TITRATION

NAME- CLASS - ROLL NO.-

GROUP MEMBERS- Minal Sharma, Soumya Singh, Rishab Singh,
Pulkit P Ayengar, Anurudh Parmar, Lovesh Kumar, Aryush Malape
INDEX
1. Aim
2. Background
3. Acid base titration
a) Apparatus
b) Procedure
c) Observation
d) Calculations
e) Precaution
f) Error
4. Redox titration
a) Apparatus
b) Procedure
c) Observation
d) Calculations
e) Precaution
5. Personal engagement
6. Further applications
7. Bibliography
AIM
1.The primary goal of titration is to identify the equivalence point, where the amount
of reactant in the solution being analysed is stoichiometrically equivalent to the
titration.
2.To practically perform acid base titration and redox titration.

BACKGROUND
The word "titration" comes from the Latin word titulus, meaning inscription or title. The
French word titre, also from this origin, means rank. Titration, by definition, is the
determination of rank or concentration of a solution with respect to water with a pH of
7(which is the pH of pure H2O under standard conditions).
Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used
to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. Because volume
measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis. A
reagent, called the titrant, of a known concentration (a standard solution) and volume
is used to react with a solution of the analyte, whose concentration is not known. Using
a calibrated burette or chemistry pipetting syringe to add the titrant, it is possible to
determine the exact amount that has been consumed when the endpoint is reached.
The endpoint is the point at which the titration is complete, as determined by an
indicator.
 ACID BASE
TITRATION
THEORY
What does Acid-Base titration mean?
Titration can be classified into various types depending upon the chemical reactions
occurring during titration. One of the commonly known titrations is the Acid-Base
titration. It is a method used to determine the strength of an acid or alkali and this type
of titration is based on the neutralisation reaction. In this reaction, acids and bases
react to form salt and water.

What is an indicator?
An indicator is a chemical substance that undergoes a colour change at the endpoint.
The endpoint of an acid-base titration can be determined using acid-base indicators.
Acid Base indicators are either weak organic acids or weak organic bases. The colour
change of an indicator depends on the pH of the medium. The un-ionized form of an
indicator has one colour, but its ionized form has a different colour.
For example, consider the indicator phenolphthalein, whose ionization can be written
as,

Some common examples of acid-base indicators are,

Indicators pH Range Acid Base
Phenolphthalein 8.0 - 10.0 Colourless Pink
Methyl Orange 3.1 - 4.4 Red Orange
Methyl Red 4.4 - 6.2 Red Yellow
Phenol Red 6.4 - 8.0 Yellow Red
Indicators pH Range Acid Base
Thymol Blue 1.2 - 2.8 Red Yellow
Thymol Blue 8.0 - 9.6 Yellow Blue
Methyl Yellow 2.9 - 4.0 Red Yellow

APPARATUS
1. Weighing bottle
2. Spatula
3. Electronic balance
4. 100ml beaker
5. Phenophthalein
6. 100ml standard flask
7. Pipette
8. Burette
9. Burette stand
10. Distilled water
11. White tile
12. Oxalic acid crystals
13. Funnel
14. Glass rod
15. NaOH solution
PROCEDURE
 Using an electronic balance. we’ll first weigh about 0.63g of oxalic acid in a
weighing bottle and transfer these into a 100ml beaker.
 Wash the weighing bottle 2 or 3 times using distilled water and transfer all the
washings into the beaker. Dissolve the oxalic acid in the beaker by gentle
stirring with a clean glass rod.
 When the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker dissolve completely, transfer the
entire solution from the beaker into a 100ml standard flask through a funnel,
using a glass rod.
 Wash the beaker 2 to 3 times with distilled water and transfer all the washings
into the standard flask.
 Finally wash the funnel thoroughly with distilled water. This transfers the
solution completely into the standard flask.
 Using a wash bottle, add enough distilled water to the standard flask so that the
level is just below the calibration mark on it. Add the last few drops of distilled
water with a pipette until the lower level of the meniscus just touches the mark
on the standard flask.
 Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the solution uniform
throughout.
 Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.
 Rinse and fill the burette with the given NaOH solution and set the initial burette
reading as zero. Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.
 Pipette out 10ml of the oxalic acid solution into a conical flask and add 1-2 drops
of phenolphthalein indicator into it.
 Now run the NaOH solution slowly and dropwise into the flask till a permanent
pink colour is obtained. Read the lower meniscus of the solution again in the
burette and record it as final readings.
 Repeat the titrations until 2 concordant readings are obtained.
OBSERVATIONS

Sl.No. Initial reading of Final reading of Vol. of Oxalic acid

burette burette used
1. 0.0 13.7

2. 0.0 13.5

CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
1. Apparatus should be thoroughly cleaned, washed and rinsed with
appropriate solution.
2. Don’t forget to remove the air bubbles from the nozzle of the burette.
3. Alkali solution should be added dropwise and with constant shaking of
flask.
4. Wash the burette after use, that is, do not leave the alkali solution in the
burette after completing the experiment.

