effective communication. (June/July-2023/4 Marks)
Answer: Steps to be taken for effective communication are:
1) Make communication a priority
2) Don’t assume you know everything
3) Keep things positive
4) Switch up the communication channels

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5) Keep updates timely and concise

Q. No. 31: Analyze the importance of communication in a project. (Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks)

(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/4 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Importance of communication in project:
 Effective communication is often the foundation of successful projects.
 Good communication can unite team members and stakeholders to a project’s strategy,
objectives and budget.
 It can also enable everyone involved in the project to understand his or her roles, which
may make them more likely to support the project.
 Without effective communication, projects can incur more risk and fail to meet desired
outcomes.
 According to Peter F. Drucker, 63% of management problems are due to faulty
communications.
 For a successful project implementation, a two-way communications system is essential.
 For that matter, the entire process of direction, co-ordination and control in a project
revolves around communication.

Q. No. 32: Analyze the pre-requisites for successful project implementation. (Mar/Apr-
2022/5 Marks) (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Pre-requisites for successful project implementation are as follows:
 Time and cost overruns make the project uneconomical.
 This also leads to shortage of resources for other projects.
 In order to minimize time and cost over-runs during the implementation of a project, it is
necessary to study about the prerequisites for successful project implementation.
 Keeping checks on these prerequisites help to improve prospects of successful
completion of projects.
 Some of the important prerequisites are Adequate formulation, sound project
organization, proper implementation planning, advance action, timely availability of
funds, judicious equipment tendering and procurement, better contract management,
effective monitoring.

Q. No. 33: Collect the perquisites for any successful project implementation. (Feb/Mar-
2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Some of the important prerequisites are
1) Adequate formulation,
2) Sound project organization
3) Proper implementation planning
4) Advance action
5) Timely availability of funds

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6) Judicious equipment tendering and procurement

7) Better contract management
8) Effective monitoring

Q. No. 34: Describe the prerequisites for successful project implementation. (June/July-
2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Prerequisites for successful project implementation are as follows:
1) Adequate Formulation: Often project formulation is deficient because of one or more of
the following shortcomings.
2) Sound Project Organization: A sound organization for implementing the project is
critical to its success.
a. It is led by a competent leader who is accountable for the project performance.
b. The authority of the project leader and his team is corresponding with their
responsibility.
c. Adequate attention is paid to the human side of the project.
d. Systems and methods are clearly defined.
e. Rewards and penalties to individuals are related to performance.
3) Proper Implementation Planning: Once the investment decision is taken, and during
the formulation and appraisal process, it is necessary to do the detailed implementation
planning before commencing the actual implementation.
a. Develop a comprehensive time plan for various activities.
b. Estimate meticulously the resource requirements (manpower, materials, money,
methods etc.) for each period to realize the time plan.
c. Define properly the inter-linkages between various activities of the project.
d. Specify cost standards.
4) Advance Action: When the project appears to be operational, advance action on the
following activities may be initiated.
a. Acquisition of land
b. Securing essential clearances
c. Identifying technical consultants
d. Arranging for infrastructure facilities
e. Preliminary design and engineering and Calling of tenders
5) Availability of Funds: Once a project is approved, adequate funds must be made
available to meet its requirements as per the plan of implementation.
6) Effective Monitoring: To keep a track on the progress of the project, a system of
monitoring must be established.
a. Anticipating deviations from the implementation plan.
b. Analyzing emerging problems and resolving it at the earliest.
c. Taking corrective action.

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Unit-3: Project Life Cycle

Q. No. 1: List the various stages or phases of project life cycle. (Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks)
(Feb/Mar-2023/4 Marks) (June/July-2023/4 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Different phases of project life cycle are:
1) Project initiation
2) Project planning
3) Project execution or implementation
4) Project closure or termination

Q. No. 2: List the four phases of project management life cycle and explain any one phase.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: The four phases of project life cycle are,
1) Initiation
2) Planning
3) Execution
4) Closure or Termination

1) Initiation phase: In this phase we study the project purpose and scope, justification for taking
up the project and the solutions are defined. This phase ends with selection of project team,
setting up of a project office and performance review of this phase.

2) Planning phase: This phase defines a detailed procedure to undertake the project and how to
complete the project with successful deliverables (output). Recousre planning is done in this
phase. This phase defines strategic planning and implementation planning. A performance
review is done at the end of this phase.

3) Execution phase: This phase carry out or execute the decisions, actions, procedures, steps,
methods etc. that are defined in planning phase. Actual work is done here and this involves
monitoring and controlling processes. This phase look for customer/stakeholder/sponsor’s
satisfaction. A performance review is done at the end of this phase.

4) Project closure phase: This is the final phase to do the official closure of the project. In this
phase project deliverables (output) is handed over to customers. Documents are handed over to
authority, contracts are offically closed with venders and suppliers, staffs are relieved and
machines or equipements are set free for the next project. A performance review is done at the
edn of phase which will identify positive and negative points of the project, which will help the
project manager and sponser’s to undertake the next project.

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Q. No. 3: List the four phases in Project Management Life Cycle and explain Project Initiation
phase. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: The project management life cycle has following four phases:
1) Project Initiation
2) Project Planning
3) Project Execution
4) Project Closure

Project Initiation phase: This is the first phase of the project life cycle, which in turn, has a set of
activities which are to carried out before the planning phase. In this phase, the purpose and scope,
justification for initiating and the solution to be implemented are defined. Also, the recruitment of
skilled project team, setting up of a project office and performing an end review of this phase are
done in this phase. The steps of the project initiation phase are listed below.
 Development of a business case
 Performing feasibility study
 Establishment of terms of reference/project charter
 Appointment of project team
 Setting up of a project office
 Performing phase review

Q. No. 4: Explain Project Execution phase of PLC. (Sept-2023/5 Marks)

Answer: In the execution phase, project plan is executed and planning gets turned into action.
The project manager directs and manages project work, and the project team carries out the
work. The project deliverables are produced and delivered.

Key project management steps for executing a project:

1) Team Leadership: Set a vision for success and enable the team to deliver on it.
2) Creating Tasks: Clearly define what needs to be done and the criteria for the task.
3) Task Briefing: Ensuring the team is clear about what they need to do, by when.
4) Client Management: Working with the client to ensure deliverables are acceptable.
5) Communications: Ensure you are informing and updating the right people at the right
time through the right channel.

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Q. No. 5: Explain with neat sketch product life cycle curve. (Feb/Mar-2023/4 Marks) (Dec-
2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Project life cycle curve:

Project life cycle is similar to product life cycle as shown in figure. Project life cycle
curve is a parabolic pattern of indicative of growth, maturity and decline. From the figure it can
be seen that the effort built up in a project is very slow but the effort withdrawal is very sharp.
This curve helps a project manager to ascertain the state of health of any project at any point of
time.

Q. No. 6: List any four components of project planning. (Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks)

Answer: Following are some of the components of project planning
1) Resource plan
2) Financial plan
3) Quality plan
4) Risk plan
5) Acceptance plan
6) Communication plan
7) Procurement plan

Q. No. 7: Discuss Quality plan and Communication plan. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: Quality Plan: Quality management planning will help the project team to create a
quality control plan and quality assurance plan. This step will help to set quality targets for the
project to ensure that the deliverables are produced and are meeting the needs of the customer.
Also, this step will help the team to schedule quality control planning and quality assurance
planning activities mainly to assure the customer that the quality targets agreed, will be met. The
steps of quality planning are classified into setting the quality targets and monitoring and
controlling the quality.
Communication Plan: The main objective of the communication plan is to communicate the
right information to the right people at the right time. Further, it will ensure that the stakeholders
are always provided with the right information at the right time which will pave the ways for
ensuring their continued support. The steps of communication planning are divided into two
types, they are: communication planning and using communication plans.

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Q. No. 8: Write a short note i) Quality plan and ii) Acceptance Plan (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Quality Plan: Quality management planning will help the project team to create a
quality control plan and quality assurance plan.
 This step will help to set quality targets for the project to ensure that the deliverables are
produced and are meeting the needs of the customer.
 Also, this step will help the team to schedule quality control planning and quality
assurance planning activities mainly to assure the customer that the quality targets
agreed, will be met.
 The steps of quality planning are classified into setting the quality targets and monitoring
and controlling the quality.

