BHABHA UNIVERSITY

MEd - Semester - I, 2022

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Assignments Paper-2

Q 2. What is learning? Discuss its characteristics and factors affecting learning.

Ans.

The word learning is used routinely in discussions about teaching in higher education, so it’s important
to clarify what we are referring to when we talk about learning. Educational researchers agree that
learning is much deeper than memorization and information recall. Deep and long-lasting learning
involves understanding, relating ideas and making connections between prior and new knowledge,
independent and critical thinking and ability to transfer knowledge to new and different contexts.

To define, Learning is “a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and
increases the potential for improved performance and future learning”. The change in the learner may
happen at the level of knowledge, attitude or behavior. As a result of learning, learners come to see
concepts, ideas, and/or the world differently.

Learning is not something done to students, but rather something students themselves do. It is the
direct result of how students interpret and respond to their experiences.

Characteristics of learning

1. Learning involves change.

2. All learning involves activities.
3. Learning requires interaction
4. Constitute learning
5. Learning is a lifelong process
6. Learning occurs randomly throughout life
7. Learning involves problems solving
8. Learning is the process of acquiring information
9. Learning involves far more than thinking.
10. Experience is necessary for learning

Let’s explain and understand these characteristics of learning.

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Learning involves change.

It is a reconstruction, combined thinking, skill, information, and appropriation in a single unity process.

For example, when a child learns to read, they can retain this knowledge and behavior for the rest of
their lives. It is not always reflected in performance. The change from the learning may not be clear
until a situation arises in which the new behavior can occur.

All learning involves activities.

These activities involve either physical or mental activity. They may be simple mental activities of
complex involving various muscles, bones, etc. So also, the mental activities may be very simple,
involving one or two activities of the mind, or complex, which involve higher mental activities.

Learning Requires Interaction

At the time of learning, the individual is constantly interacting with and influenced by the environment.
This experience makes him change or modify his behavior to deal effectively with it.

Constitute Learning

To constitute learning, the change should be permanent. Temporary changes may be only reflective
and fail to represent any learning.

Learning is a Lifelong Process

Learning is a lifelong process of gaining and using the information presented to a person. It is not static.
A person never stops acquiring new information. It keeps a person’s mind active and aware but also
conscious of the world around them.

Learning Occurs Randomly Throughout Life

Some learning occurs randomly throughout life, from new experiences, gaining information, and from
our perceptions, for example: reading a newspaper or watching a news broadcast, talking with a friend
or colleague, chance meetings, and unexpected experiences.

Learning Involves Problems Solving

Learning involves problem-solving, i.e., understanding and discovering relations between different
contents in a situation.

Learning is the Process of Acquiring Information

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Learning is the process of acquiring information, knowledge, wisdom, and skills. It occurs as a result of
interaction with the person’s environment.

Learning Involves far more than Thinking.

Learning involves far more than thinking: it involves the whole personality – senses, feelings, intuition,
beliefs, values, and will. If we do not have the will to learn, we cannot learn, and if we have learned, we
are changed in some way. If the learning makes no difference, it can have very little significance.

Experience is Necessary for Learning

Some sort of experience is necessary for learning. We can get the experience from direct observation
or from formal approaches to learning such as training, mentoring, coaching, and teaching. We can get
the experience from direct observation or from formal approaches to learning such as training,
mentoring, coaching, and teaching.

Learning is more or less the acquisition of a new discourse, a new way of speaking, acting, interacting,
looking at the world, and knowing it. It will be successful only when the information gained is used and
understood.

It is a continuous process followed by an individual that allows for the acquisition of information,
attitudes, and practices through observation, seeking previous knowledge, searching out guides, and
looking within as well as without. It is a key process in human behavior.

If we compare the simple ways in which a child feels and behaves with the complex modes of adult
behavior, his skills, habits, sentiments, and the like, we will know what difference learning has made to
the individual.

