FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Final Year Project Proposal FYP 1

EFFECT OF COCONUT FIBRE TOWARDS THE PERFORMANCE OF

ASPHALT

by

MOHAMAD ASRAF BIN NORDIN

DF210001

Field Examination Panel Approval by

Supervisor
Structural/Material 1 Signature and official
stamp:
Construction/Building

Transportation/Geotechnic/Geomatic 2

Water Resources/Environmental

Date of submission to Examination Panel:

1
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

EFFECT OF COCONUT FIBRE TOWARDS THE PERFORMANCE OF

ASPHALT

MOHAMAD ASRAF BIN NORDIN

DF210001

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

2
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

STATUS CONFIRMATION FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT

A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION OF KINETICS, ISOTHERMS AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF

THE REMOVAL OF ANIONIC AND CATIONIC SURFACTANTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING A
POROUS FLY ASH GEOPOLYMER CO-DOPED WITH NITROGEN AND SULFUR

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2023/2024

I, MOHAMAD ASRAF BIN NORDIN, agree to allow Undergraduate Project Report to be kept at the
Library under the following terms:

1. This Undergraduate Project Report is the property of the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
2. The library has the right to make copies for educational purposes only.
3. The library is allowed to make copies of this Undergraduate Project Report for educational
exchange between higher educational institutions.
4. The library is allowed to make available full text access of the digital copy via the internet by
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in downloadable format provided that the
Undergraduate Project Report is not subject to an embargo. Should an embargo be in place,
the digital copy will only be made available as set out above once the embargo has expired.
5. ** Please Mark (√)

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains information of high security or of great

importance to Malaysia as STIPULATED under the
OFFICIAL SECRET ACT 1972) Title and Abstract only

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as determined by the

organization/institution where research wasconducted)-
Title, Abstract and Introduction only

EMBARGO ______ until _______

(date) (date)

 FREE ACCESS

Approved by,

(WRITER’S SIGNATURE)
(SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE)
NO 10, JALAN MANIS 8,
TAMAN MANIS,
86400 PARIT RAJA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

Date :23/06/2024_______________ Date:______

3
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

I hereby declare that the work in this project report is my own except for quotations and
summaries of each of them I have explained the source.

Signature : ………………………………………………

Student’s Name : MOHAMAD ASRAF BIN NORDIN

Date : 23/06/2024

Signature : …………………………………….........

Supervisor’s Name :

Date :

Signature : …………………………………….........

Co-supervisor’s Name:

Date :

4
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

EFFECT OF COCONUT FIBRE TOWARDS THE PERFORMANCE OF

ASPHALT

MOHAMAD ASRAF BIN NORDIN

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Bachelor of Civil Engineering with Honours

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JULY 2024

5
 iii

ABSTRACT

This study has covered the asphalt mixture in pavement technology by adding with
coconut fibre as additives. From the coconut fibre’s properties, the asphalt performance
will be testing on several methods that will be discussed. This study is important to
ensure the sustainability development by finding substitution of synthetic fibre used in
asphalt mixture. The determination on the effect of coconut fibre in asphalt mixture will
be tested with the production of mixture design. From the mixture design, the few
testings will be done towards the asphalt mixture with coconut fibre and being
compared with control sample. If the asphalt mixture with coconut fibre proven better
than control sample, it will be a huge initiative that can be implemented to overcome
pavement distresses problem. By using Marshall Stability Test and Fatigue Testing, the
performance of asphalt mixture with coconut fibre can be known.

iii
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini meliputi campuran asfalt dalam teknologi pengebonan jalan dengan
menambahkan serat kelapa sebagai aditif. Berdasarkan ciri-ciri serat kelapa, prestasi
asfalt akan diuji menggunakan beberapa kaedah yang akan dibincangkan. Kajian ini
penting untuk memastikan pembangunan lestari dengan mencari penggantian bagi serat
sintetik yang digunakan dalam campuran asfalt. Penentuan mengenai kesan serat kelapa
dalam campuran asfalt akan diuji dengan reka bentuk campuran. Daripada reka bentuk
campuran, beberapa ujian akan dilakukan terhadap campuran asfalt dengan serat kelapa
dan dibandingkan dengan sampel kawalan. Jika campuran asfalt dengan serat kelapa
terbukti lebih baik daripada sampel kawalan, ini akan menjadi inisiatif besar yang boleh
dilaksanakan untuk mengatasi masalah kerosakan pengebonan jalan. Dengan
menggunakan Ujian Kestabilan Marshall dan Ujian Kebelahan, prestasi campuran asfalt
dengan serat kelapa dapat diketahui.

iv
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1-6
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Problem statement 4
1.3 Objective of study 4
1.4 Scope of study 5
1.5 Significance of study 5
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 7-17
2.1 Coconut Fibre 7
2.1.1 Synthetic Fibre and Natural Fibre 7
2.1.2 Coconut Fibre as Natural Fibre 8
2.1.3 Properties of Coconut Fibre 9
2.2 Asphalt 10
2.2.1 Asphalt Mixture Design 10
2.2.2 Aggregate Gradation Analysis 11
2.2.3 Penetration Test 12
2.2.4 Softening Point Test 13
2.2.5 Additives in Asphalt Mixture 14
2.2.6 Asphalt Mixture testing 14
2.2.6.1 Marshall Stability test 15
2.2.6.2 Fatigue Testing 16
CHAPTER 3 Methodology 18-24

v
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

3.1 Equipment and Material 18

3.1.1 Equipment 18
3.1.2 Material 19
3.2 Mixture Design 19
3.3 Testing 21
3.3.1 Marshall Stability Test (AASHTO T245) 21
3.3.2 Fatigue testing (AASHTO TP 31) 22
CHAPTER 4 Expected Outcomes 25
REFERENCES 26-30