Acceptance Plan: Acceptance plan will help the team to gain the acceptance of the customers
for the deliverables produced by the project. The use of acceptance planning for the projects will
increase the chance of success because the deliverables are constantly produced which will meet
the customer's requirements.
The steps of the acceptance plans are as listed below:
 Identifying the acceptance milestones of the project plan
 Creating a full list of all project deliverables
 Listing the criteria for gaining customer's acceptance
 Putting the acceptance standards in place
 Identifying the acceptance testing methods
 Allocating acceptance testing resources
 Scheduling acceptance reviews with the customer
 Gaining customer's acceptance of the deliverables

Q. No. 9: A state highway project was planned to implement with an estimated budget of 40
crores. However, after the completion of the project, it was found that the project total cost
was 45 crores. Analyze the possible reasons for the increase in cost of the project.
(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 9: A state highway project was planned to implement with an estimated budget of 50
crores. However, after the completion of the project, it was found that the project total cost
was 55 crores. Analyze the possible reasons for the increase in cost of the project.
(Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 9: A metro project was planned with an estimated budget of 4000 crores. However,
after the completion of the project, it was found that the project total cost was 4300 crores.
Analyze the possible reasons for the increase in cost of the project.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
OR

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Q. No. 9: The installation of water purifying plant project was planned to implement with
estimated budget of 8 lakhs. However, after the completion of the project, it was found that
the project total cost was 12 lakhs. Analyze the possible reasons for the increase in cost of
the project. (Dec-2023/8 Marks)

Q. No. 9: An office complex construction was planned with an estimated budget of 65

crores. However, after the completion of the project, it was found that the total cost of the
project was 80 crores. Examine the possible reason for the increase in cost of the project.
(Sept-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 9: A house construction project was planned to implement with an estimated budget
of 80 lakhs. However, after the completion of the project, it was found that the total cost of
the project was 98 lakhs. Evaluate the possible reason for the increase in cost of the project.
(June/July-2023/8 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 9: An international airport project was planned with an estimated budget of 5000
crores. However, after the completion of the project, it was found that the total cost of the
project was 5500 crores. Analyze the possible reason for the increase in cost of the project.
(Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: The possible reasons for the given project cost overruns are listed below:
1) Unplanned expansion of the project scope.
2) Inaccurate initial cost estimation.
3) Failures in project performance.
4) Errors in project design.
5) Improper risk management.
6) Improper project team building.
7) Wrong choice of equipment.
8) Incompetent material suppliers.
9) Time overrun.

Q. No. 10: A shopping mall construction project was planned with estimated time duration
of 18 months. However the project took 24 months for its completion. Evaluate the possible
reasons for the delay in the project.
(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 10: A highway road project was planned with estimated time duration of 6 months.
However the project took 13 months for its completion. Evaluate the possible reasons for
the delay in the project.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
OR

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Q. No. 10: A polytechnic industrial tour for students was planned for 15 days. However the
tour took 18 days for its completion. Evaluate the possible reasons for the delay in the
planned tour. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 10: The electric vehicle manufacturing project was planned with estimated time
duration of 80 days. However the project took 90 days for its completion. Evaluate the
possible reasons for the delay in the project. (Dec-2023/9 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 10: An IT Park establishment project was planned with estimated time duration of
18 months. However, the project took 22 months for its completion. Analyze the possible
reasons for the delay in completion of project. (Sept-2023/5 marks)
OR
Q. No. 10: A smart city project was planned with estimated time duration of 24 months.
However, the project took 36 months for its completion. Analyze the possible reasons for
the delay in completion of project. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: The possible reasons for the given project time overruns are as follows:
1) A change in the scope of the project.
2) Ineffective project time management.
3) Delays in starting and executing some of the project activities.
4) A delay in one project, results in delays in subsequent projects.
5) Use of outdated technology.
6) Political interference.
7) Poor administration.
8) Poor planning.

Q. No. 11: Discuss the key project management steps for monitoring and controlling of a
project. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Key project management steps for monitoring and controlling a project:
In this phase, the monitoring of the project life is done to ensure the project is going according to
plan, and if it isn’t, controlling it by working out solutions to get it back on track. In reality, a
project manager is monitoring and controlling a project in some way throughout the phases.
1) Cost & Time Management: Review timesheets and expenses to record, control and
track against the project’s budget, timeline and tasks.
2) Quality Management: Reviewing deliverables and ensuring they meet the defined
acceptance criteria.
3) Risk Management: Monitor, control, manage and reduce potential risks and issues.
4) Acceptance Management: Conduct user acceptance testing and create a reviewing
system, ensuring that all deliverables meet the needs of the client.

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5) Change Management: When the project doesn’t go as per the plan, managing the
process of acceptable changes with the client to ensure they’re happy with necessary
changes.

Q. No. 12: As a project manager, discuss cost management and quality management.
(Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
Answer: Cost management: The cost management process monitors and records all costs
within a project. The costs are recorded by team members using expense forms. The project
manager will review and approve these forms before the expensive items are purchased. The cost
management process will help the project team to accurately record all the costs and track them
in such a way that the total cost of the project is within the budget of the project.

Quality management: The project quality management process aims to improve the quality of
deliverables produced by the project. The objective of the quality management process is to
enhance the ability of the project team to produce deliverables which meet the specifications and
satisfy the customer. The quality management process has two components, i.e. quality
improvement process and quality assurance process.

Q. No. 13: As a project manager, discuss change management and procurement

management. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
Answer: Change management: The change management is a process in project management
which is used to manage all requests for change within the project. When the project is evaluated
and approved at a beginning, it is with certain specifications. But, when the project is in progress,
the sponsor may request certain changes in the specification of the project. As a project team
which is working to satisfy the request of the sponsor it is highly essential to incorporate the
changes which are suggested by the sponsor in the course of the project execution.

Procurement management: In project management, mostly the goods and services are
purchased from the external sources. Under such situation, the procurement management process
will help the project team to purchase goods and services from the external suppliers more
efficiently. This process will give a complete set of guidelines to issue purchase orders, receive
and approve deliveries, endorse supplier payments and manage supplier against their contracts.

Q. No. 14: Discuss about Issue management and Procurement management. (Nov/Dec-
2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Issue Management: In any project, time to time, there will be some issues with respect
to staffing, supplier, equipment or other project issues. For the smooth execution of the such
issues are to be identified at the early stages before they leave any impact on the project and
should be resolved appropriate point of time which will lead to continuity in project progress and
in turn, the projects be completed in conformity with the original proposal.
The actions of the issue management process are listed below.

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 Identifying and recording all project issues clearly.

 Using issue forms to document project issue properly.
 Determining the impact of each issue on the project.
 Prioritizing each issue and reporting its status.
 Reviewing all issues and deciding the courses of actions
 Taking the steps needed to resolve the issues quickly

Procurement Management: In project management, mostly the goods and services are
purchased from the external sources. Under such situation, the procurement management process
will help the project team to purchase goods and services from the external suppliers more
efficiently. This process will give a complete set of guidelines to issue purchase orders, receive
and approve deliveries, endorse supplier payments and manage supplier against their contracts.
The essence of procurement process is as outlined below:
 Identifying the goods and services that the project team wishes to procure Completing
purchase orders and issuing them to the suppliers
 Agreeing on delivery time frames and methods
 Receiving goods and services from the suppliers
 Reviewing and accepting the items procured
 Approving suppliers' payments

Q. No. 15: Discuss about Issue management. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: Issue management: In any project, time to time, there will be some issues with respect
to staffing, supplier, equipment or other project issues. For the smooth execution of the such
issues are to be identified at the early stages before they leave any impact on the project and
should be resolved appropriate point of time which will lead to continuity in project progress and
in turn, the projects be completed in conformity with the original proposal.
The actions of the issue management process are listed below:
 Identifying and recording all project issues clearly.
 Using issue forms to document project issue properly.
 Determining the impact of each issue on the project.
 Prioritizing each issue and reporting its status.
 Reviewing all issues and deciding the courses of actions.
 Taking the steps needed to resolve the issues quickly.