Factors influencing learning:

Learning is a comprehensive process. This process is influenced by a variety of factors related to the
learner, the teacher, the process and the content. Thorough knowledge of these factors will prove very
helpful for the teachers and parents in understanding and guiding their children’s learning.
There are mainly two factors that influence learning these are,

1. Personal factors
2. Environmental factors
a. Teacher related factors and
b. Content Related factors
c. Process related factor

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Personal Factors

The learner is the key figure in any learning task. How he will learn or what he will achieve through a
particular learning act depends upon his own characteristics and the way of learning, Such things
associated with him can be described as follows-

1. Learner physical and mental health: Learning is greatly affected by the learner physical
and mental health maintained by him particularly at the time of learning. A healthy
child learns better, similarly, a tense emotionally and mentally disturbed child does not
show much progress in learning.
2. The basic potential of the learner: The results achieved by the learners through a
process of learning depends upon his basic potential like-
 Learner innate abilities and capacity of learning a things
 Learner basic potential in terms of general intelligence and specific
knowledge, understanding and skills related to the particular learning
areas.
 Learner basic interest, aptitude and attitudes related to a learning
particular area.
3. Level of aspiration and achievement motivation: Level of aspiration refers to the
personal goal of an individual which he expects to achieve. Keeping in view his abilities,
one has to maintain the level of his aspiration and achievement to a reasonable level.
4. The goal of life: Learning depends on the goal. Goals and philosophy of one’s life
determine his way of looking towards the things, his inclination towards the learning in
a particular area, patience maintained for continuing his learning despite the heavy
goals.
5. Readiness and willpower: no one can make a learner if he or she is not ready to learn.
On the contrary, if the learner has the will to learn a thing the automatically he will find
the way to its effective learning.

Environmental Factors

1. Teacher related factors

The teacher is the most prominent factor in the teaching-learning process and is responsible for the
children’s learning activities

 Knowledge of the subject: Proper knowledge of the subject is very important. Teachers
knowledge, experience and abilities greatly influence learner learning
 Teacher behaviour: A teacher behaviour is greatly influencing the learning of the
students directly. A teacher should inherit all the essential qualities of a good teacher
are sympathy, cooperation behaviour, objectivity, sweet temper, polite etc are all such
traits that should always reflect in the teacher’s behaviour.
 Personality: Good and appealing personality is the basis of successful and effective
teaching. He must create an impression on his students by keeping an appropriate
balance between his deeds and action.

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  Class management and control: Optimum learning is not possible without proper class
management and control. So, a teacher should know the art of managing and
controlling the class.

2. Content related factors

The following are the content-related factors:-

 Effect of previous experience: New learning depends upon old learning. Learning is
always influenced by previous experiences. Previous learning in the field makes the
task familiar and therefore, more approachable.
 Meaningfulness of material: The result of experimental studies have clearly indicated
that meaningful material can be easily memorized as compared to meaningless
material. Meaningful means that the material conveys some sense and has some
associations and previous experience with the learner.
 Difficult of material: This is another important factor in learning when there are more
than 20% difficult words in a lesson the task of reading becomes very difficult for the
reader.
 Multi-Sensory Approach: Number of illustrations, figures, pictures, tables projecting
the abstract unfamiliar and significant aspects of the lesson facilitates learning.
 Nature of content: The nature of content is a very important factor that influences
learning. The nature of the content should be simple to complex
 Selection of contents: The contents should be selected according to children need,
interests and abilities that influence greatly the children learning.
 Organization of contents: The contents should be organized in such a way that they
can easily accessible and enjoyable for children learning and it should be according to
children age and class.

3. Process related factors

The methodology adopted for teaching-learning experiences

 Linking new learning with the previous learning

 Co-relating the learning with subjects such as Social science-history, geography, civics.
Biology-Botany, Zoology, Microbiology
 Utilization of maximum number of sense
 Provision of drill work. Eg. Revision and practice
 Provision of proper reinforcement and feedback. Ex- Smiling, excellent, answer is
correct.
 Selection of suitable teaching-learning method. Ex- Discussion method, heuristic
method, laboratory method etc.

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Assignments Paper-2

Q 7. What is the role of technology in education?

Ans.

The role of technology in education is immense. The learning process for the students becomes easier
as technology progresses. Technologies that are used in schools and colleges such as having computer
labs, and using high-end devices and instruments make it easy for students to understand the concepts.
The practical knowledge of the students improves when they see things happen. It becomes easy for
them to relate the theory with practicals. There are also educational games that prepare young kids for
school. Most of the concepts become when they see the animations and when their favorite cartoon
characters are used. Technology is a boon in the educational system.