vi
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

LIST OF TABLES

i. Table 2.1.1.1 - The difference between the synthetic and natural fibres
ii. Table 3.1.1 - The Equipment
iii. Table 3.1.2 - The Materials

vii
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

LIST OF FIGURES

i. Figure 1.1.a - pavement distresses

ii. Figure 1.1.b - polyester fibre
iii. Figure 1.1.c - coconut fibre
iv. Figure 1.1.d - sustainable engineering
v. Figure 3.1.1.1 - Marshall Stability Testing Machine
vi. Figure 3.1.1.2 - Flexural Bending Test Apparatus
vii. Figure 3.1.1.3 - Cone Penetration Test Equipment
viii. Figure 3.1.1.4 - Softening Point Test Equipment
ix. Figure 3.1.1.5 - Asphalt Mixer
x. Figure 3.1.2.1 - Bitumen
xi. Figure 3.1.2.2 - Aggregates
xii. Figure 3.1.2.3 - 1% or treated coconut fibre
xiii. Figure 3.2.1 - Flowchart process of mixture design

viii
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

i. NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide

ii. AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
iii. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
iv. UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

As arteries of civilization, road is an important connectors between places for easier

living in this developing world. In general, roads are used daily. Most roads are made
up of asphalt mixture for pavement due to its plastic deformation behavior at high
temperatures. However, due to repetitive loads on road, such deformation can be
achieved and thus damaging the road structure. Pavement distress is always a problem
regarding the road problem as it damaged by the overload and repetitive uses. The
damage roads obviously can induce accidents to users. It also reducing the comfort of
vehicles that use the road. The resistance ability of the road is crucial to increase the
lifelong of the road.

Figure 1.1.a shows the pavement distresses

1
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

To increase the resistibility performance of asphalt mixture, pavement technology

uses fibre as its modifier. The fiber-reinforced asphalt mixture exhibits good resistance
to rutting, prolonged fatigue life and less reflection cracking (S. Tapkin, 2008). Fibre
has been used in asphalt mixture due to its physical and chemical characteristics that
enhance the asphalt. Fibre has been known to increase the viscoeloasticity of asphalt
and also increase the rutting performance of asphalt. These make the pavement more
resilience against the overload stress of the repeated uses. There are so many type of
fibres in the world yet being distinguished between organic fibre and synthetic fibre.
Organic fibre has been known more sustainable and environmental friendly.

Figure 1.1.b shows the polyester fibre

Coconut fibre or known as coir is one of the organic fibres that has been used
vastly in engineering technology as modifier. It is a substitute of synthetic fibre due to
its similarity of physical and chemical characteristics with synthetic fibres. It also has
been known with its durability resilience, strength, and water-resistant qualities. Due to
it’s characteristics, coconut fibre may be a good additive in asphalt to increase the
resistability and strength. It also can be used as additive or modifier due to its higher
burning point and complex degradation process. Coconut fibre can be distinguished into
two types such as treated and untreated coconut fibre whereas the treated will have
enhanced lignin content which increasing the degradation point of the coconut fibre up
to 900 degree celcius.

2
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Figure 1.1.c shows the coconut fibre from husks

Sustainable is a famous word for engineering field since 1972 UN Conference on

the Human Environment and begun to spread widely in 21st century. Civil engineering
uses sustainable development concept in order to provide the civilization with adequate
products that meet the demands while having low cost and environmental friendly. In
asphalt technology, synthetic fibre has been uses to enhance its performance widely.
Thus, to achieve sustainability it may be can be substituted by organic fibre such as
coconut fibre due to high similarity with polysynthetic fibres. This is because the
coconut fibre is low cost product with minimal environmental impact production
compare to synthetic fibre.

Figure 1.1.d shows the sustainable concept for engineering development

3
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

1.2 Problem statement

Coconut fibre is an organic fibre that had been used as substitution of synthetic fibre in
engineering. However, there are still doubt towards coconut fibre being substitution of
synthetic fibre in asphalt mixture in terms of burning point and effect towards the
asphalt performance. Due to asphalt mixture being mixed up to 160 degree celcius, the
coconut fibre needed to be ensure to withstand the temperature and the process to
produce the same effect as synthetic fibre. This has being ensured by the treatment of
coconut fibre will increase the early burning point of coconut fibre which up to 180
degree celcius with 8% weight loss.At 140 degree celcius, the fibers start their
decomposition easily with the mass loss of approximately 8% for treated fibers and 12%
for fibers without treatment (H. Bui et. al, 2020). Therefore, the optimum fibre content
has to be determined to ensure the weight loss does not affected the asphalt mixture. In
comparison to the other samples, 0.5% has the lowest life cycle value while 1% has the
highest value of life cycle (A. Z. Zulkafli, et. al, 2023). Thus, 1% of treated coconut
fibre will be used to mix with asphalt mixture.

The performance of the asphalt mixture when added with 1% of treated coconut
fibre still has been questioned in highway engineering. To ensure the sustainability in
highway engineering, this research will further the study on the effect of adding 1% of
treated coconut fibre in asphalt mixture. The lack of the study is on the asphalt
performance on its fatigue life. It also lack of comparison between the asphalt mixture
with coconut fibre and the controlled asphalt mixture. In highway engineering, the
process of mixing the asphalt mixture with coconut fibre still lacking which needs to be
designed to be the guidance.