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Q. No. 16: What is Risk management? Explain Risk management process.

(Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Risk management has risk management process of identifying, assessing and
controlling threats to an origination’s capital, earnings and operation.
The risk management process involves the following.
1) Identifying critical and non-critical risks.
2) Documenting each risk in depth by completing risk forms.
3) Creating a log of all risks and notifying the management of their severity.
4) Taking action to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of risks.
5) Reducing the impact of risk on the project by following the best practice processes.

Q. No. 17: Define the project risk and list the types of project risks.
(Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Risk is defined as the possibility of an outcome being different from the expected outcome.
It refers to the possibility of adverse results flowing from the uncertainty involved in carrying out the
activities. The element of risk is inherent in every activity of a project. All projects are exposed to
various types of risks.
Following are the different types of risks:
1) Technical Risks
2) Social Risks
3) Economic Risks
4) Political Risks
5) Production Risks
6) Marketing Risks
7) Financial Risks
8) Human Risks
OR
Q. No. 18: Define project risk. State the types of project risks.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 18: Explain the different types of project risks associated with any project.
(Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Risk is defined as the possibility of an outcome being different from the expected
outcome. It refers to the possibility of adverse results flowing from the uncertainty involved in
carrying out the activities. The element of risk is inherent in every activity of a project.
All projects are exposed to various types of risks.
1) Technical Risks: Technical risks refer to changes in technical specifications of the
product results in loss.
2) Social Risks: Social risks refer to risks arising from changes in the needs and preferences
of customers. Lack of necessary natural resources, labour unrest, agitations and social
movements against the project also constitute social risks.
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3) Economic Risks: Economic risks refer to an increase in the rate of inflation, changes in
the economic policies of governments.
4) Political Risks: Nationalization or privatization of a particular industry, political
instability, and trade restriction are some examples of political risks. The project manager
should ensure that the project does not go against the political interests of the country.
5) Production Risks: Production risks refer to the shortage of necessary raw materials,
sudden breakdown of key machinery and huge rise in installation and maintenance costs.
6) Marketing Risks: Marketing risks refer to failure of the developed product or service in
the market due to changes in market demand, errors in forecasting of demand, or
difficulties in distribution.
7) Financial Risks: Financial risks refer to bad debts, change in the interest rate, wrong
choice of investments and mistakes in the accounting procedures.
8) Human Risks: Human risks refer to the sudden demise of key employee, limited
availability of skilled employees, inter-group politics, etc.

Q. No. 19: Discuss political risk in project execution. (June/July-2023/2 Marks)

Answer: Political Risks: Nationalization or privatization of a particular industry, political
instability, and trade restriction are some examples of political risks. The project manager should
ensure that the project does not go against the political interests of the country.

Q. No. 20: Summaries project closure phase in project management. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Project Closure:
 Project closure is the last phase of the project life cycle.
 It formally closes the project and reports the overall achievements of the project in terms
of defined performance measures to the sponsor of the project.
 The activities of the project closure include handling over the deliverables to the
customer, passing the documentation to the business, cancelling the supplier contracts,
releasing staff and equipment which were used in the project and informing stakeholders
of the closure of the project.
 After certain period from the closure of the project, a post-implementation review is to be
conducted to determine the level of success of the project. This will also help the project
team to record new lessons that are learned during the course of the project.
 Major activities of the project closure phase, viz. project closure using project closure
report and reviewing project completion using post-implementation review.

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Q. No. 21: Define project risk. List the different types of risk assessment techniques.
(Aug/Sept-2022-5 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Risk is defined as the possibility of an outcome being different from the expected
outcome.
OR
Risks are uncertainties in any project; they can adversely affect the desired outcome of the
project unless they are minimized.
Different types of risk assessment techniques as follows:
1) Sensitivity analysis
2) Scenario analysis
3) Best case & Worst case analysis
4) Simulation analysis

Q. No. 22: Discuss any three methods of risk analysis. (June/July-2023/6 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 22: List any two Risk Assessment Techniques. Explain any one. (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer:
(a) Sensitivity Analysis: Sensitivity Analysis is a method that measures how the impact of
uncertainties of one or more input variables can affect the output. This analysis improves the
prediction of the model, by improving the response of model to change in input variables. In
sensitivity analysis, typically one variable is changed at a time.
(b) Scenario Analysis: Scenario analysis is a process of analyzing future events by considering
alternative possible outcomes. Scenario analysis is conducted, to analyze the impacts of possible
future events on the system performance.
(c) Best-case and Worst-Case Analysis: The objective of best-case and worst-case scenario
analysis is to get a feel of what happens under the most favorable or the most adverse
configuration of key variables, without bothering much about the internal consistency of such
configurations.
(d) Simulation Analysis: The Simulation Analysis is a method, wherein the infinite calculations
are made to obtain the possible outcomes and probabilities for any choice of action. The role of
simulation analysis is to summarize and analyze the results, in a way that will yield maximum
insight and help with decision- making.

Q. No. 23: Discuss the application of sensitivity analysis technique for the assessment of
risk. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
Answer: Sensitivity Analysis is a method that measures how the impact of uncertainties of one
or more input variables can affect the output. This analysis improves the prediction of the model
by improving the response of model to change in input variables. In sensitivity analysis, typically
one variable is changed at a time. Since the future is uncertain, it helps to know what will happen
to the viability of the project when some variable like sales or investment deviates from its

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expected value. It shows how robust or vulnerable a project is to changes in input variables and
indicates where further action to be taken.

Q. No. 24: Discuss the application of scenario analysis technique for the assessment of risk.
(Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
Answer: Scenario analysis is a process of analyzing future events by considering alternative
possible outcomes. Scenario analysis is conducted, to analyze the impacts of possible future
events on the system performance. Scenario analysis may be regarded as an improvement over
sensitivity analysis because it considers variation in several variables together. If variables are
interrelated, it will be helpful to look at some likely scenarios, each scenario representing a
consistent combination of variables.
OR
Q. No. 25: Explain Scenario Analysis and write the procedure involved in it. (Nov/Dec-
2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Scenario Analysis: Scenario analysis is a process of analyzing future events by considering
alternative possible outcomes. Scenario analysis is conducted, to analyze the impacts of possible
future events on the system performance. In sensitivity analysis, one variable is changed at a time. If
variables are interrelated, as they are most likely to be, it will be helpful to look at some likely
scenarios analysis, each scenario representing a consistent combination of variables.
The procedure/ steps involved in scenario analysis are as follows: Select the factor around which
scenarios will be built. The factor chosen must be the largest source of uncertainty for the success of
the project.
1) Select the factor around which scenarios will be built. The factor chosen must be the largest
source of uncertainty for the success of the project.
2) The factor may be a rate of interest or state or economy or technological development or
response of the market.
3) Estimate the values of each of the variables in investment analysis for each scenario.
4) Calculate the net present value and/or internal rate of return under each scenario.

Q. No. 26: Explain best & worst case analysis. Mention its limitations.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Best case analysis is assumes the best scenario with high demand, high selling price
and low variable cost and so on.
Worst case analysis is assumes the low demand, low selling price and high variable cost and so
on.
Limitations:
1) It is based on the assumptions that there are a few described scenarios.
2) The assumptions are not true in most of cases.
3) The demand in the market is based on economy of the state which is very difficult to
predict and the assumption model can fail.

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Q. No. 27: Explain simulation analysis with example. (Sept-2023/5 Marks)

Answer: The Simulation analysis is a method, wherein the infinite calculations are made to
obtain the possible outcomes and probabilities for any choice of action. The role of simulation
analysis is to summarize and analyze the results, in a way that will yield maximum insight and
help with decision-making.
The steps involved in simulation analysis are as follow:
1) Model the project showing how the net present value is related to the parameters and the
exogenous (originating outside) variables.
2) Specify the values of the parameters and the probability distributions of the exogenous
variables.
3) Select a value, at random, from the probability distributions of each of the exogenous
variables.
4) Determine the net present value corresponding to the randomly generated values of the
exogenous variables
5) Repeat steps (3) and (4) a number of times to get a large number of simulated net present
values
6) Plot the frequency distribution of the net present value.