Although technology is finally being integrated into education, its use for teaching and learning still
remains a challenge. Despite the fact that many schools today are privileged to have ready access to
technology, trained teachers, and a favourable policy environment, the use of technology in the
classroom is still low. Some attribute low levels of technology use in education to the pedagogical
beliefs of teachers.

With that said, the potential of technology to enhance learning cannot be overemphasized. The use of
technology is something that started a long time ago for students with special needs. For example,
brail machines have been utilized for the visually impaired. In addition, special needs programs
that help children with autism use technology to enhance learning. By integrating technology into
education, educators aim to engender pedagogical change and address fundamental issues that affect
learners with special needs. Technology can therefore be seen as both a tool and a catalyst for change.

Today, technologies used to improve and facilitate learning can be found everywhere. Leaving other
contextual factors to the side – such as unequal access to technological innovations and connected
technologies across schools and districts – we can only say that we have embraced technology in
education when it is used for both teaching and learning. With the incorporation of technology into
schools, the main purpose is to change how teachers and students gather, access, analyse, present and
transmit information. This can democratize information in classrooms as well as help differentiate
instruction, particularly for students with special needs.

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ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

Assistive technology can be defined as an item, piece of equipment or product system that can be used
to maintain, increase or improve functional capabilities for any person with a special need. Thus, the
incorporation of educational technology can also provide benefits to students with disabilities who may
be in a better position to interact with the lesson through technology. Moreover, technology can place
teachers in a better position to customize learning for students with special needs.

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY?

Research has illustrated that many educators have had a hard time integrating technology into
education. This may be because many educators have yet to explore the relationship between
technology and pedagogy. Doing so could play a huge part in encouraging critical thinking by teachers
as they attempt to integrate technology into education.

At the same time, for technology to work effectively, it should only be incorporated in classroom if it is
appropriate for a given instructional task. Also, technology can only be an effective teaching tool if
teachers participate in decisions to adopt technology. This is because teachers have the responsibility
of facilitating instruction and incorporating technology at the classroom level, yet many school
administrators tend to make decisions related to technology adoption/training without consulting
teachers.

HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE LEARNING

The following are ways that technology could be better leveraged to improve learning:

 With the widespread availability of student databases that are able to track individual
progress, teachers are encouraged to identify learning objectives and differentiate
instruction based on the needs of their students.
 Whenever teachers attempt to present instruction using technology, they should do so
using a channel that is relevant to the objectives, the learning style, mode and the
technology selected.
 When evaluating technology-based instruction, there needs to be appropriate evaluation
techniques that are in line with the methods of instruction, objectives and the
technology.
 Teachers can design follow-up activities when using technology to evaluate students’
learning and the role technology played in that process.

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Overall, technology is central to many sectors of society and its integration into the education process
has great promise for student learning. With technology, one can expect increased efficiency and
effectiveness on both the part of teachers and students. Technology can also prompt pedagogical
change and address issues that affect learning, teaching and social organization. Technology can
therefore be seen as both a tool and a catalyst for change. Students should embrace technology for
them to benefit and teachers should be open to introducing technology into the classroom to improve
and innovate their teaching practice.

Assignments Paper-2

Q 9. Explain the principles of selection of teaching aids.

Ans.

Teaching students in an effective way plays a vital role in student development. At the age where
students are most likely to get distracted, grabbing their attention towards learning becomes a bit
challenging. This is where different types of teaching aids get into the picture. It helps students to learn
attentively and focus more on their studies. The different types of teaching aids help to leverage
students’ education and improve their understanding.

Students may find it boring listening to long lectures, and there are more possibilities for them to get
distracted. However, incorporating the right teaching aid ideas will make your students more
interested in paying attention. There are different types of teaching aids that suit different teaching
methods. By implementing the appropriate teaching strategy, teachers can help their students to
observe most of their textbook concepts. This blog will look at the different types of teaching aids and
their importance.

What Are Teaching Aids?

Teaching aids facilitate the learning of students in various ways. Teachers use different teaching aids to
make their students listen attentively and interestingly. The traditional teaching aids involve the usage
of blackboards, posters, globes, charts, textbooks, etc. However, as technology grows, teaching aids
have also improved a lot, and today’s teaching aids are classified into audio aids, visual aids, mechanical
teaching aids, audio-visual aids, and more.