1.3 Objective of study

The objectives of this study are;

a. To establish mixture design of asphalt mixture which have the coconut fibre.
b. To determine fatigue life of asphalt mixture when adding coconut fibre and
compare with the control asphalt mixture

4
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

1.4 Scope of study

The scope of this project is in mixture of asphalt and coconut fibre to be used in
pavement technology in Malaysia. The goal is to determine whether the coconut fibre
will increase the resistance ability of the asphalt mixture. To achieve the goal, 1% of the
coconut fibre as the optimum percentage will be used to mix with asphalt. The mixture
will be tested with Fatigue Testing and Marshall Stability Test. By these testing, the
physical performance of the mixture can be determined also the resistance ability of the
mixture can be discussed.

1.5 Significance of study

This study is important for asphalt technology development in sustainable ways by

determining whether coconut fibre is good substitution as additives in asphalt mixture
or not. This ensure the sustainability materials used for asphalt mixture as coconut fibre
is a natural material that can be obtained from agricultural waste. By turning waste into
new products surely giving less impact towards environment and lower cost compared
to diminish the waste. Moreover, it is a sustainable as the coconut fibre is organic fibre
compared to synthetic fibre that being widely used in industry.

This study also enhancing the asphalt mixture product by using the
characteristics of coconut fibre that strong, resilience and sustainable. Coconut fibre,
even it is a natural and organic fibre, it has the similar strength with polysynthetic fibre
due to the characteristics. It also has structure that resilience to loads and fire. By using
treated coconut fibre, it also resilience to water which is good for asphalt mixture.

This study is crucial to figure the mixture design of the asphalt mixture with
coconut fibre as additives. It will compare the difference between the normal asphalt
mixture without coconut fibre and with coconut fibre to support the hypothesis of the

5
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

study. The mixture design of the asphalt mixture with coconut fibre is important for
further use in pavement technology development.

6
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Coconut Fibre

2.1.1 Synthetic Fibre and Natural Fibre

Fibre is generally a thin thread of an organic or synthetic substance that are long, thin
and flexible. In engineering, fibre has been used widely as reinforcement material. It
enhances the strength, stiffness and durability of a product. Fibre has been widely used
in construction due to its lightweight and strong properties. There are two types of fibre
in this world such organic fibre or known as natural fibre and synthetic fibre. Synthetic
fibre has been widely used to produce a specific properties such strength, durability and
resistance. Compared to natural fibers synthetic fibers are far less sustainable,
consuming 342 million barrels of oil and releasing 8,000,000 tons of plastic into the
ocean every year in the form of microplastics (O. Charles, March 2022). The
environmental effects from synthetic fibre usage and production are impeccable.
However, it is preferred compared to most natural fibre due to the greater mechanical
properties even the lightweight properties are similar for both fibres (M. R. Sanjay, et.
al, March 2016). It shows the reason of why the synthetic fibre always been chosen.

Due to environmental impact factor, natural fibre needs to be used as

substitution towards the synthetic fibre. As today pollution is an important aspect and
lots of research is under progress to make an environmental friendly composite which is

7
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

self-degradable in nature (A. Kumar, et. al, August 2022). In comparison between
natural fibre and synthetic ones, the synthetic is more expensive and non degradable
material which makes it as less sustainable compare to natural fibre. However, most
natural fibre has lower burning point, less durable and absorb moisture which can
damage the material when being compared to synthetic ones (Goonvean Fibres, 2024).
Thus, the organic fibre will be less likely used as reinforced material.

Type of Fibre Strength Durability Degradation Moisture

Absorption
Synthetic Fibre Lightweight Higher burning Doesn’t Water
and Great point degrade Resilience
Mechanical (Goonvean naturally(O. (Goonvean
Properties (M. Fibres, 2024) Charles, March Fibres, 2024)
R. Sanjay, et. 2022)
al, March
2016)
Natural Fibre Lightweight Lower burning Degrade Absorb water
and Good point naturally in (Goonvean
Mechanical (Goonvean long process Fibres, 2024)
Properties (M. Fibres, 2024) (A. Kumar, et.
R. Sanjay, et. al, August
al, March 2022)
2016)
Table 2.1.1.1 shows the difference between the synthetic and natural fibres

2.1.2 Coconut Fibre as Natural Fibre

Even though most of the organic fibre has problem of quantity production due to lesser
agriculture development, there are some organic fibres that has higher production such
as coconut fibres. Since there are not much of usage of coconut fibre from its husk, the
coconut waste at landfill will be such problems. Coconut fibre takes long time to
degrade as it has lignin layers. Plant fibers, composed mainly of cellulose, are also

8
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

called cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibers and are made up of individual cells composed
of microfibrils arranged in layers with different thicknesses and angles of orientation (F.
R. B. Martinelli, et. al, March 2023). Coconut fibre’s production still high and adequate
to provide fibre development. The world production of coconut was estimated at
approximately 60.5 million tons in 2021, with the leading producers being Indonesia,
responsible for 28% of production, followed by the Philippines with 24% and India with
22%. Brazil, in turn, ranks fourth, producing 4.2% (FAOSTAT, December 2022). Thus,
it can cover the demands of development of fibre.

2.1.3 Properties of Coconut Fibre

In order to overcome the disadvantages of the organic fibre, treated coconut fibre may
help to become a suitable substitute for synthetic fibre. Coconut fibre falls in the
category of hard fibre due its high flexural rigidity (1100 mN-mm FAO, 2013) and large
diameter (320 μm (100–795 μm)) (L. Mishra & G. Basu, January 2020). As organic
fibre, coconut fibre is a sustainable material to substitute the synthetic fibre in
engineering. Treated coconut fibre can increase the burning point or flashpoint, increase
the degradation point and make it more water resilience also long lasting material. Even
in high alkaline environment, physical or chemical treatment of coconut fibre is being
proposed as means to improve durability and performance of natural fibre that is
integrated in a matrix (Gowda, et. al, 2018).