Q. No. 28: List the role project manager to minimize risk in a project.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Role project manager to minimize risk in a project
 Project manager place an important role ensures project and manages all the activities.
 He holds the overall control of the project and responsible for its execution and
performance.
 Hi is involved in planning of work, monitoring, directing and leading team members and
makes sure that project goals are reached in time, cost and quality.
 He should maintain a project diary to records the activities and progress of the project.
 He should ensure timely availability of the action to reduce the wastage of resources.
 He should be flexible and adoptable to any situation.
 Project manager should be confident, verbally fluently and must be a specialist in
communication.
 He should be able to identify the problems ahead.
 He should be able to maintain a proper balance between time and money.
 He must take form decision and it must be accepted by his team mebers.

Q. No. 29: Explain time overrun and cost overrun in a project. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Time overrun: It is the condition where the project does not complete within the
scheduled time (given time). This may be result of poor planning and deviation from time
schedule. Proper planning, controlling and monitoring with review system can always reduce or
avoid time overrun.

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Following may the reasons for time overrun:

 Changing project objective or events.
 Delay in start-up, execution and closure.
 Delay in undertaking dependent project stages.
 Poor time table or poor follow up.
 Management or administrative failure.
 Possible interruption from public, politicians or Government authorities.

Time overrun: It is the condition where the project does not complete within the given budget.
This may be result of poor planning and poor management. Proper planning, controlling,
tracking and monitoring with review system can always reduce or avoid cost overrun.
Following may the reasons for time overrun:
 Rework or re assembly.
 Fail to track project spending.
 Poor resource utilization plan.
 Fail to make work breakdown structure.
 Fail to review similar projects in past.
 Lack of detailed project budget outline.

Q. No. 30: List the possible reasons for the given project time overruns.
(June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: The possible reasons for the given project time overruns
 A change in the scope of the planned trip.
 Ineffective time management.
 Delays in starting of the trip.
 Delay in executing of the planned trip activities.
 A delay in one place visit, results in delays in subsequent activities.
 Use of defective vehicle for trip.
 Due to natural and unavoidable circumstance (Rain, flood etc)
 Improper management of boarding and lodging facility.
 Unexpected accident of the vehicle.
 Unexpected vehicle breakdown.
 Poor administration.
 Poor planning.

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Q. No. 31: List the possible reasons for the given project cost overruns.
(June/July-2023/8 Marks)
Answer: The possible reasons for the given project cost overruns:
 Unplanned expansion of the project scope.
 Inaccurate initial cost estimation.
 Failures in project performance.
 Errors in project design.
 Improper risk management.
 Improper project team building.
 Wrong choice of equipment.
 Incompetent material suppliers.
 Time overrun.

Q. No. 32: Draw a typical time overrun analysis sheet. (Feb/Mar-2023/4 Marks)
Answer: typical time overrun analysis sheet

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Unit-4: Project Planning, Scheduling and Monitoring

Q. No. 1: Define project planning. List the tools used in project planning.
(Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks) (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Project planning is all about designing effective policies and methodologies in order to
attain of fulfill project deliverables or project scopes or project objectives.
Tools used in project planning are:
a) Gantt Chart
b) Network Diagrams
c) Product Design
d) Time Estimates
e) Critical Path Methods (CPM)
f) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
g) Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) chart
OR
Q. No. 1: List the various tools available project planning. (Feb/Mar-2023/4 Marks)
Answer: Tools used in project planning are:
a) Gantt Charts
b) Bar Charts
c) Flow Charts
d) Time estimates
e) Product design print
f) Network Diagrams
g) CPM – Critical Path Method
h) PERT – Project Evaluation & Review technique.
i) WBS- Work Breakdown Structure
j) Velocity Diagrams

Q. No. 2: List the tools for project planning and explain any one. (Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Various tools available for project planning:
a) Gantt Charts
b) Bar Charts
c) Flow Charts
d) Time estimates
e) Product design print
f) Network Diagrams
g) CPM - Critical Path Method
h) PERT - Project Evaluation & Review technique.
i) WBS - Work Breakdown Structure

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Gantt chart:
 Gantt chart is planning tool.
 It is used in cost and time of project can be estimated.
 It is a picture in which the activities / jobs are represented by horizontal bars in the time
axis.
 The length of the bar indicates the estimated time for the job/ activity.
OR
BAR Chart:
 Pictorial representation of a project. In a bar chart, the activities of the project are shown
on one axis.
 Durations are represented on the other axis.
 The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
 A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column chart.
 Project progress can be seen. It suits for small projects.
OR
CPM (Critical Path Method):
 Tool in production.
 Planning and scheduling.
 CPM is used for Scheduling.
 Network diagram is drawn.
 After this the required Time for each operation.
 Thus, CPM marks critical activities in a project.
OR
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review technique):
 PERT is a time-event network analysis technique used for planning and control of large
projects.
 All individual tasks are shown in a network.
 All the events are shown by circles and whose completion can be measured at a given
time.
 Each arrow represents an activity.
 Finally, compute the critical path it is the longest time to complete the work.
OR
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
 Work breakdown structure, WBS in short, is a technique which breaks down a work into
its components.
 It is constructed by dividing the project into its major parts, with each of these being
further divided into sub-parts.
 The work breakdown structure defines what work is to be done in a detailed manner.

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Q. No. 3: State the need of project planning in project management. (Feb/Mar-2023-5 Marks)
Answer: Reasons for need of project planning are:
1) To completely define all work requested so that it will be readily identifiable to each
project participant
2) To eliminate or reduce uncertainty
3) To improve efficiency of the operation
4) To obtain a better understanding of the objectives
5) To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work

Q. No. 4: Describe the functions of project planning.

(Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks) (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 4: State any four functions of project planning. (June/July-2023/4 Marks)
Answer: Following are the functions of project planning:
1. It should provide a basis for organizing the work on the project and allocating
responsibilities to individuals.
2. It is a means of communication and coordination between all those involved in the
project.
3. It inspires the people to look ahead.
4. It induces a sense of urgency and time consciousness.
5. It establishes the basis for monitoring and control.

Q. No. 5: Draw the structure of project planning. (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/ Marks)
Answer: Structure of project planning:

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Q. No. 6: Analyze the importance of project objectives and policies.

(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Importance of project objectives and policies are:
 The objectives and policies are very important while planning the project.
 If the project team lacks a clear goal even excellence skills and the best equipment will
not enable the team to do a good job.
 Well defined objectives and policies serve as the framework for the decisions to be made
by the project manager.
 The objectives of the project may be technical objective, performance objective, time and
cost goals.
 Policies are the general guide for decision making on individual actions.
 Some of the policies of the project are extent of work given to outside contractors,
number of contracts to be employed, terms of the contract etc.

Q. No. 7: List the principles for formation of project policies. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Project policies must be formulated on the basis of following principles:
1. It must be based upon the known principles in the operating areas.
2. It should be complementary for co-ordination.
3. It should be definite, understandable and preferably in writing.
4. It should be flexible and stable.
5. It should be reasonably comprehensive in scope.

Q. No. 8: Describe the application of Gantt chart for project planning.

(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Application of Gantt chart for project planning:
 In a Gantt chart, the activities of project are broken down into a series of well-defined
jobs of short duration whose cost and time can be estimated.
 It is a tool in which the activities or jobs are represented by horizontal bars in the time
access.
 The length of the bar indicates the estimated time for the job. The left end of the bar
shows the beginning time and the right end shows the end time.
 The manpower required for the activity is shown by the number on the bar.
 The project review dates are indicated by a vertical dotted line and at this time horizontal
line is drawn below each bar to indicate the progress actually made up to the date.
 The length of the progress line is then drawn to represent the percentage of the job that
has been completed at the review date.

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Q. No. 9: Explain Gantt chart used for project planning. (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Gantt chart is the oldest formal planning tool designed by Henry Gantt in 1993. Under
this, the activities of project are broken down into a series of well-defined jobs of short duration
whose cost and time can be estimated. It is a pictorial device in which the activities jobs are
represented by horizontal bars in the time axis. The length of the bar indicates the estimated time
for the job. The left hand end of the bar shows the beginning time, the right hand the ending
time. The manpower required for the activity is shown by a number on the bar.

