Chp : 2 Periodic Classification of Elements

1) Rearrange the columns 2 and 3 so as to match with the column 1.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Average of the first and the third

i. Triad atomic mass Dobereiner

Properties of the eighth element

ii. Octave similar to the first Newlands

iii. Atomic number Positive charge on the nucleus Moseley

Sequential change in molecular

iv. Period formulae Mendeleev

Concentrated mass and positive

v. Nucleus charge Rutherford

Lightest and negatively charged

vi. Electron particle in all the atoms Thomson

2) Choose the correct option and rewrite the statement:

(a) The number of electrons in the outermost shell of alkali metals is…….
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 7

(b) Alkaline earth metals have valency 2. This means that their position in the
modern periodic table is in…….
(a) Group 2 (b) Group 16 (c) Period 2 (d) d-block

(c) Molecular formula of the chloride of an element X is XCl. This compound is a

solid having a high melting point. Which of the following elements be present in
the same group as X.
(a) Na (b) Mg (c) Al (d) Si

(d) In which block of the modem periodic table are the nonmetals found?
(a) s-block (b) p-block (c) d-block (d) f-block
3) An element has its electron configuration as 2, 8, 2. Now answer the following
questions.
a. What is the atomic number of this element? - 12
b. What is the group of this element? – Group 2.
c. To which period does this element belong? - Period 3.
d. With which of the following elements would this element resemble? (Atomic
numbers are given in the brackets) N(7), Be(4), Ar(18), Cl(17)

4) Write the name and symbol of the element from the description.
a. The atom having the smallest size - Helium(He)
b. The atom having the smallest atomic mass - Hydrogen(H 2)
c. The most electronegative atom - Fluorine(F 2)
d. The noble gas with the smallest atomic radius - Helium(He)
e. The most reactive nonmetal - Fluorine(F 2)

5) Write short notes

Mendeleev’s periodic law

When the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses,
Mendeleev found that the elements with similar physical and chemical properties
repeat after a definite interval. On the basis of these finding Mendeleev stated
the periodic law. <<The physical and chemical properties of elements are a
periodic function of their atomic masses>>

Structure of the modern periodic table

1. The Modern Periodic Table consists of 18 vertical columns termed as ‘groups’
and 7 horizontal rows termed as ‘periods’. The arrangement of the periods and
groups result in formation of boxes. Each box corresponds to one element.
Atomic numbers are serially indicated in the upper part of the box
2. Periods – The first period is the shortest period and has 2 elements H & He. The
2nd and 3rd periods called short periods contain 8 elements, while the 4 th and 5th
periods are long periods with 18 elements. There are 32 elements in the 6 th
periods and is the longest. There are 26 electrons in the 7 th shell
3. Two rows shown separately at the bottom represents the lanthanide series and
actinide series (inner transition elements)
4. The entire periodic table is divided into 4 blocks, viz.
S – block P- block D – block F - block
Group 1 & Group 13 to 18 Group 3 to 12 Lanthanides and
2 Transition elements actinides
5. A zig-zag line in the p block separates the metals on left side with the nonmetals
on the right side. The metalloids lie along the border of zig zag line
6. Elements in the same group shows similarity and gradation in their properties
while the properties of the elements slowly change while going from one end to
another in a given period

Position of isotopes in the Mendeleev’s and the modern periodic table

Isotopes were discovered long after Mendeleev put forth the periodic table. A
challenge was posed in placing isotopes in Mendeleev’s periodic table. According
to Mendeleev, ‘the properties of the elements are periodic function of their
atomic masses’.
Isotopes have the same atomic number, similar chemical properties but different
atomic masses. Based on the periodic law, an isotope is an element, which must
have a separate place in the periodic table. However, there are no places for
isotopes in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
In modern periodic table, the elements have been allotted places based on their
atomic numbers. Isotopes have not been given separate place in the modern
periodic table they are placed at the same place as their atomic numbers are
same. Eg -The isotopes or 17Cl35 and 17Cl37 were placed in the same group as both
have the same atomic number.

6) Write scientific reasons.

a) Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a
period.
(1) In a period while going from left to right, atomic radius goes on
decreasing and the atomic number increases one by one, that means positive
charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time.
(2) However, the additional electron is added to the same outermost shell.
Due to the increased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled towards the
nucleus to a greater extent, as a result the size of atom decreases i.e. atomic
radius decreases

b) Metallic character goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a

period.
(1) Metals have a tendency to lose the valence electrons to form cations. This
tendency of an element is called the metallic character of the element.
(2) While going from left to right within a period the outermost shell remains
the same and electrons are added to the same shell. However, the positive
 charge on the nucleus goes on increasing while the atomic radius goes on
decreasing and thus the effective nuclear charge goes on increasing. As a
result of this the tendency of atom to lose electrons decreases, i.e.
electropositivity decreases. Thus, metallic character goes on decreasing within
a period from left to right.

c) Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.

The size of an atom is indicated by its radius. While going down a group a
new shell is added. Therefore, the distance between the outermost electron
and the nucleus goes on increasing. These electrons experience lesser pull
from the nucleus. Thus, atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.

d) Elements belonging to the same group have the same valency.

(1) The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence
electron in the outermost shell of an atom of an element.
(2) All the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons.
Therefore, elements in the same group should have the same valency. Eg - the
elements of group I contain only one valence electron: the valency of
elements of group I is one. Similarly for group II, the valency is two.

e) The third period contains only eight elements even through the electron
capacity of the third shell is 18.
All the elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in the order of
their increasing atomic number. Each period in the periodic table starts with
beginning of a new energy level. The first period begins with first energy level
and accommodates 2 electrons (2n2= 2(1)2 = 2 ) in the k shell. The second
period begins with filing of second energy level, i.e L shell and accommodates
8 electrons. After the addition of 8 electrons to the second shell, the shell
becomes completely filled and the next electron now enters the third shell, M
and elements go to the 3rd period. The 3rd shell has a capacity of 18 electrons.
However after the 3rd shell receives 8 electrons, the filing of the 4 th shell begins
(because the outermost shell cannot have more than 8 electrons). Thus the
number of elements present in 3 rd period is decided on the basis of electronic
configuration and octet rule. Hence the 3rd shell has only eight electrons

7) Write the names from the description.

a. The period with electrons in the shells, K, L and M - Third period
b. The group with valency zero - Group 18
c. The family of nonmetals having valency one - Halogen family
d. The family of metals having valency one - Group 1 (alkali earth metals)
e. The family of metals having valency two - Group 2 (alkaline metals)
f. The metalloids in the second and third periods- Boron, Silicon
g. Nonmetals in the third period - Phosphorous, sulfur and chlorine and
argon
h. Two elements having valency 4 - Carbon, silicon