Types of Teaching Aids

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Traditional teaching aids

Traditional teaching aids, as the name suggests, have been used for teaching for a long time. These
teaching aids were so important when no technology came into existence. Still, some of them are used
by schools nowadays, and they include blackboards, books, flashcards, maps, globes, etc.

For example, subjects such as Chemistry and Physics still involve the use of blackboards, as teachers
would find it easier to teach derivations and chemical equations on board. Using maps in Geography
classes will help students to spot the different places of the world accurately rather than just assuming
their location.

Visual Aids

Visual aids include teaching by means of visuals. To improve clarity, teachers rely on visual aids for
teaching and use materials like graphs, charts, projectors, models, and diagrams. For instance, teachers
can demonstrate the different kinds of shapes by using large blocks of shapes in their hands to students
of smaller grades. There are many tools using which teachers can create training videos for online
teaching purposes.

Nowadays, teaching and learning are shifted online, and here visual aids refer to presentation slides,
pictures, etc. Visual aids help students in grabbing concepts easily, and they are clearer and more
understandable than textbooks.

Visual aids not only involve solid materials or pictures to learn, but it also involves taking your students
to museums, factories, and places where students can earn knowledge.

For example, using slides with attractive images and demonstrative videos as visual aids in the online
classroom helps students to learn interestingly and effectively.

Audio aids

Audio aids help a lot in learning languages where communication and listening are important. Auditory
learning makes the students develop their listening skills. It may involve playing a paragraph in audio,
making your students listen to it and answer your questions, or playing some calm music in your
classroom to make your students feel relieved and more.

Nowadays, we can see everything visually. But there are some ways where we can only listen to audio.
By listening to the radio, students can improve their listening and understanding skills. Since audio has
a positive effect on brain development, it is greatly helpful for your students to learn attentively.
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Audio-visual aids

Audio-visual aids involve the usage of videos, films, documentaries, etc., to enhance the process of
teaching. Sometimes students may find it difficult if you demonstrate everything by using words or
images. They would find it easier when they watch it live.

For example, if you teach the germination of the seed process through words, they won’t find it very
interesting. Instead, if you show them an animated video of how the seeds germinate and how a plant
grows from seed by demonstrating it step by step, they will be more interested to learn that topic.
Usage of audio-visuals provides them with a live experience of learning and makes them understand
everything better.

Audio-visual aids also involve the usage of computers to teach. Almost every school nowadays has
computers, and they help a lot for the students to learn using technologies at a very young age.

Importance Of Teaching Aids

Teachers make use of various types of teaching methods to elevate the process of teaching in an easier
way. Teaching aids can even make difficult subjects look easier. Apart from using only textbooks, the
usage of various aids will make your students more interested in learning. Below are some points why
teaching aids are important in the process of teaching nowadays.

Helps to remember concepts

Students who tend to forget the concepts easily will benefit from the usage of teaching aids. When
teaching aids are used, teachers not only define everything orally, but they use practical methods to
make students understand better, such as models, graphs, etc. Teaching aids also make learning more
interesting, and students tend to remember the concepts longer if they learn them with interest.

Effective demonstration

There might be some topics that cannot be taught only using words and textbooks. They might need
some effective ways to get demonstrated deeper. Those kinds of topics can be easily taught by using
teaching aids. For example, teaching human anatomy only using a blackboard and chalk would not feel
much easier for students to understand. However, using a 3D model or animated video that
demonstrates human anatomy will grab students’ attention and help them understand effectively.

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Complex concepts become easier to learn

Students sometimes skip topics that are harder to understand and learn. No matter how many times
they study, some topics may feel complicated for them. Such topics can be easily taught using the
appropriate teaching aids. Teaching aids help them to understand complex concepts in a faster way,
and they no longer skip topics from studying.

Improves thinking skills

Using teaching aids teachers can develop thinking skills in students’. Instead of assuming something in
their mind, students can actually see and understand how an experiment is performed, for example.
They could understand everything straight and think about implementing the concepts practically.
When students start to understand clearly, they will become more curious and eventually develop their
creativity skills.

Adopting innovation in education

Since teachers and students love innovation in learning, they won’t find classrooms boring anymore
because of the usage of various teaching aids. Adopting the right teaching methods and strategies
enhances the learning experience of students, and they will get to know that education is something
beyond reading textbooks and remembering concepts.

Final Thoughts

Teaching aids help a lot to make learning attractive. Instead of relying only on textbooks and
blackboards for teaching, teachers should make use of other interesting teaching aids to encourage
their students. Nowadays, technology helps a lot in making learning easier, and it has introduced a lot
of new teaching aids which assist the process of teaching.

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Assignments Paper-2

Q 12. What are the different barriers of communication? Discuss them in detail.

Ans.

Communication is defined as the process by which information is exchanged between individuals

through a system of signs, symbols. The concept of communication involves a sender, a message and a
recipient.
The sender sends the message and the recipient is the receiver of the message. The process of
communication is never smooth as it is affected by the barriers of communication.
Barriers to effective communication can result in confusion which can lead to incorrect information
being conveyed or miscommunication which can lead to loss of business.
Following are some of the barriers to effective communication:
1. Semantic barriers
2. Psychological barriers
3. Organisational barriers
4. Cultural barriers
5. Physical barriers
6. Physiological barriers
Let us study in detail about the various types of barriers to effective communication.
Semantic barriers:

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Semantic barriers are also known as language barriers. These barriers are caused due to improper
communication between the sender and the receiver. The following instances of semantic barriers can
be witnessed in communication.
Poor quality of message: Message when communicated should be precise and easy to understand, that
makes it easy for the receiver to grasp the information conveyed.
Sometimes, due to the lack of clarity or complexity of the way of providing information from the
sender, there can be a case of semantic barriers.
For e.g. A manager is conversing in English to a group of workers who understand and speak Bengali. It
will create confusion among workers as they will not be able to understand what is being conveyed by
the manager.
Technical language: Language barriers also arise when the sender of the message is speaking in
technical terms while the receiver is unaware of the terms. It creates confusion and misunderstanding
between the sender and receiver by acting as a barrier to effective communication.
Psychological Barriers:
Psychological barriers play an important role in interpersonal communication as the state of the mind
of the sender or the receiver can make it difficult to understand the information that is conveyed,
which often leads to misunderstanding.
Here are some instances where psychological barriers to communication can be seen.
1. Premature evaluation of information by the receiver even before it is transmitted can lead to barriers
in communication, as it will create premature conclusion to the message, which withholds the original
message.
2. Inadequate attention from the receiver’s end at the time of communication can lead to barriers of
communication as the information conveyed by the sender is not properly received by the receiver.
3. When information is passed within multiple sources, the final information is distorted as the
receivers of the message are not able to retain everything that was conveyed. This can cause
communication barriers.
Organisational barriers:
Organisational barriers are those barriers that are caused due to the structure, rules and regulations
present in the organisation. The various types of barriers that can be encountered due to superior
subordinate relationships where the free flow of communication is not possible.
Sometimes the complexity of organisational structure and multiple managers make it difficult to convey
information properly, and the information gets distorted leading to miscommunication.
Cultural barriers:
Cultural barriers are those that arise due to lack of similarities among the different cultures across the
world. A term that can be harmless in one culture can be regarded as a slang in another culture.
Moreover, various beliefs can differ from one culture to another.
Physical barriers:

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Physical barriers to communication are those that arise due to certain factors like faulty equipment,
noise, closed doors and cabins that cause the information sent from sender to receiver to become
distorted, which results in improper communication.
Physiological barriers:
Physiological barriers arise when a sender or the receiver of the communication is not in a position to
express or receive the message with clarity due to some physiological issues like dyslexia, or nerve
disorders that interfere with speech or hearing.

Assignments Paper-2

Q 13. What are the merits and demerits of teleconferencing?

Ans.

Teleconferencing is essentially a live, interactive audio or audio-visual meeting that ensues between
geographically dispersed participants.

Throughout the most recent couple of years, video chatting innovation has accomplished some
colossal achievements. Today, it is conceivable to lead a video gathering across stages and gadgets
with no constraints. This has implied monstrous additions for business correspondence. Indeed, even
with all the increases, there still are numerous difficulties and burdens related to this innovation.

Advantages of Teleconferencing
Spares Time
The main bit of leeway of video chatting is efficient. With video chatting, it is conceivable to hold
gatherings on an extremely abrupt announcement. Also, there is no time spent venturing out to the
scene of a gathering as all gatherings are held through machines or the Internet. Decreased mileage
means a great many long stretches of movement spared each year. Remotely coordinating likewise
supports dependability as gatherings are planned and done at fixed time periods.

Save money on Travel Expenses

Travel expenses can be very critical when accumulated over a significant stretch. Most organizations
that have a worldwide arrival at cause enormous expenses related to the movement every year.

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Video chatting, be that as it may, eliminates the need to travel regularly and consequently spares
tremendous organization assets. Go to a meeting a great many miles away is currently quicker and
less awkward.

Proficient Record Keeping

One of the principle video chatting favorable circumstances is productive gathering recording
keeping. Processing gadgets can record, keep logs, and track everything about a specific internet
meeting without requiring a ton of checking. This makes video chatting offices among the best
devices for catching and putting away significant gathering information. Video chatting additionally
makes it exceptionally simple to recover this information later on and make references at whatever
point essential.

Cut Conference Costs

There are for sure numerous strategic expenses related to holding a gathering. Employing hardware,
getting a setting, purchasing food and reward is only a portion of the ordinary expenses related to
any gathering. Remotely coordinating eliminates all these expenses as no such game plans require to
be made. The adaptability of remotely coordinating additionally guarantees that gatherings are held
as regularly as conceivable with no additional expenses being brought about.

Support Productivity
The fifth video chatting advantage is that remotely coordinating guarantees that laborers at different
progressions in the organization structure are in steady correspondence. This means powerful data
sharing and brief activities. Such intermittent commitment is an inspirational factor that outcomes
turn out expanded efficiently. Video chatting likewise makes multi-branch executives simpler as the
closeness of each division of an organization is upgraded.

Dependability
Teleconferencing is one of the most solid methods of holding gatherings. This unwavering quality has
expanded dramatically throughout the years because of headway in innovation. Remotely
coordinating channels are today considerably more steady and correspondence challenges are
practically non-existent. It is likewise an extremely secure method of correspondence where the
wellbeing of information just as protection is ensured.

Disadvantages of Teleconferencing
Inclined to Technical Challenges
The fundamental distinction between machines and people is that machines are inclined to mileage.
Specialized difficulties would thus be able to hit video chatting frameworks whenever. This can
prompt time wastage and different bothers. Most innovative frameworks likewise accompany an
expectation to absorb information. The absence of expertise can thwart an individual from successful
usage of remotely coordinating offices.

Less Effective Nonverbal Communication

When contrasted with a real gathering, remotely coordinating is a less powerful method of business
correspondence. This is on the grounds that significant nonverbal parts of business correspondence
like non-verbal communication and human contact are dismissed. Nonverbal signals are
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exceptionally critical to comprehensive correspondence. The absence of such prompts makes it
difficult to pick significant signs that could prompt more gainful cooperation.

Space Limitations
The way that video chatting happens on a screen implies that a great deal of data is ignored because
of restricted space. It is, for example, almost difficult to convey all graphical information adequately
in any event, when holding a live internet meeting. Indeed, even with a big screen, synchronous
activities are impractical similarly they are at a real gathering. Thus, some data is lost or not viably
covered.

Debilitate Team Dynamics

Another remotely coordinating hindrance is that video chatting comes up short on the dynamism of a
genuine meeting where members can have a shared commitment and raise or react to issues
promptly. This implies that it is frequently hard to successfully contribute or share thoughts as they
emerge. The absence of dynamism, at last, prompts not many individuals to assume responsibility for
gatherings to the detriment of others.

Wipeout Informal Interactions

The normal pre-meeting and post-meeting discussions are frequently significant in making way for
the day’s plan and even future gathering plans. Such casual commitments are additionally where
some key thoughts emerge concerning significant issues like arrangement and arranging. With the
absence of such casual chitchat, remotely coordinating can be viewed as an inflexible and non-
reformist method of conferencing.

Influence Professionalism
The way that machines are the principal delegate between the various gatherings associated with the
meeting, which can influence polished skill. This is on the grounds that members are frequently
compelled to perform multiple tasks. This performing multiple tasks can move the focal point of
members to different issues that are random and not advantageous to the gathering

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