The project review dates are indicated by a vertical dotted line and at this time horizontal
line is drawn beneath each bar to indicate the progress actually made up to the date. The length
of the progress line is then drawn to represent the percentage of the job that has been completed
at the review date.

Q. No. 10: Explain Gantt chart and Bar chart with suitable example. (Feb/Mar-2023/8
Marks)

Answer: Gantt chart: Gantt chart is the oldest formal planning tool designed by Henry Gantt in
1993. Under this, the activities of project are broken down into a series of well-defined jobs of
short duration whose cost and time can be estimated. It is a picture in which the activities / jobs
are represented by horizontal bars in the time axis. The length of the bar indicates the estimated
time for the job/ activity. The left hand end of the bar shows the beginning time, the right hand
the ending time. The manpower required for the activity is shown by a number on the bar.

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Bar charts: Bar charts are the two-dimensional pictorial representation of a project. In a bar
chart, the activities of the project are shown on one axis and their durations are represented on
the other axis. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is
sometimes called a column chart.
A bar chart helps to review the project progress, allows for rescheduling the project and
highlights the critical activities and other bottlenecks in the completion of the project. A bar
chart, however, is normally suited to small projects. It cannot take into account the uncertainties
in activity duration nor represent the interrelationships between the various activities of the
project.

Q. No. 11: Construct the Gantt chart for the given project. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
JOBS START DAY DURATION MAN POWER
J-1 0 5 7
J-2 2 3 3
J-3 4 6 9
J-4 8 4 2
J-5 11 4 4

Answer: Gantt chart

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Q. No. 12: Construct the Gantt chart for the given project. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Jobs Start Day Duration Man Power
J-1 4 6
J-2 2 2 4
J-3 4 8 7
J-4 8 5 5
J-5 11 4 2

Answer:

Q. No. 13: The bus manufacturing company produces Hi-tech sleeper AV bus, show the
different activities schedule in the Gantt chart. (Dec-2023/8 Marks)
Answer: The Bus manufacturing company has following activities:
 Design
 Chassis manufacturing
 Body manufacturing
 Engine Manufacturing
 Seats Manufacturing
 Air conditioning system
 Tiers, Speaker, Sensor purchase,
 Assembling all components
 Painting
 Interior decoration
 Testing

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Q. No. 14: Briefly explain time estimate and its components. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 14: Explain the following time estimates.
(i) Optimistic time (ii) Most likely time (iii) Pessimistic time (iv) Expected time
(Feb/Mar-2023/8 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 14: Explain time estimates. Distinguish optimistic time, most likely time and
pessimistic time. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)

Answer: Time estimate:

 While designing a project, it is essential to fix time target for each and every activities of the
project.
 It helps to complete the projects as per time schedule through which it can enjoy optimum
benefits.
 Time estimate can be made by making a work break down of the project, estimating the time
schedules for each work, putting them in proper sequence.
 The time estimation for completing a project depends not only on the work content/sequence
but is also influenced by resources and constraints.
 The basic factors involving in the time estimation are work, constraints, resources and also
the data available.

Time estimates terms are defined as follows:

i) Optimistic time (to): The optimistic time is the time required to complete the activity if no
hurdles or complications arise.

ii) Most likely time (tm): The most likely time is the time in which the activity is most likely to
be completed. This estimates takes into consideration normal circumstances, making allowances
for some unforeseen delays.

iii) Pessimistic time (tp): The pessimistic time is the time required if unusual complications or
unforeseen difficulties arise.

iv) Expected Time (te): Expected time is the mean time that the activity is expected to consume
while executed.
=

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Q. No. 15: Optimistic time (to), Most likely time (tm) and Pessimistic time (tp) for
completing a project is as tabulated below. Calculate Expected time (t e) for each activity.
(Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Activity to tm tp
1-2 9 12 21
1-3 6 12 18
2-4 1 1.5 5
3-4 4 8.5 10
4-5 10 14 24

Answer: Time estimates can be calculated as follows:

Activity Time Estimate =
to tm tp
1-2 9 12 21 13
1-3 6 12 18 12
2-4 1 1.5 5 2
3-4 4 8.5 10 8
4-5 10 14 24 15

Q. No. 16: The three time estimates (to), (tm), (tp) for each activity in a project are given
below. Determine the expected time for each activity and also calculate the standard
deviation of the project. (Feb/Mar-2023/10 Marks)

Answer:

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Q. No. 17: Explain project scheduling. List any three purposes of project scheduling.
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: Project scheduling: It is a procedure of assigning tasks or activities to get them
completed well within an allocated budget and specified time schedule. Scheduling suggests
when to start ad how to be done. It is usually consists of the planned start date and finish date. It
is critical component for effective time management.
Purposes of project scheduling:
1) To obtained time based commitment to various project activities.
2) To communicate these commitments to project manager.
3) To ensure coordination among the project leader and the team members with respect to
the commitments and activities to be carried out.
4) To adopt the schedule or commitment to the changing circumstances (unavoidable risks).

Q. No. 18: List any five time monitoring effects. (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Time monitoring effects:
1) Development of project execution plan and overall project implementation schedule.
2) Preparation of special condition of contract for scheduling and monitoring.
3) Evaluation of bids in relation to scheduling and monitoring.
4) Review the detailed schedules and progress reports submitted by vendors and contractors.
5) Reviews with owner, consultants, contractors and vendors.
6) Project audit and corporate review.
7) Monthly progress report to the owners.
8) Installation and operation of an on-line information system.
9) On job training for on-going schedule and monitoring.

Q. No. 19: Describe situation analysis and mention at least six techniques to collect
information to conduct situation analysis. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Situation analysis is a process through which the general characteristics and problems
of community are identified. It involves the identification and definition of the characteristics
and problems specific to particular categories of people in the community. It is done through
collecting information necessary to understand the community as a whole and individuals within
the community. Information should be collected on what happened in the past, what is currently
happening based on the community’s experiences. Information for Situation analysis should be
collected with the involvement of the community members using below mentioned techniques:
1) Document’s review
2) Surveys
3) Discussions with individuals, specific groups and the community as a whole
4) Interviews
5) Observations
6) Listening to people

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7) Brainstorming
8) Informal conversations
9) Problem tree

Q. No. 20: Explain the application of “SMART” tool for setting goals and objectives.
(Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks) (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
(Dec-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: A goal is a general statement of what should be done to solve a problem. Objectives are
finite subset of a goal and should be specific in order to be achievable. The objectives should be
"SMART." They should be:
i) Specific: clear about what, where, when, and how the situation will be changed
ii) Measurable: able to quantify the targets and benefits
iii) Achievable: able to attain the objectives
iv) Realistic: able to obtain the level of change reflected in the objective; and
v) Time bound: stating the time period in which they will each be accomplished.

Q. No. 21: Define project evaluation. List why the project evaluation is important?
(Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 21: Describe project evaluation and mention any three reasons for conducting
evaluation. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Project evaluation is a step by step process of collecting, recording and organizing
information about project results, including short term and long term project outcomes.
Importance of project evaluation:
1) Progress made
2) Effective and efficient uses of resourses
3) Discribed output achieved
4) Improvements to be made for better outcome
5) Success factors
6) Whether the results justify the input etc.

Q. No. 21: Why the project evaluation needed in project management cuycle? (Feb/Mar-
2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 21: List the reasons for project evaluation. (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Reasons of project evaluation:
1) Progress made
2) Effective and efficient uses of resourses
3) Discribed output achieved
4) Improvements to be made for better outcome
5) Success factors

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6) Whether the results justify the input etc.

Q. No. 22: What are the challenges in project monitoring and evaluation? (Dec-2023/ Marks)
Answer: Challenges in monitoring and evaluation:
1) Getting the commitment to do it.
2) Establishing the base lines at the beginning of the project.
3) Identification of realistic quantitative and qualitative indicators.
4) Determining the time to do it and sticking on to it.
5) Getting the feedback from the stakeholders.
6) Reporting back to the stakeholders.