Coconut fibre’s flashpoint generally around the asphalt mixing temperature

which is 160 degree celcius. By heating flax and jute fibers in the temperature range
from 165 °C to 240 °C for 6 h (J. Gassan & A. K. Bledzki, 2001). But to increase the
flashing point or burning point of coconut fibre to ensure it can be mixed up with
asphalt mixture, treated coconut fibre can be used. The temperature of alkaline (NaOH)
treated coconut fibre to reach the flashpoint is 286 degree celcius (A. Baheramsyah, et.
al, March 2021). This means to solve the problem of burning point and weight loss of
the coconut fibre as additive in asphalt mixture can be solved by treating the coconut
fibre with alkaline soloution such NaOH.

9
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Coconut fibre has indubitably tensile strength. In fact, it is the strongest among
natural fibre in tensile strength. This fiber has the best toughness among all natural
fibres (M. Ranjitham, July 2019). Coconut fibre is strong due to the structure of lignin
material with low cellulose. Due to these characteristics, coconut fibre is can withstand
high tension stress as it is versatile. The fiber has a large amount of lignin material and a
low amount of cellulose, which makes the fibers versatile, solid, and strong (G. Das, et.
al, 2012). The strength of coconut fibre in tensile makes the coconut fibre adequate and
suitable to become a reinforced material such as additives or modifier in concrete and
asphalt mixture like the synthetic fibres.

2.2 Asphalt

Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen material of pavement technology in highway

engineering. It also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or
semi-solid form of petroleum. It plays a crucial role in the construction and maintenance
of roads, highways, airport runways, and various types of pavements worldwide.
Asphalt is a complex mixture derived from petroleum crude oil. It consists mainly of
hydrocarbons and exhibits viscoelastic behavior at typical service temperatures. The
composition of asphalt can vary significantly based on the source of crude oil and the
refining process, influencing its physical and chemical properties (Abtahi et al., 2016).
The performance of asphalt pavements depends on various factors such as traffic loads,
climate conditions, and the quality of materials used. Research has shown that the
design and composition of asphalt mixtures significantly impact their durability and
resistance to fatigue and rutting under repeated loading (Zhu et al., 2018).

2.2.1 Asphalt Mixture Design

The first step in asphalt mixture design is the selection of materials, including
aggregates and asphalt binders. Aggregates are chosen based on their gradation, shape,
angularity, and durability to ensure proper interlocking and resistance to deformation.
Asphalt binders are selected according to their properties, such as viscosity, temperature
susceptibility, and aging characteristics, to achieve the desired performance under local

10
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

climatic conditions. Asphalt mix design involves selecting appropriate aggregate

materials and determining the optimal binder content to achieve desired engineering
properties. Studies often focus on optimizing the mix design to enhance performance
characteristics such as stiffness, flexibility, and resistance to moisture damage (Tighe et
al., 2017).

2.2.2 Aggregate Gradation Analysis

Aggregate gradation analysis is conducted to determine the distribution of

particle sizes within the mixture. The gradation curve is plotted to ensure a balanced
mix of coarse and fine aggregates, providing optimal voids distribution and stability.
The appropriate asphalt binder grade is selected based on factors such as temperature
susceptibility, traffic loads, and aging characteristics. The Superpave Performance
Grading (PG) system is commonly used to classify asphalt binders according to their
high and low-temperature properties. Since this study will be conduct in UTHM
(Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia), the aggregate gradation will use optimum
amount as conduct in this place. Conventional binder 80/100 penetration grade was used
as the base binder (Bahri et. al, 2021)

Mix design involves determining the proportions of aggregates, asphalt binder,

and additives to achieve the desired performance characteristics of the asphalt mixture.
Various methods, such as the Marshall Method or Superpave mix design, may be used
depending on project requirements and specifications. There is growing interest in the
environmental impact of asphalt production and pavement construction. Researchers
explore methods to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
associated with asphalt production processes. Ongoing research focuses on developing
new technologies and materials to improve the performance and sustainability of asphalt
pavements. This includes the use of additives, polymers, and warm mix asphalt
technologies that lower production temperatures and reduce energy consumption during
construction (Bahia et al., 2017). Thus, asphalt will be better if mixing with additives.

11
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

2.2.3 Penetration Test

Penetration tests are widely used in the characterization of bitumen, particularly in

assessing its consistency and suitability for various applications in the construction and
road industry. The penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by
determining the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard needle penetrates
vertically in 5 seconds under a specific temperature and load. This test provides
valuable insights into the rheological properties and performance of bituminous
materials. ASTM D5 is a widely recognized standard for conducting penetration tests on
bituminous materials. It outlines the procedure for determining the penetration of
bituminous materials using a needle penetration test apparatus. The standard specifies
the conditions for temperature, load, and time duration, ensuring consistency and
reliability in test results (ASTM International, 2021).

Research conducted by Al-Mansob et al. (2014) had investigated the difference

types of aggregates affect the penetration values of bitumen. It has found that bitumen
penetration values varied significantly depending on the aggregate type used in asphalt
mixes. This variation underscores the importance of considering aggregate
characteristics in the design and performance assessment of asphalt pavements.
Moreover, Aging significantly affects the penetration properties of bitumen. Studies by
Kumbargeri et al. (2018) explored the changes in penetration values of bitumen due to
aging processes such as oxidation and environmental exposure. Their findings
highlighted the need for proper aging protocols and the development of predictive
models to assess the long-term performance of bituminous materials.