ERROR
Due to the logarithmic nature of the pH curve, the transitions are, in general,
extremely sharp; and, thus, a single drop of titrant just before the endpoint can
change the Ph significantly leading to an immediate colour change in the
indicator. There is a slight difference between the change in indicator colour and
the actual equivalence point of the titration. This error is referred to as an
indicator error, and it is indeterminate.
 REDOX
TITRATION
THEORY
The titration based on oxidation and reduction reaction between the titrant and
analyte is called Redox titration. Oxidation is the process of the addition of oxygen or
removal of hydrogen/electron and reduction involves the process of addition of
hydrogen/electrons or removal of oxygen. In this titration KMnO4 is the titrant and
oxalic acid is the analyte. Here, potassium permanganate is the oxidizing agent and
oxalic acid is the reducing agent. No other indicators are used to determine the
endpoint, because KMnO4 acts as the indicator. Permanganate (MnO 4-) ion has a
dark purple colour. On reaching the end point, the addition of the last single drop of
permanganate imparts a light pink colour to the solution. The chemical reaction that
takes place during titration can be represented by the chemical equation.

APPARATUS
1. Electronic balance
2. Distilled water
3. Dil.H2SO4
4. Test tube
5. Weighing bottle
6. Potassium permanganate solution
7. Conical flask
8. Tripod stand
9. Bunsen burner
PROCEDURE
 Using an electronic balance, first weigh exactly 0.63g of oxalic acid crystals in
a weighing bottle.
 Transfer these into a 250ml beaker.
 Then wash the weighing bottle 2 or 3 times with distilled water and transfer all
the washings into the beaker.
 Dissolve the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean
glass rod.
 When the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker are completely dissolved, transfer
the entire solution from the beaker into a 250ml standard flask through a funnel
and a glass rod.
 Wash the beaker 2 to 3 times with distilled water and transfer all the washings
into the standard flask.
 Finally wash the funnel thoroughly with distilled water to transfer the drops of
the solution on the sides of the funnel into the standard flask.
 Add enough distilled water to the standard flask so that the level is just below
the calibration mark on it.
 Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette until the lower level of the
meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask.
 Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the solution uniform
throughout.
 Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.
 Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution and set the initial
burette reading as zero. Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.
 Rinse the pipette with water and then with the given oxalic acid solution.
 Then pipette out 20ml of the given oxalic acid solution into a conical flask and
add one test tube (~20ml) full of dil.H2SO4 into it.
 Heat the contents of the conical flask to 60-70°C.Titrate it against the
KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the conical
flask changes from colourless to light pink.
 Note down the final burette reading. Repeat the titration until concordant values
are obtained.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl.NO. Initial burette reading Final burette reading
1. 0.0 16

2. 0.0 16

CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
 Handle the apparatus and chemicals carefully.
 Rinse the pipette and burette first with distilled water then with the
corresponding solutions.
 Always keep the lower end of the pipette in the liquid when sucking it.
 Do not blow out the last drop of the solution from the jet end of the pipette.
 KMnO4 solution is always taken in the burette.
 Avoid the use of burette having a rubber tap as KMnO 4 reacts with rubber.
 Carefully fill the burette with the solution and see that the stopcock does not
leak.
 Do not allow any air bubbles to remain inside the burette.
 Read the upper meniscus while taking burette reading with KMnO 4 solution.
 Let no drops of solution be at the tip of the burette at the end point.
 Add about an equal volume of dil.H2SO4 to the solution to be titrated before
adding KMnO4.
 If oxalic acid or some oxalate is to be titrated, add required amount of
dil.H2SO4 and heat the flask to 60°-70°C.
 No external indicator is required for KMnO 4 titration because KMnO4 acts as
self-indicator.
 Do not rinse the titration flask with the solution.
 Give a rotatory motion to the titration flask throughout the titration.
 Place the titration flask containing solution on a white tile to see the colour
change correctly.
PERSONAL ENGAGEMENT
 FURTHER
APPLICATIONS
I. Environmental Analysis
A. Water Quality Testing
 Titration is employed to determine the acidity or alkalinity of water samples, helping
assess its suitability for various purposes.
B. Air Pollution Monitoring
 Titration techniques can be used to measure acidic pollutants in the atmosphere.

II. Food and Beverage Industry

A. Acidity Determination
 Titration is used to measure the acidity in food and beverages, ensuring compliance
with quality and safety standards.
B. Vitamin Analysis
 Titration methods are applied to determine the concentration of certain vitamins in
food products.

III. Soil Analysis

A. Nutrient Content
 Titration helps assess the nutrient levels in soil, guiding agricultural practices for
optimal crop growth.
B. pH Measurement
 Soil pH is crucial for determining the suitability of soil for different crops, and titration
aids in measuring and adjusting pH levels.

IV. Clinical and Medical Applications

A. Blood Analysis
 Titration is used in clinical laboratories to analyse blood samples for parameters like
pH, blood gases, and the concentration of specific ions.
B. Urine Analysis
 Titration techniques assist in determining the acidity or alkalinity of urine, which can
provide insights into various medical conditions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.olabs.edu.in
 www.google.com
 https://www.scribd.com/document/137169878/Titration-Project-Report
 http://www.comeforlearn.com
 http://healthyeating.sfgate.com
 https://priskajp.wordpress.com