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UNIT-5: Project Control, Review & Audit

Q. No. 1: List any four purposes of project control. (Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 1: List any three purposes of project control. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5
Marks)
OR
Q. No. 1: List any five purposes of project control. (Sept-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Purposes of project control as follows:
1) To control the progress of the activities.
2) To control the performance of the project activities.
3) To control the project schedule.
4) To have the control over the project cost.
5) To have control over the delays in project activities.
6) To motivate project personnel through performance evaluation.

Q. No. 2: List any four objectives of project review. (Mar/Apr-2022/4 Marks) (Aug/Sept-2022/5
Marks)
OR
Q. No. 2: List any five objectives of project review. (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Objectives of project review are listed below:
1) To examine whether the project is implemented in a specified ways or not.
2) To assess the impact of the project.
3) To examine the project efficiency.
4) To measure the quality of the project.
5) To review the safety aspects followed during the project.
6) To examine the methods, process, procedures followed during the project.
7) To assess the outcome of the project.

Q. No. 3: List the various tools available for project control, Review and audit. (Feb/Mar-
2023/4 Marks)
Answer: The various tools available for project control, Review and audit are
1) Gantt Charts
2) Bar Charts
3) Flow Charts
4) Milestone Charts
5) Network Diagrams
6) CPM (Critical Path Method)
7) PERT (Project Evaluation & Review technique)
8) WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
9) Project Documentation

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Q. No. 4: Explain the application of critical path method (CPM) in project management.
(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: The Critical Path Method (CPM) is an important tool in production planning and
scheduling. CPM is used for scheduling special projects where the relationship between the
different parts of project is more complicated than of a simple chain of task to be completed one
after the other. A CPM is a route between two or more operations which minimizes (or
maximizes) some measures of performance. Under CPM, the project is analyzed into different
operation or activities and their relationship are determined and shown on the network diagram,
so, first of all a network diagram is drawn. After this the required Time or some other measure of
them combined to develop a schedule which minimizes or maximizes the measure of
performance for each operation. Thus, CPM marks critical activities in a project and concentrates
on them.

Q. No. 5: Explain the application of program evaluation and review technique (PERT) in
project management. (Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a time-event network
analysis technique designed to watch how the parts of a programme fit together during passage
of time and events. The PERT is used for planning and control of large projects in various
industries like defense, chemical and construction industries. Under PERT all individual tasks
are shown in a network. All the events are shown by circles and whose completion can be
measured at a given time. Each arrow represents an activity, which are the time consuming
elements of a program. The activity time is the lapsed time required to accomplish an event.
Finally, compute the critical path and the slack time. The critical path is a sequence of activities,
which takes the longest time to complete the work and the least slack time.

Q. No. 6: Distinguish between PERT and CPM in project management. (Aug/Sept-2022/5

Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5 Marks) (Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/5
Marks)
Answer: Distinguish between PERT and CPM:

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Q. No. 7: Define critical path, total float and free float . (Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks)
Answer: Critical path: Critical path is the longest sequence of connected activities through the
network. Critical path has zero slack time. The activities in the critical path are called critical
activities. They are critical in the sense that delay in any of the activities results in the delay of
completion of project.
Total Float: It is the difference between maximum time available to perform the activity and
activity duration. The maximum time available for any activity is from the earliest start time to
latest completion time.
Free Float: Free float is the time by which completion of an activity can be delayed without
delaying its immediate successor activities.

Q. No. 8: Explain the following time estimates. (Feb/Mar-2023/6 Marks)

1) Optimistic time (to)
2) Most likely time (tm)
3) Pessimistic time (tp)
4) Expected time (te)
Answer:
1) Optimistic time (to): The optimistic time is the time required to complete the activity if no
hurdles or complications arise.
2) Most likely time (tm): The most likely time is the time in which the activity is most likely to
be completed. This estimates takes into consideration normal circumstances, making allowances
for some unforeseen delays.
3) Pessimistic time (tp): The pessimistic time is the time required if unusual complications or
unforeseen difficulties arise.
4) Expected Time (te): Expected time is the mean time that the activity is expected to consume
while executed.

Q. No. 9: Explain crashing project duration through network techniques. (Feb/Mar-2023/4

Marks)
Answer: Each activity of the project consumes some resources and hence has cost associated
with it. In most of the cases cost of an activity will vary to some extent with the amount of time
consumed by the activity. The cost of total project, which is the aggregate of the activity costs,
will also depend upon the project duration. Thus by increasing the costs, the project duration can
be cut down to some extent. The aim is always to strike a balance between the costs and time and
to obtain an optimum project schedule. An optimum project schedule implies lowest possible
cost and the associated time for the project. The total cost of any project consists of the direct
and indirect costs involved in its execution.
Often there may be compelling reasons to complete the project earlier than would be the
case with the duration of the critical path computed on the basis of normal expected activity

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times. Examples are war situations or market introduction of a new product. The motive in
hastening the project might be to ensure that the competitors do not steal a march. Also the
managements often want to reduce the target time so that the saved time can be used for some
extra work in such situations, our concern is to find the project cost if some or all the activities
are crashed from the knowledge of the normal direct cost and crashed direct cost, the cost slope
for each Activity can be determined. If the indirect cost per unit time is known, the total cost of
the project can be found by adding the direct and indirect costs.

Q. No. 10: Construct a network diagram for a project whose activities and their
predecessor relationship are given below. (Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks)
Activity A B C D E F G H I J K
Predecessor - - - A B B C D E H,I F,G
Answer:

Q. No. 11: Develop the network diagram for the following activities with corresponding
time estimate. (Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks)

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Answer:

Q. No. 12: Develop a network diagram for a project whose activities and preceding
activities with duration are given below. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks)
Activity Predecessor Duration (Days)
A - 3
B A 4
C A 2
D B 5
E C 1
F C 2
G D, E 4
H F, G 3
Answer:

OR

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Q. No. 13: The three time estimates (to), (tm), (tp) for each activity in a project are given
below. Determine the expected time for each activity and also calculate the standard
deviation of the project. (Feb/Mar-2023/10 Marks)

Answer:

Q. No. 14: The following activities constitute a project. Construct the network to represent
the project and also identify the critical path. Also write all the project paths possible.
(Feb/Mar-2023/10 Marks)

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Answer: Network Diagram:

Q. No. 15: Construct a Network Diagram for following details and show critical path.
(June/July-2023/10 Marks)

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Answer: Construct a network diagram for following activities:

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Q. No. 16: The following activities involved as shown in the table, estimate time for each
activity. Draw the PERT Network. Determine total time required for completion of project
and find the critical path. (Dec-2023/10 Marks)

Answer:

Q. No. 17: Construct the network diagram whose activities and their predecessor
relationship is given in below table. Determine the total time required for completion of
project and find the critical path. (Dec-2023/10 Marks)

Answer:

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Q. No. 18: List any five uses of Network Techniques. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-
2022/5 Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Following are the uses of Network Techniques:
1) It indicates the start and finish time to each activity of the project.
2) It helps in better scheduling, monitoring and control of project activities.
3) It helps in better execution of the project.
4) These techniques serve as indicator of bottle necks and potentials trouble spots which
help in preventing the pitfalls and progress of the project as plan.
5) This will illustrate the type and extent of coordination required among the designers,
contractors and other members of the project team.
6) It helps in identifying the critical path.
7) It helps in identifying the critical tasks and diversion of recourses to these tasks so that
they can be completed as per schedule.
8) It helps in resource allocation such as labour, machines etc.
9) Helps to find whether or not advisable to crash project time and the impact of crashing on
the cost of project.
10) Helps to find which activities are to be speeded up so as to minimize the cost of
escalation due to the crashing.
11) It helps in controlling the project cost.

Q. No. 19: What is project audit program in project management? (Feb/Mar-2023/3

Marks)
Answer: The Project audit program is preliminary examination of the project's organization,
administration, record keeping- costs, planning and control, working methods, quality aspects
and techniques performed in order to establish project current and future status from time to
time.

