Orthographic Drawing

Orthographic drawing is a communicating method that gives us a clear information

of objects such as size, shape, and materials. The orthographic drawing represents
a three-dimensional object using several two-dimensional views. It is also known as
an orthographic projection.

In general, an orthographic drawing will have 2-3 views of an object which are
Front View or Elevation
Side View or End Elevation
Top View or Plan
Front View
Top View
Left Side View
Right Side View
Bottom View
Back View
 Two different ways to see plane view
1. Plane view after an object
Viewers are look through the object and projecting the image on the plane behind
the object.

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2. Plane view in front of an object
There is a plane place between a viewer and an object. The viewer is look through
the plane and the projecting on the image is on the plane.

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Planes

Vertical Plane Auxiliary Vertical Plane

Horizontal Plane

All planes will be perpendicular to each other

 Two standards of drawing in orthographic
1. First-Angle Projection
2. Third-Angle Projection

2nd corner 1st corner

3rd corner 4th corner

 First-Angle Projection
The first-angle projection is the most common used in Europe. It is ISO standard
number ISO 128-1982, DIN ISO 5456-2 (1998-04) and Thai standard drawing number
มอก. 210-2520.

The first-angle projection is shown as if the viewer is looking through the object
and projecting the image behind the object.

1st corner
 Direction 2
Side View
Front View

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Top View

Direction 1: Light path is perpendicular to the vertical plane. Shadow appear on the vertical plane called “Front View or Elevation”
Direction 2: Light path is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. Shadow appear on the horizontal plane called “Top View or Plan”
Direction 3: Light path is perpendicular to the side plane. Shadow appear on the side plane called “Side View or End Elevation”
 Front View Side View

Top View

First-Angle Projection
Flatten all planes to the front view plane
Top view will be positioned under the front view
Left side view will be positioned on the right of the front view
 Six sides of projections

A is front view
B is top view
C is left side view
D is right side view
E is bottom view
F is back view
Front view, top view, and side view will illustrate enough projection drawing to make
pictorial drawing.
Front view can be seen in 2 directions

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Symbol of the first-angle projection
When drawing in first-angle projection a symbol is drawn in the lower left textbox of a drawing paper.
It shows which angle of projection has been used.
 1st Angle Projection
Start with calculation dimension of three sides to find overall drawing area.

1. Draw rectangular outline for front, top, and side view.

2. Draw horizontal and vertical thin line (blue line) away from the front view
25 mm approximately. These lines will intersect each others.
3. At the intersect line, draw a 45-degree angle thin line down to the right
hand.
4. Draw detail outlines in the front view and projected lines from the
front view to the top view.
5. Draw projection lines from the front view to the side view.
6. There are many intersected lines that created by projection lines. Using
those lines to draw side view.
7. Complete the side view with solid thick lines.
9. Draw hidden lines.
Rectangular Shape Projection
View direction guideline
1. Front view has clear detail of overall object
2. Top view illustrate width and depth
3. Side view show height and depth
Assign each corner with number will help keep track all corners when draw projection line.

In the pictorial drawing, the corners that cannot see from front, top, and side views will
have number in parentheses.
 Inclined Shape

Three side projections of inclined shape, you can see two rectangular areas of
the inclined plane and one inclined line.
Example
Front View: Inclined area is transformed to rectangular area
Top View: Inclined area is transformed to rectangular area
Side View: Inclined area is transformed to inclined lines
Example
Front View: Inclined area is transformed to rectangular area
Top View: Inclined area is transformed to rectangular area and inclined line
Side View: Inclined area is transformed to inclined lines and inclined line
Drawing projections steps: Making intersected lines

1. Draw projection lines from the front and side views to the top view. Using 45-degree angle line
to help projecting dimension from both view.
2. Assigned number at each corner in front and 3. Draw projected lines from point 1 in the front
side views and side views to intersect in the top view
4. Draw other projected lines from each point 5. Draw solid thick line to complete
to create intersection on the top view orthographic projection
6. Draw dimension
Example of sloped shaped
Example
 Creating three-sided projections from actual object or pictorial drawings

Drawing Steps:
1. Calculate dimension of three sides to find overall drawing area.
2. Decide with side should be the front view. The front view must clearly show detail and dimension
of the object.
3. Choosing proper drawing scale and paper.
4. Draw rectangular using thin outline for the front view.
5. Draw thin outline prepare for the three projections (Front, Top, Side
views).
6. Draw horizontal and vertical lines (blue line) away from the front view 25mm approximately.
7. Draw 45-degree angle line from the intersected lines (blue line).
8. Draw detail outlines in the front view.
9. Draw projected lines from the front view to both top and side views.
10. Complete other necessary outlines.
11. Check the outlines drawing.
12. Draw thick lines of circle and arc before drawing other solid thick lines.
13. Complete all other thick lines and hidden lines.
14. Check all lines and dimension.
Example
Example