RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS

ETHICS
Ethics is the study of what is right or wrong in human conduct. This is a branch of Philosophy which
studies moral principles Examples of personal ethics The following are examples of a few of the most
common personal ethics shared by many professionals: Honesty
Many people view honesty as an important ethic. This ethic transfers from an individual’s personal life into
their professional life and ensures they are truthful in all scenarios.
Loyalty
Loyalty is another common personal ethic that many professionals share. People who have a personal ethic
of loyalty demonstrate trustworthiness and fidelity in all of their dealings and can be trusted by others to
maintain their loyal behaviour no matter the situation.
ETHICS
Integrity
Integrity refers to a person’s commitment to upholding their moral principles in any situation and is an
important component of trustworthy and sound relationships both in and out of the workplace. People with
integrity are reliable, responsible, and hold themselves accountable for their actions.
Respect
People with sound personal ethics demonstrate respect for those around them both at work and in their
personal lives. They respect others’ autonomy, rights, and interests, and do not discriminate based on
someone’s religion, sex, or race.
Selflessness
People who are selfless put others first and do not act in selfish or self-serving ways. They consider the
needs and situations of others and prioritize these needs before their own.
Responsibility
Someone with a strong moral code is willing to take responsibility for their actions and make changes or
amends when necessary.
ETHICS
The word Ethics is derived from the Greek word ‘ethos’ which means character or conduct. Ethics is also
called as moral philosophy or philosophical thinking about morality. This morality has been further
elaborated as action and behaviour which is concerned with ‘good’ or ‘evil’, of particular traditions, groups
or individual. The term ‘moral’ and ‘ethical’ is often used as equivalent to right or good as opposed to
‘immoral’ and ‘unethical’. It doesn’t mean morally right or morally good but it definitely pertains to
morality. Ethics is that science which is concerned with moral behaviour or with right or wrong and good
or evil of human behaviour.
Moral Philosophy Moral philosophy is the branch of learning that deals with the nature of morality and the
theories that are used to arrive at decisions about what one ought to do and why It investigates theories that
can systematically describe what makes acts right or wrong. Moral philosophy is usually divided into three
categories: meta ethics, applied ethics, and normative ethics. a)Meta ethics b)Applied ethics c) Normative
ethics
Moral Philosophy
 Meta ethics investigates where our moral values, language, and principles come from and what they mean;
it is concerned with “what is morality?” rather than “what is moral?” Applied ethics seeks to apply
philosophical tools to examine specific controversial issues and provide practical solutions to moral
problems. Normative ethics investigates the moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.
Theories within normative ethics include utilitarianism, consequentialism, contractualism, virtue ethics,
and more.
Meaning of Moral judgment
Moral judgement is the main cognitive factor in moral consciousness. It involves intuition of moral
standard by reason and comparison of a voluntary action with it. It also involves evaluation of voluntary
action of it as right and wrong The moral judgement is the judgement which deals with the moral value or
quality of an action. It is a judgement of value and it evaluates the rightness or wrongness of our actions.
When we analyse a moral judgement then we find that it contains a) a subject which will judge, b) an
object whose action will be judged, c) a standard in conformity to which the action of the subject will be
judged and d) a power of judging the action as required. If the voluntary actions have conformity with the
standard or the ideal, then the moral judgment will express it as the right action.
Nature of moral judgment
•According to Mackenzie, moral judgment is not merely to state the nature of some object, but to compare
it with a standard and to pronounce it to be good or evil, right or wrong. So, it is normative. •Muirhead says
that moral judgment is concerned with the judgment upon conduct, the judgment that such and such
conduct is right and wrong. The judgment upon conduct has a judicial sense and the judgment of fact has
logical sense. Thus, when we perceive a voluntary action we compare it with the moral standard and thus
judge whether the action is in conformity with it or not. So, it is clear that, moral judgment is inferential in
nature, involving the application of a standard to a particular action.
Nature of moral judgment
•In the language of Bradley, ordinarily moral judgment is intuitive and immediate. Because, we intuitively
brings an action under a moral rule recognized by the community and judge it to be right or wrong. It is
only in difficult or doubtful cases that we consciously compare an action with the moral ideal and judge it
as right or wrong. Hence, we can find out that a moral judgment presupposes a subject, who judges an
object that is judged, a standard according to which an action is judged. •Moral judgement is inferential in
character though the element of inference generally remains implicit. It involves the application of a
standard to a particular action. When we perceive a voluntary action, we compare it with the moral
standard and we judge whether the action is in conformity with it or not. So, they are intuitive
subsumptions
Moral Judgement Reactions
Generally, a moral judgment is given on the voluntary and habitual actions of a rational being. The
voluntary actions of a rational person which involve deliberation, choice, and resolution, have the moral
quality of rightness and wrongness. They are considered to be right or wrong with the reference to the
moral standard. And on the basis of this standard, moral judgment is given. If the voluntary actions have
conformity with the standard or the ideal, then the moral judgment will express it as the right action. If the
action has conflict with the standard or norms, then the moral judgment will express it as wrong. So, moral
judgment involves comparison of voluntary acts with the moral standard.