Additives play a crucial role in modifying the penetration characteristics of

bitumen. Articles written by Petersen et al. (2020) had evaluated the impact of various
additives, such as polymers and rejuvenators, on the penetration values of bituminous
binders. Their study had emphasized the potential of additives in enhancing the
durability and performance of asphalt pavements. That is the reason for this study to
measure and determine the performance of asphalt mixture with coconut fibre as
additives.

12
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Bitumen sourced from different regions exhibit variations in penetration values

due to differences in crude oil sources and refining processes. The comparison of the
penetration properties of bitumen from various regions and analyzed the factors
contributing to these variations for understanding regional differences is crucial for
selecting appropriate bitumen types for specific climate and traffic conditions (Zhang et
al. 2019). Therefore, the penetration test for this study will be conducted suits with the
weather and climate at Malaysia, specifically at Batu Pahat.

In conclusion, penetration tests provide essential data for characterizing the

consistency and performance of bituminous materials. Standardized testing procedures
ensure consistency in results, while research continues to explore the influence of
various factors such as aggregate type, aging, additives, and regional variations on
bitumen penetration properties.

2.2.4 Softening Point Test

The softening point test is a crucial method for assessing the thermal properties and
temperature susceptibility of bitumen, essential for determining its suitability in various
applications, particularly in road construction and maintenance. ASTM D36 Standard
Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) as known as
ASTM D36 is a widely used standard for conducting the softening point test on
bituminous materials. It employs a ring-and-ball apparatus to measure the temperature
at which a bitumen sample softens and starts to flow under specific conditions. This test
provides valuable information about the temperature susceptibility and thermal stability
of bitumen (ASTM International, 2021).

Research by Mirza et al. (2017) investigated the influence of various additives,

such as polymers and rejuvenators, on the softening point of bitumen. Their study found
that certain additives can modify the softening point, enhancing the temperature
resistance and durability of bituminous binders in asphalt pavements. Therefore, this
study will determine the effect of coconut fibre towards asphalt mixture. However,

13
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

aging also significantly affects the softening point of bitumen. Studies by Liu et al.
(2015) investigated how oxidative aging and exposure to environmental factors alter the
softening point values of bituminous binders. Their findings underscored the need for
aging protocols to simulate real-world conditions and assess the long-term performance
of asphalt pavements. It is important to note that the environmental factor such as
weather and weight loss of coconut fibre should be considered during this study. In
summary, the softening point test is essential for evaluating the thermal properties and
temperature susceptibility of bituminous materials. Standardized testing procedures
ensure consistency and reliability in results, while research continues to explore the
influence of additives, aging, methodological considerations, and regional variations on
bitumen softening point properties.

2.2.5 Additives in Asphalt Mixture

Usually, technology used fibre as additives or modifier to enhance the performance of

asphalt. However, the usage of synthetic fibre is not a sustainable material. Natural fibre
yet has problems to give the same performance as synthetic but coconut fibre properties
is a good substitution. It is a recycled materials that will reduced waste of husk as
agricultural waste. Additionally, the use of recycled materials in asphalt mixtures
contributes to sustainability efforts by conserving natural resources and reducing
landfill waste (Wang et al., 2020). That is why this study will use 1% coconut fibre as
sustainable natural resource as additives in the asphalt mixture to substitute the
synthetic fibre in order for sustainable development in asphalt mixing technology.

2.2.6 Asphalt Mixture Testing

Once the mix design is finalized, performance testing is conducted to evaluate the
properties of the asphalt mixture. This may include tests for volumetric properties (e.g.,
air voids, voids in mineral aggregate), mechanical properties (e.g., Marshall stability,
flow, rutting resistance), and durability (e.g., moisture susceptibility, aging resistance).
These are to understand the mechanical properties of asphalt is crucial for predicting its
behavior under various loading and environmental conditions. Researchers use

14
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

advanced testing methods such as dynamic modulus testing, fatigue testing, and creep
testing to evaluate the performance of asphalt pavements and develop models for
pavement design and analysis (Kaloush et al., 2017). Thus, this study will use fatigue
testing and stability Marshall testing towards the asphalt mixture to determine its
performance and resistance ability after mix with 1% of coconut fibre.

2.2.6.1 Marshall Stability Test

The Marshall stability test is a fundamental method used to evaluate the strength and
stability of asphalt mixtures, providing essential data for designing and assessing the
performance of asphalt pavements in road construction. AASHTO T245 Standard
Method of Test for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall
Apparatus or known as AASHTO T245 has outlined the procedure for conducting the
Marshall stability test on asphalt mixtures. This test determines the maximum load (in
kilograms) that a compacted cylindrical specimen of asphalt mixture can withstand at a
standard test temperature. The test also measures flow values, which indicate the
deformation or plastic flow characteristics under load, critical for assessing rutting
resistance in pavements (AASHTO, 2021).

Research by Xiao et al. (2018) investigated the influence of aggregate gradation

on Marshall stability and flow values of asphalt mixtures. Their study highlighted the
optimal gradation ranges that enhance mixture compactability and resistance to
deformation, crucial for improving pavement durability and performance. It will test the
resistability of the asphalt mixture with coconut fibre and compare it with control
sample. Binders significantly affect the Marshall stability of asphalt mixtures. Studies
by Lin et al. (2019) examined how varying binder content affects the mechanical
properties and Marshall stability characteristics of asphalt mixes. Their findings
underscored the importance of optimizing binder content to achieve desired stability and
performance in asphalt pavements. Since this study use coconut fibre as the binder
content or additives, it had been noted that 1% of treated coconut fibre will be used for
this study as optimum content.

