RGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NANDYAL

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

(Common to All branches of Engineering)

PART A: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

List of experiments:

1. Verification of KCL and KVL

2. Verification of Superposition theorem

3. Measurement of Resistance using Wheat stone bridge

4. Magnetization Characteristics of DC shunt Generator

5. Measurement of Power and Power factor using Single-phase wattmeter

6. Measurement of Earth Resistance using Megger

7. Calculation of Electrical Energy for Domestic Premises

 Experiment No:
VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) & Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. Name of the component Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated Power Supply (RPS) (0-30V) Dual Channel 1

2 Resistors

3 Ammeters (0-30mA) MC 3no

4 Voltmeters (0-30V) MC 3no
5 Bread Board - - 1no
6 Connecting Wires - - As many as required

THEORY:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path in a given
circuit is always zero. In any circuit, voltage drops across the resistors always have polarities opposite to
the source polarity. When the current passes through the resistor, there is a loss in energy and therefore a
voltage drop. In any element, the current flows from a higher potential to lower potential. Consider the
circuit (for KVL) according to kickoff’s voltage law…. V=VR1+VR3 and VR2=VR3

Kirchhoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering a node equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the same node. Consider the circuit (for KCL) in which there are 2 parallel paths.
According to Kirchhoff’s current law... I = I1+I2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAWS (KVL)
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Fix the input ‘V’ to a finite value from RPS.
3) Measure the voltage across the resistance R1, R2, R3 using voltmeters and note the values of V1, V2,
V3 respectively.
4) Repeat the above procedure for different values of input voltage ‘V’
5) Verify in all the cases V=V1+V2+V3.

TABULAR COLUMN:

V1 V2 V3 V=V1+ V2+V3
V (volts)
(volts) (volts) (volts) (volts)
THE PRA THE PRA THE PRA THE PRA

Note: THE – Theoretically calculated value & PRA – Practically obtained value

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAWS (KCL)

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown above.
2. Fix the input voltage ‘V’ to a finite value from RPS.
3. Measure the currents I, I1 & I2 from the ammeters connected in the three branches of network.
4. Repeat the above procedure for different values of input voltage ‘V’.
5. Verify for all the cases I = I1+I2
TABULAR COLUMN:

V I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I= I1+I2 (mA)

(volts) THE PRA THE PRA THE PRA THE PRA

Note: THE – Theoretically calculated value & PRA – Practically obtained value

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero-volt position.
2) Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3) Take the readings without parallax error.
4) Avoid loose connections.
5) Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULT:
 Experiment No:
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSTION THEOREM
AIM: To verify Superposition Theorem for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. Name of the component Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated Power Supply (0-30V) Dual Channel 1

(RPS)

2 Resistors

3 Ammeters (0-50mA) MC 1no

4 Bread Board - - 1no

5 Connecting Wires - - As per required

THEORY:
Superposition theorem states that in a lumped, linear, bilateral network consisting more number of
sources each branch current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents (branch voltages), each of which is
determined by considering one source at a time and removing all other sources. In removing the sources,
voltage and current sources are replaced by internal resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-1: (Both sources are active)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-2: (V1 source is active & V2 is deactivated)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-3: (V1 is deactivated & V2 source is active)

PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Fix the input V1 & V2 to a finite value from RPS.
3) Record the current ‘I3’ from the ammeter.
4) Connect Circuit-2 and record the current I3' from the ammeter.
5) Connect Circuit-3 and record the current I3'' from the ammeter.

TABULAR COLUMN:

V1 V2 I3 I3’ I3’’
S.NO
(volts) (volts) THE PRA THE PRA THE PRA

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero-volt position.
2) Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3) Take the readings without parallax error.
4) Avoid loose connections.
5) Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULT:
 Experiment No:
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

AIM: To measure the given medium resistance using Wheatstone bridge.

OBJECTIVE: To study the working of bridge under balanced and unbalanced condition and to study the
sensitivity of bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO

1 Wheat stone Bridge kit

2 Unknown resistance
3 Multimeter
4 Connecting Wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The Wheatstone bridge is the most widely used circuit for precisely measuring resistance by the
comparison method. The bridge is named after Charles Wheatstone who invented it in 1843. The
Wheatstone Bridge is designed to be used for precision resistance measurements in the Laboratory. Values
of resistance from 0.001 to 9,999,000 ohms can be measured with this instrument. When the instrument is
used as a Wheatstone bridge, the Ration Multiplier switch allows selection of seven multipliers from 0.001
to 1,000. Multiplying the reading obtained from the decade dials by the ratio selected yields the value, in
ohms, of the unknown resistance. Ratio resistances are accurate to±0.05%. The zero-center, null-point-
indicating galvanometer has a sensitivity of 0.5 μA/div.

FORMULAE USED:

Unknown Resistance, Rx = (P/Q) S ()

Where P, Q = Ratio Arms.
S = Variable resistance,
Rx = Unknown resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. The resistance to be measured is connected between XX points in the bridge kit.
2. The P/Q ratio (multiplier) is initially kept at position ‘1’ and the deflection of the galvanometer is observed
by pressing both the battery and the galvanometer keys.
3. The S arm (X 1000) is adjusted and two positions are identified for which the deflection of the
galvanometer is on either side of the null point and kept at the lowest value of S. Then the x100 , x10,
x1 knobs of S are adjusted to get null deflection. If necessary, the sensitivity knob may be adjusted to get
appreciable deflection. [If not possible P/Q ratio is kept at any other suitable value ie, any one of ratios
provided.]
4. The value of unknown resistance is read. (S value)
5. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated for some other P/Q ratio. The mean value is taken.
6. The experiment is repeated with other samples provided.