Q. No. 20: Explain the project audit program. (Mar/Apr-2022/6 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5
Marks) (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: The project audit aims to obtain a clear picture of the actual status of the project from
time to time. The detailed audit program involves the following steps:

Step 1: Preliminary examination of the project's organization, administration, record keeping,

planning and control and working methods and techniques performed in order to establish
project current and future status.
Step 2: Preparing the statements of project current and future status, giving a detailed list of
completed work as compared with the project's performance baseline, recording the cost and
quality aspects, record keeping, working methods and communication aspects.
Step 3: Conducting preliminary analysis and presenting results in the form of audit report.

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Q. No. 21: Explain the two ways of conducting performance evaluation. (Mar/Apr-2022 /6
Marks
Answer: The performance evaluation is done periodically and it measures the performance of
the project on an ongoing basis. The performance evaluation may be done in terms of economic
rate of return on investment or book rate of return on investment.
1) Economic rate of return for a given year = (Cash flow +Changes in present value) / Present
value at the beginning of the year
2) Book rate of return for a given year = (Cash flow +Changes in book value) / Book value at the
beginning of the year

Q. No. 22: Analyze the functions of project auditor. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5
Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Functions of project auditor as follows:
1) Providing the actual status of the project from time to time.
2) He has to examine the project methodology and techniques to achieve the project
objectives.
3) Identification of factors which may create the quality problems during the project work
and giving the recommendations to overcome those problems.
4) Auditor is required to give advice to make recommendations.
5) He should be competent to prepare the action plans.
6) Auditor has to measure the present and future state of the project.
7) Timely spotting of different problems relating to the execution of the project and
suggesting overcoming the above problems.
8) Establishing a good information base for a proper estimation and costing of the project.
9) Assisting in establishing appropriate standards and systems and recommending suitable
work techniques.
10) Identification and recommendations of specific training needed with reference to the
project tasks.
11) Investing the underlying records and the tangible results of work done.
12) Continuous observations over the process and caliber of project management and get a
clear picture of the project organization and controls.

Q. No. 23: Explain initial review in a project. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-2022/5

Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Initial project review is carried for following reasons:
1) To examine whether the project is implemented in a specified ways or not.
2) To examine whether the methods, process, procedures etc., adopted are appropriate to
achieve the set goal.
3) To assess the impact of the project.
4) To examine the project efficiency.
5) To measure the quality of the project.

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6) To verify the safety aspects taken while exceeding the project.

7) To help, guide, direct and aid the planners.
8) To help and guide the project sponsors and policy formulators.
9) To help and guide the administrators, executives, scholars and academicians.
10) To assess the outcome of the project.

Q. No. 24: List the various phases of project review. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Various phases of Project Review
1) Initial review
2) Performance evaluation
3) Abandonment analysis
4) Behavioral issues in project abandonment
5) Administrative aspects of capital budgeting
6) Evaluating the capital budgeting system of an organization

Q. No. 25: List any five objectives of project audit. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec/2022/5
Marks) (Sept-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Following are the objectives of project audit:
1) Providing the clear picture of actual status of the project from time to time.
2) Creating awareness among the project staff about the type and magnitude of the problems
encountering during the completion of the project and producing the quality products in a
planned volume and at a competitive cost.
3) Identification of factors which may create the quality problems leading to time and cost
overruns.
4) Timely spotting of a variety of generic problems while executing the project and
suggestions to overcome these problems.
5) Assisting to establish an appropriate standards and systems and recommending the
suitable work techniques.
6) Enabling to create the good information system for a proper estimation and costing of the
project.
7) Identification of specific training needs with reference to the project tasks.
8) Developing the experience and expertise in project management in order to provide the
consultancy services to the other enterprises.

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Unit-6: Digital Project Management

Q. No. 1: What are digital projects? Give any three examples of digital projects. (Feb/Mar-
2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Digital projects are modern day software projects that predominantly use digital
technologies such as Big Data technologies, augmented reality and virtual reality (AR & VR),
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, cloud computing technologies, experience platforms,
enterprise portals, content management systems (CMS), commerce platforms, user experience
technologies, mobile technologies, search, analytics, and collaboration etc. to achieve
highquality deliverables.
These digital projects are mainly executed through an Agile methodology or in iterations
to attain faster time to market. Examples of Digital projects are
1) Karnataka LMS Portal by Govt. of Karnataka Which uses content management systems
(CMS)
2) Unified University college management system (UUCMS) by Govt. of Karnataka
3) Digitization of existing banking processes, Development of next generation online
banking platform, digital bank office, virtual branch, digital wallets, etc.
4) Media and entertainment sector service providers such as Netflix, Amazon do analysis on
data collected on their users
5) Online Educational Service providers, Vedanta, Byzus, Coursera etc.
6) Digitization of Identity – Aadhaar Card Project
7) Automatic Driving car by Audi Volvo, cruise control in cars
8) Smart Traffic system
9) Robotics Digital project in hospitals, healthcare
10) Tracking customer spending habit shopping behavior in retail stores like amazon, flip
kart, reliance, big bazaar etc.
11) Ola, Uber, Zomoto, Swiggy, Movie tickets using Book my Show, Rapido etc.
12) Smart Pollution Control, Smart traffic control, autonomous cars.
13) Smart Home Automation
14) Government of Karnataka Digital Initiatives such as, e-Office, e-PAR, e-Procurement,
HRMS, Bhoomi, Nondani, State Scholarship Portal (SSP), Khajane–II, e- Udyami, Seva
Sindhu
15) Government of India Digital initiatives such as, Digi locker, Direct Benefit transfer,
National Academic Depository, ICT Learning missions – NPTEL, Swayam, National
Digital Library(NDL)

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Q. No. 2: Identify digital trends in project management. (Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks)

Answer: As the digital technology ecosystem is continuously evolving. So organizations need to
constantly look out for modern digital technologies to realize their digital vision. The main
current trends in the digital space are given here:
1) Location-based analytics: Using location-based services, organizations want to push
personalized, relevant, and effective campaigns and services.
2) Social channel utilization and touch point optimization: Organizations want to engage
their customers at all touch points (web, offline, kiosk, mobile, social media etc.). Due to
increased popularity of social media platforms, organizations use them for the voice of
customer channels, brand marketing, campaigns, etc.
3) Mobile-first and cloud-first strategies: Digital platforms are built with mobile devices
as their primary delivery platforms. The applications are deployed increasingly on the
cloud to realize the “software-as service” model.
4) Intuitive user experiences: Seamless and integrated cross-channel enabled content with
dashboard views, unified views, 360-degree activity views, and rich, real-time
visualizations are becoming the norm in the user experience space. Good customer
experiences bring trust and loyalty.
5) Digital marketing: Organizations are leveraging social media platforms to market their
products such as Insurance etc. and brands. Peer recommendations and peer approval
play a major role in influencing customers.
6) Analytics: Real-time analytics of user actions and analysis of historical data will be used
for contextual recommendation and for personalizing the experience.
7) Banking: Digital banking, omni-channel experience, personalization, dashboard
experience, virtual branch, self-service tools, social media engagement, analytics, mobile
apps, digital payments, and digital wallets.
8) Retail: Virtual assistant, AI-based smart recommendations, chat bot, augmented reality,
mobile apps, Big Data, IOT, wearables, cloud delivery (SaaS), social media marketing,
social listening, user enablement, targeted marketing, loyalty management, digital
marketing, customer segmentation, and voice of customers.
9) Utilities: Dashboard experience, self-service, process automation, real-time monitoring,
dashboard view, and analytics.
10) Life sciences: Business intelligence, mobile apps, CRM, ERP applications, wearables,
IOT, and reporting.
11) Automobile: IOT and telematics.
12) Other digital technologies: Organizations are increasingly investing in Big Data, IOT,
and wearables for applicable use cases.

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Q. No. 3: Discuss the applications of cloud technology in project management. (Mar/Apr-

2022/5 Marks) (Feb/Mar-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 3: Discuss cloud technology application in digital project management. (Feb/Mar-
2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 3: Q. No. 3: Discuss the applications of cloud technology. (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Cloud-based project management software coordinates the planning, collaborating,
monitoring, and delivering of a project. It allows project managers and teams to get work done
using a network of tools available within the software, rather than using a plain old whiteboard
and sticky notes. The use of project management software scales from business to business and
team to team. But, in all, it is designed to make managing projects and deadlines easier and more
effective. Cloud Technology allows the people to use the digital resources stored in the virtual
space by the way of networks, often using satellite network. It allows people to share the
information and applications across the internet without being the restriction of their physical
location.

Q. No. 4: Define internet of things (IOT). (Aug/Sept-2022/2 Marks) (Sept-2023/3 Marks)

Answer: Internet of things refers to the process of connecting every day physical objects to the
internet from common household objects like light bulbs to healthcare assets like medical
devices to wearable, smart devices and even smart cities.

Q. No. 5: Discuss the applications of Internet of things (IOT) in project management.

(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks) (Sept-2023/7 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 5: Discuss the use of IOT application in project management. (Feb/Mar-2023/5
Marks)
OR
Q. No. 5: Discuss the applications of Internet of things (IOT). (June/July-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-
2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Internet of Things (IOT) and sensors are used to get real-time information from various
connected devices and predict the outcome. In project management, the IOT technology will
fundamentally alter the speed of project execution. Organizations that adopt IOT will complete
the projects in a speedy manner. The IOT intersects with project management on everything
from team collaboration to data collection and can expect real time status reporting via IOT to
user in a new era of dynamic planning and execution. Data collection will happen on a large
scale allowing leaders to make more informed decisions. Inventory and resources will be easily
monitored at all times. Devices can automatically sense and respond to what is happening around
them reducing the need for human intervention, lowering operating costs and increasing response
time and minimizing errors.
OR

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 Internet of things and sensors are used to get real time information from various
connected devices and predict the outcome.
 IOT technology will alter the speed of project execution in project management.
 IOT helps project management from team collaboration to data collection.
 The devices can automatically sense and respond to what is happening around them,
reducing the need for human intervention, lowering operating costs and increasing
response time and minimizing errors.
 The organization that adopts IOT will complete the project in speedy manner.
 Smart cities-to assist the infrastructure planning of an entire smart city, air quality
monitoring, earth quake detecting.
 Smart Building-Reducing energy consumption.
 Agriculture for weather monitoring and soil and water monitoring.
 Smart homes/Home Automation.
OR
Q. No. 5: List the uses of IOT in Project Management. (Dec-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: IOT technology will fundamentally alter the speed of project execution.
• IOT enables the hyper speed reporting, and reduces the cost of communication
• IOT allows complete monitoring and process control
• IOT creates an explosion of valuable project data
• IOT allows super-deep data analytics
• IOT users in stricter ethical and legal implications
• IOT raises expectations for all stakeholders

Q. No. 6: Match the following. (Aug/Sept-2022/6 Marks)

i) All the phases take their normal time in a) Augmented reality
ii) Projects undertaken due to the unexpected b) Normal project
calamities
iii) Additional costs are required to gain time in c) Virtual reality
iv) Video games are example for d) Cloud
v) Combination of digital and real world is e) Crash project
vi) Virtual storage exists on the internet f) Disaster project
Answer:
i) All the phases take their normal time in b) Normal project
ii) Projects undertaken due to the unexpected f) Disaster project
calamities
iii) Additional costs are required to gain time in e) Crash project
iv) Video games are example for c) Virtual reality
v) Combination of digital and real world is a) Augmented reality
vi) Virtual storage exists on the internet d) Cloud

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Q. No. 7: Analyze any five benefits of AR and VR in project management. (Aug/Sept-2022/5

Marks)
OR
Q. No. 7: List the benefits of AR and VR in project management. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Benefits of AR and VR as follows:
1) Increase in competitive ability.
2) Increase in efficiency and productivity.
3) Reduces time and costs.
4) Reduces errors and facilities work processes.
5) Enables fast remote support for repairing systems weakness.
6) Enable fast and remote collaboration.
7) Involve innovation support.
8) Facilitate to understand large amounts of data.
9) Facilitate decision making problems solving.
10) Facilitate monitoring of projects.
11) Reduces the project validation risks.

Q. No. 8: Show any three differences between Augmented reality and Virtual reality.
(Aug/Sept-2022/6 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 8: Discuss the differences between Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality
(VR). (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 8: Differentiate Augmented reality and Virtual reality. (Sept-2023/5 Marks) (Dec-
2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Differences between AR and VR
Sl. No. Augmented Reality (AR) Virtual reality (VR)
1 Combination of digital and real world. Totally artificial digital world.
2 User experience is partially immersed. Complete sense of immersion.
3 Camera-enabled devices such as smart Special hardware equipment is required
phone, tablet or smart glasses are (Microsoft Hololense, HTTC vive.
required. Desktop and lap-top are not Oculus right, Google daydream etc.)
suitable because of its fixed camera
position, unless an external camera is
used.
4 Latest versions of common operating Special software is required.
systems are good enough (Android,
IOS, Windows).
5 Initial cost is lower than the VR. Initial cost is higher than the AR.

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Q. No. 9: Discuss any five applications of AR and VR. (Aug/Sept-2022/5 Marks) (Nov/Dec-
2022/5 Marks)
OR
Q. No. 9: Discuss the applications of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality. (Sept-2023/5
Marks)
Answer: Applications of AR and VR as follows:
a) Architecture, Civil Engineering, Construction and Real Estate: Instead of standard
2D format of drawings and renderings, investors and customers can now experience
realistic impression of their future buildings, flats and business places, both from the
outside and from the inside.
b) Marketing and Sales: Many companies have recognized additional values for both
marketers and customers. For instance using app helps customers in fast decision making.
c) Education: AR/VR technologies offer great opportunities and diversity in education
(remote learning, interactive learning etc.)
d) Visual Industries: There are many examples of using AR/VR and related projects in this
field: game industry, fashion industry, entertainment industry – cinema, film, travelling
exhibitions (e.g. landmarks, museums) etc.
e) Automotive: AR/VR solutions are used for test drives, car elements testing, car
dealership experience etc.
f) Manufacturing: In complex manufacturing processes AR is useful in delivering the right
information at the right moment to factory workers on assembly lines.
g) Healthcare: Training of surgeons is one of the most important fields of application of the
AR/VR technologies in healthcare.
h) Defense: The project uses different approaches allowing connection of AR and VR
systems to geo-location and other tools, involving 3D modelling, photogrammetric,
drones and many other state of the art technologies.
i) Service Support: Remote technical and expert support, visualized instructions. Remote
repairing, knowledge, exchange etc. with AR/VR.

Q. No. 10: Discuss on how smart city projects can be developed using digital technologies.
(Mar/Apr-2022/5 Marks)
Answer: A smart city is a framework, predominantly composed of information and
communication technologies (ICT), to develop, deploy and promote sustainable development
practices to address a growing urbanization challenges. This ICT framework is essentially an
intelligent network of connected objects and machines that transmit the data using wireless
technology and the cloud technology. Cloud based IoT applications receive, analyze and manage
data in real-time to help 15 municipalities, enterprises and citizens to make better decisions that
improve quality of life. Augmented Reality (AR) can be the interface which provides access to
all the benefits of a smart city.

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Q. No. 11: Discuss on how digital technologies can be used in education. (Mar/Apr-2022/5
Marks)
Answer: Digital technologies are electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate
store or process data. The effective use of digital learning tools in classrooms can increase
student engagement, help teachers improve their lesson plans, and facilitate personalized
learning. It also helps students build essential 21st century skills. Augmented Reality (AR) and
Virtual Reality (VR) technologies offer great opportunities and diversity in education including
remote learning, interactive learning etc., Students can collaborate on group projects using
technology-based tools which enables new ways of learning, communicating, and working
collaboratively where learners use programs or applications designed for problem solving or
open-ended learning or technology for teachers, such as interactive whiteboards or learning
platforms.

Q. No. 12: Discuss the steps involved in data science and data analytics in project
management. (June/July-2023/5 Marks)
Answer: Steps involved in data science and data analytics in project management are:
a) Define the question
b) Define the ideal dataset
c) Determine what data you can access
d) Obtain the data and clean the data
e) Exploratory data analysis f. Statistical prediction/modelling
f) Interpret results
g) Challenge results
h) Synthesis/write up results
i) Create reproducible code.

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