15
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

The treated coconut fibre will ensure the coconut fibre is resilience towards
water as the moisture sensitivity is a critical parameter affecting pavement durability.
Research by Chen et al. (2020) explored methods to evaluate moisture sensitivity using
Marshall stability and flow tests. Their findings emphasized the need for proper mix
design strategies and additive selection to mitigate moisture damage and enhance long-
term performance of asphalt pavements. By using treated coconut fibre with NaOH
(Sodium Hydroxide) solution, it will produce a fibre with resistability towards the water
absorption.In conclusion, the Marshall stability test is a crucial tool for assessing the
strength, deformation resistance, and overall performance of asphalt mixtures in road
construction. Standardized testing procedures ensure consistency and reliability in
results, while ongoing research continues to refine mix design methodologies and
enhance pavement durability.

2.2.6.2 Fatigue Testing

Comparative studies by Zhang et al. (2017) evaluated the correlation between Marshall
stability and other performance-related tests, such as rutting and fatigue resistance.
Their research provided insights into the effectiveness of Marshall stability as a
predictor of asphalt mixture performance under various loading and environmental
conditions. Fatigue testing is essential for evaluating the resistance of asphalt mixtures
to repeated loading, which is critical for predicting the performance and durability of
asphalt pavements under traffic-induced stresses. AASHTO T321 Standard Method of
Test for Determining the Fatigue Life of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending or called as AASHTO T321 had pointed out
the procedure for conducting the fatigue test on asphalt mixtures using a four-point
beam fatigue apparatus. This test evaluates the ability of an asphalt specimen to resist
cracking under cyclic loading conditions, simulating the repetitive stress experienced by
pavements from vehicle traffic (AASHTO, 2021).

A study had investigated the influence of mix design parameters, such as

aggregate type, binder content, and air voids, on the fatigue resistance of asphalt
mixtures. Their study highlighted the importance of optimizing mix designs to enhance
fatigue performance and extend pavement service life (Chen et. al, 2016). Thus, the

16
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

optimum content of coconut fibre as 1% will be used to see the enhancement effects
from it towards the asphalt mixture. Temperature and loading frequency significantly
affect the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures. Studies conducted by Wang et. al, (2019)
had examined the variations in temperature and loading rates have influenced the
fatigue life and cracking mechanisms in asphalt pavements. Their findings underscored
the need for temperature-specific performance criteria and predictive models to improve
pavement design and maintenance practices.

The aging and environmental exposure can degrade asphalt binder and affect the
fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures due to oxidatives aging and moisture damage (Ma
et. al, 2018). Their study also emphasized the development of testing protocols and
mitigation strategies to address aging-related deterioration and improve pavement
durability. Thus, this study will conduct fatigue testing on asphalt mixture with treated
coconut fibre to further determine the moisture absorption by the fibre. In summary,
fatigue testing plays a crucial role in assessing the performance and durability of asphalt
mixtures under cyclic loading conditions. Standardized testing procedures and ongoing
research contribute to advancing pavement design methodologies and enhancing
infrastructure sustainability.

17
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Equipment and Materials

3.1.1 Equipments
NO EQUIPMENTS FIGURES
1. Marshall Stability Testing Machine

2. Flexural Bending Test Apparatus

3. Cone Penetration Test Equipment

4. Softening Point Test Equipment

5. Asphalt Mixer

Table 3.1.1 shows the equipment used for this study

18
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

3.1.2 Materials
NO EQUIPMENTS FIGURES
1. Bitumen

2. Aggregate (Sand, Crushed

Stone, Gravel)

3. 1% of Treated Coconut Fibre

Table 3.1.2 shows the materials used for this study

3.2 Mixture Design

The mixture design for asphalt mixture is a process of choosing and balancing the
appropriate aggregates, asphalt binder and their proportions to obtain an asphalt mixture
(Brown E.R., et. al, April 2000). Figure 3.2.1 shows the process for mixing asphalt with
coconut fibre and without coconut fibre.

19
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Figure 3.2.1 shows the flowchart of the process for this study

20
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

3.3 Testing

3.3.1 Stability Marshall Test (AASHTO T245)

Equipment and Materials:

1. Compaction Mold: Marshall compaction mold with a base plate and collar
assembly.
2. Compaction Hammer: Compaction hammer with a specified weight and drop
height.
3. Marshall Stability Testing Machine: A compression testing machine with a
capacity appropriate for the expected maximum load.
4. Flow Meter: A flow meter to measure the flow of the specimen during the test.
5. Water Bath or Oven: To maintain specimens at the required testing temperature.
6. Other: Balance, thermometer, mixing apparatus, and related laboratory
equipment.

Procedure:
1. Sample Preparation:
a. Prepare the asphalt mixture specimens according to the specified mix
design.
b. Heat the mixture to a temperature that allows it to be easily compacted
(typically around 135°C to 160°C).
2. Compaction:
a. Place the heated asphalt mixture into the Marshall compaction mold in
several layers.
b. Compact each layer with the compaction hammer, applying a specified
number of blows (typically 50 blows per layer).
3. Specimen Trimming:
a. After compaction, trim the excess material from around the specimen to
ensure a smooth surface.
4. Specimen Conditioning:
a. Allow the compacted specimens to cool to room temperature or the
specified testing temperature.

21
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

b. Condition the specimens in a water bath or oven at the specified

temperature (commonly 60°C) for a specified time period (typically 30-
60 minutes).
5. Testing:
a. Place the conditioned specimen on the lower platen of the Marshall
Stability testing machine.
b. Apply a load at a constant rate of deformation (typically 50.8 mm per
minute) until failure occurs.
c. Record the maximum load (Stability) and the deformation (Flow) at
maximum load.
6. Data Analysis:
a. Calculate and record the Stability value in units of force (kN).
b. Measure and record the Flow value in units of 0.25 mm units.
7. Reporting:
a. Report the results including the average Stability and Flow values
obtained from multiple specimens.
b. Compare the results against specified criteria or acceptance limits to
evaluate the performance of the asphalt mixture.

3.3.2 Fatigue Testing (AASHTO TP 31)

Equipment and Materials:

1. Flexural Bending Test Apparatus: Typically includes a testing machine capable
of applying cyclic bending loads to the specimen.
2. Specimen Preparation: Asphalt mixture specimens prepared according to
specified dimensions and compaction methods.
3. Temperature Control: Environmental chamber or water bath to maintain
specimens at the specified testing temperature.
4. Data Acquisition System: System for recording load, deformation, and other
relevant parameters during the test.
5. Strain Measurement: Devices for measuring strain (e.g., LVDTs - Linear
Variable Differential Transformers) on the specimen.

22
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Procedure:
1. Specimen Preparation:
a. Prepare cylindrical or beam-shaped specimens from compacted asphalt
mixture according to the specified dimensions (e.g., length, width, and
thickness).
b. Ensure specimens are representative of the asphalt mixture being tested
and have a smooth, flat surface.
2. Specimen Conditioning:
a. Condition specimens in a temperature-controlled environment (e.g.,
water bath or environmental chamber) at the specified testing
temperature (typically between 20°C to 60°C) for a specified time period
to achieve thermal equilibrium.
3. Test Setup:
a. Mount the conditioned specimen in the flexural bending test apparatus.
b. Apply initial preloading to ensure proper contact between the specimen
and loading platens.
4. Fatigue Loading:
a. Apply cyclic flexural bending loading to the specimen at a specified
frequency (typically between 5 to 10 Hz) and stress level.
b. The loading protocol usually involves applying a specified number of
cycles or until the specimen reaches a failure criterion such as a
predefined strain or stiffness reduction.
5. Data Collection:
a. Continuously monitor and record the applied load, deformation (strain),
and number of cycles until failure or the end of the test.
b. Measure and record the strain at critical locations on the specimen using
LVDTs or similar devices.
6. Data Analysis:
a. Analyze the test results to determine fatigue characteristics of the asphalt
mixture, including fatigue life, stiffness modulus reduction, and failure
mode.

23
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

b. Calculate parameters such as number of cycles to failure, stiffness

modulus reduction, or strain accumulation.
7. Reporting:
a. Document the test setup, procedure, and results in a comprehensive
report.
b. Include details of specimen preparation, conditioning, testing conditions,
and any deviations from standard procedures.

24
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

CHAPTER 4

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

4.1 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The expected outcomes for this study are;

1. The performance of asphalt mixture will be enhanced when adding with coconut
fibre.
2. The fatigue life of asphalt mixture will determine higher tensile strength when
adding with coconut fibre.
3. The comparison between of asphalt mixture with coconut fibre and without
coconut fibre can be shown in terms of performance and fatigue life.

25
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

REFERENCES

Serkan Tapkin, (June 2008) The Effect of Polypropylene Fibers on Asphalt

Performance. Retrieved by;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236154455_The_effect_of_polypropyl
ene_fibers_on_asphalt_performance
Huyen Bui, Nassim Sebaibi, Mohamed Boutouil, Daniel Levacher , (12 June 2020)
Determination and Review of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Raw and
Treated Coconut Fibers for Their Recycling in Construction Materials.
Retrieved by; https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/8/6/37
Azril Zafran Zulkafli , Khairul Nizam Mohd Yunus, Nurul Hidayah Mohd
Kamaruddin1, H.F. Suhandri (2023) Performance of coconut fiber as bitumen
modifier in asphalt mixture influence to fatigue resistance. Retrieved by;
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012064/pdf
Oliver Charles, 9 March 2022, Why Are Synthetic Materials Bad? Retrieved by;
https://www.oliver-charles.com/blogs/repeat/why-are-synthetic-materials-bad
M. R. Sanjay, G. R. Arpitha, L. Laxmana Naik, K. Gopalakrisha, B. Yogesha, 11 March
2016, Applications of Natural Fibers and Its Composites. Retrieved by;
http://www.scirp.org/journal/nr , http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2016.73011 ,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297895894_Applications_of_Natural_
Fibers_and_Its_Composites_An_Overview
Goonvean Fibres, 2024 last updated, Natural Fibres: The Pros & Cons. Retrieved by;
https://goonveanfibres.com/news-insights/news/natural-fibres-the-pros-cons/
Leena Mishra & Gautam Basu, 31 January 2020, Coconut fibre: its structure, properties
and applications. Retrieved by;
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128183984000104?
via%3Dihub
Gowda GY, Sanjay MR, Bhat KS, Madhu P, Senthamaraikannan P, Yogesha B (2018)
Polymer matrix-natural fiber composites: an overview. Cogent Eng 5:1.
Retrieved by; https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2018.144666

26
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Jochen Gassan & Andrzej K. Bledzki, 28 August 2001, Thermal degradation of flax and
jute fibers. Retrieved by; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1979
Alam Baheramsyah, Ede Mehta Wardhana, Nasa Dityas Fariz Pradani, 5 March 2021,
Flashpoint and Flame Spread Analysis of Material Coconut Fiber (Cocus
Nucifera) Using Chemical Treatment of Alkali NaOH as a Sound Absorber
Material in Ship. Retrieved by;
https://iptek.its.ac.id/index.php/ijmeir/article/download/5683/pdf_44
Flávia Regina Bianchi Martinelli, Francisco Roger Carneiro Ribeiro ,Markssuel
Teixeira Marvila, Sergio Neves Monteiro,Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho, Afonso
Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, 9 March 2023, A Review of the Use of Coconut
Fiber in Cement Composites. Retrieved by; https://www.mdpi.com/2073-
4360/15/5/1309
FAOSTAT-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Crops and
Livestock Products, 27 December 2022, Crops and livestock products. Retrieved
by; https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
Geetanjali Das, Sandhayarani Biswas, January 2012, Physical, Mechanical and Water
Absorption Behaviour of Coir Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Filled With
Al2O3 Particulates. Retrieved by;
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/115/1/012012
M. Ranjitham; S. Mohanraj; K. Ajithpandi; S. Akileswaran; S. K. Deepika Sree, 23 July
2019, Strength properties of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. Retrieved by;
https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article-abstract/2128/1/020005/841091/Strength-
properties-of-coconut-fibre-reinforced?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Abtahi, S. M., Soltani, M., & Hamedi, G. H. (2016). Effect of Asphaltene Content on
Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders. Petroleum Science and Technology,
34(12), 1092-1098. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Zhu, J., Wu, S., & Amirkhanian, S. (2018). Experimental and Numerical Investigation
of Flexible Pavement Responses under Traffic and Environmental Loads.
Construction and Building Materials, 164, 742-754. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan
Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

27
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Tighe, S., Apeagyei, A., Grenfell, J., & Paige-Green, P. (2017). Development of an
Empirical Asphalt Pavement Rutting Model Using the Mechanistic-Empirical
Pavement Design Guide. Retrieved by; Transportation Research Record: Journal
of the Transportation Research Board, 2603, 55-64.
Bahri, A. N., Aman, M. Y, 4 July 2021, Resilient Modulus Assessment of Asphalt
Mixture Incorporating fly ash Geopolymer, Retrieved by;
https://doi.org/10.30880/rtcebe.2022.03.01.105
Bahia, H. U., Anderson, R., & Button, J. (2017). Warm-Mix Asphalt: European Practice.
Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan Tunku Tun
Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
ASTM International. (2021). ASTM D5/D5M-21: Standard Test Method for Penetration
of Bituminous Materials. ASTM International. Retrieved from
https://www.astm.org/Standards/D5.htm
Al-Mansob, R. A., et al. (2014). Influence of aggregate type and gradation on the
penetration of bituminous materials. Construction and Building Materials, 68,
385-391. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Kumbargeri, Y. S., et al. (2018). Effect of aging on penetration grade of bitumen and its
rheological properties. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(5), 1152-1167.
Retrieved by; Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia.
Petersen, J. C., et al. (2020). Modification of bitumen penetration by polymer and
rejuvenator additives. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(1),
04019489. Retrieved by; Raja Zarith Sofia Library, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
Zhang, X., et al. (2019). Regional variation in penetration of bitumen and implications
for pavement design. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 20(10),
1180-1190. Retrieved by; Raja Zarith Sofia Library, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
ASTM International. (2021). ASTM D36/D36M-14: Standard Test Method for
Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus). ASTM International.
Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/Standards/D36.htm

28
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Mirza, S. H., et al. (2017). Effect of additives on the softening point of bitumen.
Construction and Building Materials, 144, 492-498. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan
Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Liu, P., et al. (2015). Aging effects on the softening point of bitumen and its
implications for pavement performance. Retrieved by; Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering, 27(3), 04014104.
Wang, D., Huang, B., & Zhao, S. (2020). Life Cycle Assessment of Asphalt Pavements:
A Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121487. Retrieved by;
Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Kaloush, K., Witczak, M., & Kim, Y. R. (2017). Review of Dynamic Modulus Testing
and Its Characterization of Asphalt Mixtures. Retrieved by; Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2626, 118-127.
AASHTO. (2021). AASHTO T245: Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Plastic
Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus. American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Retrieved from
https://highway.dot.gov/
Xiao, Y., et al. (2018). Influence of aggregate gradation on Marshall stability and flow
values of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 159, 394-401.
Lin, J., et al. (2019). Effect of binder content on Marshall stability and mechanical
properties of asphalt mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 20(4),
978-991.
Chen, Z., et al. (2020). Evaluation of moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures using
Marshall stability and flow tests. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 48(2), 1894-
1904.
Zhang, Q., et al. (2017). Correlation between Marshall stability and performance-related
tests for asphalt mixtures. Transportation Research Record, 2657, 1-10.
AASHTO. (2021). AASHTO T321: Standard Method of Test for Determining the
Fatigue Life of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Subjected to Repeated
Flexural Bending. American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials. Retrieved from https://highway.dot.gov/

29
Effect of coconut fibre towards the performance of asphalt

Chen, J., et al. (2016). Effect of mix design on fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures.
Construction and Building Materials, 127, 175-182. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan
Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Wang, F., et al. (2019). Influence of temperature and loading rate on fatigue behavior of
asphalt mixtures. Retrieved by; Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(9),
04019202.
Ma, T., et al. (2018). Aging effects on fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures:
Mechanisms and implications. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(3),
596-612. Retrieved by; Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Brown ER, Lord B, Decker D, Newcomb B. “Hot Mix Asphalt Tender Zone”. National
Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Report 00-02. April 2000. Retrieved by;
Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
AASHTO T245: Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt
Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage. American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
AASHTO TP 31: Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fatigue Life of
Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending.

30
 33

APPENDIX A

Gantt Chart for FYP 1

Activities/ Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Supervisor Selection

Project Title Selection

Title & Synopsis
Submission
Preparation of Chapter
1
(Introduction)
Preparation of Chapter
2
(Literature Review)
Preparation of Chapter
3
(Methodology)
Preparation of Chapter
4
(Expected Result)
Proposal Preparation &
Correction
Logbook
Presentation
Preparation
Proposal Presentation
Logbook & Proposal
Submission