NOTE: The above experiment may be used for measuring resistance of the samples less than 1 to
greater than 10k with lesser sensitivity.

TABULAR COLUMN:

P/Q RATIO S VALUE UNKNOWN RESISTANCE

S.NO SAMPLE
(MULTIPLIER) () RX ()

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 Experiment No:
MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM: To conduct the open circuit test on the given DC Shunt Generator for obtaining critical field
resistance and critical speed.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor Generator

Rated voltage : Rated voltage :

Rated Current : Rated Current :

Rated Speed : Rated Speed :

Rated output power : Rated output power :

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position and generator field rheostat in maximum
resistance position.
3. Give supply to the motor, close the DPST switch and start the motor by using 3-point starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat till rated speed is obtained.
5. Note down residual induced e.m.f.
6. Vary the generator field rheostat, note down the field current, field voltage and open circuit voltage at
different valves of 120% of rated voltage.
7. Decrease the field current in steps till field current is zero and note down open circuit voltage at each
step.
8. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to minimum position,
open the DPST switch.
9. Do the necessary calculations and draw the graphs.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Field voltage Field resistance

Filed current (If) (in Open circuit voltage (Vo)
S.N (Vf) (In Rf = Vf/If (in
Amps) (In Volts)
o Volts) Ohms)
Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

EXPECTED GRAPH:
CALCULATIONS:

Critical field resistance Rf = AC/OC = ________ ohms

Critical speed Nc =N*(BC/AC) = ________ rpm

RESULT:

Experiment No:
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER AND POWER FACTOR BY WATTMETER.

Objective: To measure the power dissipated in a single- p h a s e R-L circuit with the help of a
wattmeter and find the power factor by measuring the voltage and current in the circuit.

Circuit Diagram:

(0-5A) M L
C 300V

230V Lamp Load

50Hz (0-300V)

Apparatus required:

S.
Apparatus Name Range Make Maker’s Name
No.

Theory:
In an AC circuit a resistor of resistance R ohm, and Inductor of inductance L henry are connected across
single phase ac supply of V volts as shown in above fig.

Power consumed by the Inductive load is given by PL=VL*IL*Cosɸ watts.

Power Factor (pf) = { PL/(V*I)}
where, PL is active power consumed by the load in watt, V is supplied voltage in volts, I is current flowing
through the circuit elements in Amp.

Procedure:
 1) Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure.
2) Keep the lamp load in off position and rotate the wheel of the variable inductor to get with Core
condition.
3) All the meters should be zero initially and then switch on the supply.
4) Switch on the loads at different steps and note the readings of all the instruments.
5) Switch off the loads and now rotate the wheel again to get without Core position.
6) Switch on the lamps at different steps again and note down the readings.
7) Switch-off the supply.

Tabular Column

Load Power PL Power factor

S Load voltage VL Load current IL (in PL
(Wattmeter
No (in Volts) Amps) Cosϕ =
reading) V L IL

Report:
1) Show the calculations for PL and Cosϕ for each reading.
2) Draw the vector diagrams for each set of readings.

Result:
 Experiment No:
MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE USING MEGGER
Aim: To measure the Earth Resistance of given Electrical Components
Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Required Range Quantity

1 Insulation Tester (Megger) 1000V, (0-200) MW 1

Any Electrical equipment (Transformer,

2 ----- -----
Cables)

Procedure:
1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2) The required Voltage is generated with the help of Hand driven Generator (Megger).
3) The insulation resistance of the given equipment is directly read from the display of Megger.

L- LINE L
L
Electrical
Equipment
E- EARTHE
Insulation

E Tester
(0 -300 v)MC
V
Result:
The insulation Resistance of the given Electrical Equipment was measured using Insulation tester.
 Experiment No:
CALCULATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FOR DOMESTIC PREMISES
Aim: To measure Energy consumed in a single-phase circuit using Energy meter.
Apparatus required:
Components
S. No Range Type Quantity
Required
1 Ammeter (0-10) MI 1
2 Load ------ LAMP --
3 Volt meter (0-300) MI 1
4 Energy Meter 1-Ph,300V, 10A -- 1
5 Autotransformer 1KVA 230/(0-240) V 1PH 1

Formula used:

1200 Rev = 1kwhr

1Rev =1x1000x3600/1200 = 3000(Watt-sec)

For N Rev Indicated energy (EI) = N x 3000 (Watt-sec)

% Error = (EI -Ea) x100/EI

Calculated energy Ea = (VL x IL) x T (Watt-sec)

Where, VL –Load voltage & IL-Load current

Energy meter constant = ---------------- (Rev/sec) (mentioned on the meter)

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched on and load is applied and Ammeter, Voltmeter readings and time taken by the discs
for particular number of revolutions are noted using stop Watch.
3. Step 2 is repeated for various load conditions.
4. % Error is calculated
Circuit Diagram:

Energy Meter Internal Connection

Tabular Column:
Volt meter Ammeter readings Time taken for 5 Rev Energy Indicated Energy
readings (Volts) (Amps) (Sec) Calculated (Ea) (Ei)

Result: