MENSURATION TEACHING NOTES (SENIOR SECONDARY)

The circle
 A circle is the locus of points, which are equidistant from the centre.

The circumference of the circle

 Circumference is the total distance around a circle (Perimeter of a circle).

The circle and some of its parts.

C Sector

A O B
Diameter
Chord
D E

Segment
 Radius is the line drawn from the centre to the circumference.
Eg OC, OA, and OB
 Diameter is the line joins two opposite points on the circumference and passes through
the centre. Eg AB
 Arc is part of the circle or circumference. Eg AC, CB, DE.
 Chord is the line joins two points on the circle but does not pass through the centre. Eg
DE.
 Sector is the region bounded by two radii and an arc
 Segment is the region bounded by a chord and an arc.

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

𝐶𝐶 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
Arc length
A

𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ = × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
O 𝜃𝜃
360°

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

EXAMPLE
22
The diagram below shows a sector with radius 7cm and angle AOB = 120°. [Take 𝜋𝜋 as ]
7
Calculate the arc length AB.

120°
O
SOLUTION
𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
360°
120° 22
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ×2× ×7
360° 7
1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = × 44
3

∴ 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

AREA
 Area is the amount of surface covered by the shape or an object.
 Area is measured or calculated in square units.

Area of a Circle
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2

𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2

Area of a Sector
𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = × 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
360°

𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴 = × 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
360°

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

EXAMPLE 1
In the diagram, AOB is a sector of a circle, centre O. Angle AOB= 72° and the radius is 7cm.

72° O

B
22
Calculate the area of the sector. [Take 𝜋𝜋 as ]
7

SOLUTION
𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = × 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
360°
72 22
𝐴𝐴 = × × 72
360 7
1 22
𝐴𝐴 = × ×7×7
5 7
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝐴𝐴 = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
𝟓𝟓

EXAMPLE 2
The diagram below shows a sector AOB of a circle of radius 14cm and centre O.
A

O 𝜃𝜃

B
22
Given that the area of the sector AOB is 77𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 , calculate the value of 𝜃𝜃 . [Take𝜋𝜋 = ]
7

SOLUTION
𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴 = × 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
360°

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 𝜃𝜃 22
77 = × × 142
360 7
𝜃𝜃 22
77 = × × 14 × 14
360 7
77𝜃𝜃
77 =
45

77𝜃𝜃 = 77 × 45
∴ 𝜽𝜽 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒°

EXERCISE 1
A Car’s windscreen wiper left a part of a windscreen unwiped as shown in the diagram below.

D
C
A
B

120°
O

Given that angle𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 120°,𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 14𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 21𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 [Take 𝜋𝜋 as 3.142]
Calculate the
(a) length of arc CD
(b) area of the sector AOB
(c) area of the sector COD
(d) area of the shaded region

Surface Area of Three - Dimensional Objects (solids)

 The Total Surface Area (TSA) of a solid is the sum of the areas of all the faces.

Pyramid
 A pyramid is a polyhedron for which the base is a polygon and all lateral faces are
triangles.

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

  A pyramid can have four or more faces. The face from which the triangular faces emerge
is called the base and the triangular faces, which converge at an apex/vertex, are called
the lateral faces.
 A pyramid is named by the polygon at the base. If the base is a square, it is called a
square-based pyramid and if the base is a rectangle, it is called a rectangular based
pyramid and so on and so forth.

Square based pyramid

 A square-based pyramid has five (5) faces in total. Four (4) lateral faces (triangular
faces) which are identical and a square at the base.
Vertex

Triangular faces (Lateral faces)

Square Base

Total Surface Area (TSA) of a Square Based Pyramid

 Total Surface Area (TSA) is the sum of the areas of all the faces.
 Consider the net of a square-based pyramid below.

Area of a triangle is given by

1
𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝐴 = × 𝑠𝑠 × 𝑙𝑙
2
Since we have 4 lateral faces
S
which are identical, then the
S Total Surface Area of all the
triangular faces is:
1
𝐴𝐴 = 4( 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
2

𝑨𝑨 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

S is the side of the square base and 𝒍𝒍 is the slant Area of a square base is given
height of the triangular faces. by 𝑨𝑨 = 𝒔𝒔 × 𝒔𝒔 = 𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐

Thus, the Total Surface Area (TSA) of a Square Based Pyramid is

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝑠𝑠(2𝑙𝑙 + 𝑠𝑠)

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Example
The diagram below is a pyramid with a square base PQRS of sides 12cm and perpendicular
height of 25cm. V

25cm
P Q
O
S M R

Calculate the
(a) slant height MV (𝑙𝑙)
(b) total surface area (TSA) of the pyramid.
SOLUTION
(a) OM is half of 12cm, hence 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 25𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
By Pythagoras theorem:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 2 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 2

𝑙𝑙 2 = 62 + 252

𝑙𝑙 2 = 661

√𝑙𝑙 2 = √661
∴ 𝒍𝒍 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
(b) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆(2𝑙𝑙 + 𝑆𝑆)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 12(2 × 25.7 + 12)

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 12(51.4 + 12)

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 12(63.4)
∴ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐

Rectangular Based pyramid

 A rectangular based pyramid also has 5 faces in total. 4 lateral faces (triangular faces)
and a rectangle at the base.
 It has two pairs of triangular faces, which are identical (equal in size).
 The perpendicular height of triangular face which emerge from the length of a rectangle
is labeled as ℎ1

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

  The perpendicular height of a triangular face which emerge from the breadth of a
rectangle is labeled as ℎ2
Vertex

ℎ1

Total Surface Area (TSA) of a rectangular Based pyramid

Consider the net of the rectangular pyramid below.

ℎ1

b
ℎ2
L

1 1 1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿ℎ1 + 𝐿𝐿ℎ1 + 𝑏𝑏ℎ2 + 𝑏𝑏ℎ2 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
2 2 2 2

1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2 � 𝐿𝐿ℎ1 � + 2 � 𝑏𝑏ℎ2 � + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
2 2

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿ℎ1 + 𝑏𝑏ℎ2 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

Example
The diagram below shows a pyramid of a rectangular base ABCD in which 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 20𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
12𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 12.8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
Calculate the total surface area.

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 SOLUTION
V

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿ℎ1 + 𝑏𝑏ℎ2 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 20 × 10 + 12 × 12.8 + 20 × 12
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 200 + 153.6 + 240
C
D ∴ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
P
B
A M

Triangular Based Pyramid (Tetrahedron)

 Is a pyramid in which the polygon at the base is a triangle
 Triangular pyramid has 4 faces in total, 3 laterals and 1 at the base.
 A triangular based pyramid of which all the 4 faces are identical (Equilateral
triangles) is called a Regular Tetrahedron.

A Regular Tetrahedron: is a pyramid with 4 equilateral triangular faces.

Net of a regular tetrahedron

S S
S
S
S

1 1 1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝑠𝑠ℎ + 𝑠𝑠ℎ + 𝑠𝑠ℎ + 𝑠𝑠ℎ
2 2 2 2
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 4( 𝑠𝑠ℎ)
2

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑠𝑠ℎ
Example
Calculate the total surface area of a regular tetrahedron below.

Solution Data
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑠𝑠ℎ S = 8, h = 5
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2 × 8 × 5
∴ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 Cone
 A cone is a three dimensional object that has a circular base and one vertex
 A cone consists of a sector whose radius is equal to 𝑙𝑙 (the slant edge of the cone). The arc
of the sector is equal to the circumference of the circular base of the cone.

Net of a cone
Circular base
𝑙𝑙
Sector
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

Total Surface Area (TSA) of a Cone

 Total surface area of a cone is the sum of the area of the curved surface and area of the
circular base.
 Arc length of the sector is equal to 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
 The circumference of the circle with radius 𝑙𝑙 where the sector is extracted is 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃
 Area of a sector with radius 𝑙𝑙 is given by × 𝜋𝜋𝑙𝑙 2
360°
𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Note that the fraction =
360° 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑙𝑙
𝜃𝜃 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
=
360° 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟
=
360° 𝑙𝑙
𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟 𝜃𝜃
Replacing with in the formula 𝐴𝐴 = × 𝜋𝜋𝑙𝑙 2 , we get;
360° 𝑙𝑙 360°
𝑟𝑟
𝐴𝐴 = × 𝜋𝜋𝑙𝑙 2
𝑙𝑙
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
Therefore, the area of the curved surface (sector) of a cone is given by:

𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

The area of the circular base of a cone is given by:

𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2

Hence, the Total Surface Area of the cone is given by the formula:

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 OR 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋(𝑟𝑟 + 𝑙𝑙)

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Example
A cone has a slant height of 10cm and radius of the circular base of 6cm as shown below.

[Taking 𝜋𝜋 as 3.142]

ℎ 10cm Calculate the

(a) Perpendicular height (ℎ)
(b) Total surface area of the cone
6cm

Solution
(a) By Pythagoras theorem; (b) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋(𝑟𝑟 + 𝑙𝑙)
ℎ2 + 𝑟𝑟 2 = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 3.142 × 6(6 + 10)
ℎ2 + 62 = 102
ℎ2 = 100 − 36 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 3.142 × 6 × 16
ℎ2 = 64
∴ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
ℎ = 8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
∴ 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉(𝒉𝒉) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

EXERCISE 2

1. The diagram below is a square based pyramid with the base ABCD of sides 10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
V
Given that, 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, calculate
(a) The length of the slant height 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
(b) The total surface area of the pyramid.
C
D
O
B
P
A
2. OABCD below is a right pyramid with a rectangular base.

D Calculate its total surface area

A

C
B

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 3. Calculate the total surface area of a regular tetrahedron below.

4. A cone has a perpendicular height of 16cm and a circular base of radius 12cm as shown
below.

[Take 𝜋𝜋 as 3.142]
Calculate the
16cm

(a) Slant height (𝑙𝑙)

(b) Curved surface area
(c) Total surface area

Volume
 Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object or a three dimensional figure.
 Volume is measured in cubic units.

Prism
 A prism is a solid / polyhedron with two congruent ends (bases or cross section) and
whose lateral faces are parallelograms.

Triangular Prism
 A triangular prism is a prism whose bases or cross sections are triangles and lateral faces
are parallelograms.

Base or cross
section
ℎ

Lateral face

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 Volume of a triangular prism
 Volume of a triangular prism is a product of the base or cross section area and its length.
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ × 𝐿𝐿
2

1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ𝐿𝐿
2

Example
Calculate the volume of the triangular prism below

20cm

Solution
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ𝐿𝐿
2
1
𝑉𝑉 = × 12 × 10 × 20
2

𝑉𝑉 = 6 × 10 × 20
∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

Volume of a Cone
 Volume of a cone is one-third the volume of a cylinder. The volume of a cylinder is given
by 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ
Hence, the formula for Volume of a cone is given by:

1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ
3

Example
Calculate the volume of a cone of a circular base with diameter of 24cm and perpendicular
height of 16cm as shown below. [Take 𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3.142]

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 Solution
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ
3

16cm
1
𝑉𝑉 = × 3.142 × 122 × 16
3
1
𝑉𝑉 = × 3.142 × 12 × 12 × 16
24cm 3

∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑
Volume of a Pyramid
 Volume of a pyramid is given by the formula:
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = × 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡.
3

Volume of a Square Based Pyramid

 Volume of a square based pyramid is given by the formula:
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡.
3

1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿2 ℎ
3

Example 1
Calculate the volume of a pyramid whose base area is 72𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 and perpendicular height of 8cm.

Solution
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉 = 72𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 × 8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

Example 2
A pyramid has a square base of sides 12cm and perpendicular height of 15cm as shown below.
Calculate its volume

15cm

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Solution
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿2 ℎ
Data
3
1
𝐿𝐿 = 12𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉 = × 12 × 12 × 15
3
ℎ = 15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

Volume of a Rectangular based Pyramid

 Volume of a rectangular based pyramid is given by the formula:
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
3

1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
3

Example 1
Find the volume of a pyramid of a rectangular base of sides 8cm by 5cm and height of 10cm.

Solution
1
Data
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
3
𝐿𝐿 = 8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1
𝑉𝑉 = × 8 × 5 × 10 𝐵𝐵 = 5𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
3

∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 𝐻𝐻 = 10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Example 2
A pyramid has a rectangular base of sides 18cm by 5cm and a perpendicular height of 15cm as
shown below.

15cm

18cm
Calculate its volume

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Solution Data
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 = 18𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
3
1 𝐵𝐵 = 5𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉 = × 18𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 5𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
3
𝐻𝐻 = 15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐

Frustum
 A frustum is a remaining part / figure when the top of a pyramid or cone is cut off along a
plane parallel to the base.
 A frustum is a flat – top pyramid or cone.

A Cone Frustum

ℎ Frustum
𝐻𝐻
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟

𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅

Volume of a Cone Frustum

Volume of a frustum of a cone is calculated as Volume of complete cone minus Volume of the
cut off cone
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ
3 3

1 1 1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ)
3 3 3

NB: the ratio of the perpendicular height of the smaller cone (h) to perpendicular height of
a bigger cone (H) is proportional to the ratio of the radius of the smaller cone (r) to the
radius of a bigger cone (R).
The above statement implies that ℎ: 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑟𝑟: 𝑅𝑅
Hence, the perpendicular height (ℎ) of the smaller cone is calculated by:
𝒉𝒉 𝒓𝒓
= Note also that 𝑯𝑯 = 𝒉𝒉 + 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒂𝒂 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇.
𝑯𝑯 𝑹𝑹

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

The Volume of a cone frustum can also be calculate by the formula:
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑟𝑟 2 )
3

𝜋𝜋ℎ
𝑉𝑉 = (𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑟𝑟 2 )
3

Where 𝒓𝒓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑹𝑹 are the radii of the bases of the frustum and 𝒉𝒉 is the height of the frustum.

Example
Calculate the volume of the frustum below. [Take 𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3.142]

20cm

30cm
28cm

Solution
The radius (𝑟𝑟) of the top circle is 10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and the radius (𝑅𝑅) of the bottom circle is 14𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. The
height of the frustum is 30𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.

Method A Data
ℎ 𝑟𝑟 ℎ = 75, 𝑟𝑟 = 10, 𝑅𝑅 = 14 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐻𝐻 = 105
=
𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅
1
ℎ 10
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ)
3
=
ℎ+30 14 1
𝑉𝑉 = × 3.142(142 × 105 − 102 × 75)
3
14 × ℎ = 10(ℎ + 30)
1
14ℎ − 10ℎ = 300 𝑉𝑉 = × 3.142(14 × 14 × 105 − 10 × 10 × 75)
3

𝒉𝒉 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

Method B Data
𝜋𝜋ℎ
𝑉𝑉 = (𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑟𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑟 = 10, 𝑅𝑅 = 14 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ℎ = 30
3
3.142×30
𝑉𝑉 = (142 + 14 × 10 + 102 )
3

𝑉𝑉 = 3.142 × 10(14 × 14 × +14 × 10 + 10 × 10)

∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 A Square Based Pyramid Frustum

ℎ Frustum

𝐻𝐻
𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙

𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿

Volume of a Square Based Pyramid Frustum

 Volume of a square pyramid frustum is given by the formula:
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑙𝑙 2 ℎ
3 3

1
𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑙𝑙 2 ℎ)
3

NB: the ratio of the height (𝒉𝒉) of the smaller pyramid (cut off part) to the height (𝑯𝑯) of the
bigger pyramid (complete pyramid) is equal to the ratio of the length (𝒍𝒍) of the smaller pyramid
to the length (𝑳𝑳) of the bigger pyramid.

The above statement implies that ℎ: 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑙𝑙: 𝐿𝐿

Hence, the height (ℎ) of the smaller pyramid is calculated by:
𝒉𝒉 𝒍𝒍
= Note also that 𝑯𝑯 = 𝒉𝒉 + 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝑯𝑯 𝑳𝑳

The Volume of a square Pyramid Frustum can also be calculated by the formula:
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = ℎ(𝐿𝐿2 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑙𝑙 2 )
3

ℎ
𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿2 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑙𝑙 2 )
3

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Example
The diagram below shows a waste bin in form of a square pyramid frustum.

10cm

Given that the height of a bin is 10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, calculate its volume.

Solution
Method A Data
ℎ 𝑙𝑙 1
= 𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿2 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑙𝑙2 ℎ) ℎ = 40, 𝐻𝐻 = 50
𝐻𝐻 𝐿𝐿 3
1
ℎ 12 𝑉𝑉 = (152 × 50 − 122 × 40) 𝑙𝑙 = 12, 𝐿𝐿 = 15
= 3
ℎ+10 15
1
15ℎ = 12(ℎ + 10) 𝑉𝑉 = (15 × 15 × 50 − 12 × 12 × 40)
3
1
15ℎ − 12ℎ = 120 𝑉𝑉 = × 5490
3
∴ 𝒉𝒉 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

Method B Data
ℎ
𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿2 + 𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿) ℎ = 10 (ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
3
10 𝑙𝑙 = 12
𝑉𝑉 = (152 + 122 + 15 × 12)
3
10 𝐿𝐿 = 15
𝑉𝑉 = (15 × 15 + 12 × 12 + 15 × 12)
3
10
𝑉𝑉 = × 549
3

∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Rectangular pyramid frustum

ℎ
Frustum
𝐻𝐻
𝑏𝑏
𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙

𝐵𝐵
𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿
Volume of a Rectangular Pyramid Frustum
 Volume of a rectangular pyramid frustum is given by the formula:
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ
3 3

1
𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ)
3

ℎ 𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙
NB: = =
𝐻𝐻 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿
The volume of a rectangular pyramid frustum can also be calculated by the formula:
1
𝑉𝑉 = ℎ(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + √𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)
3

ℎ
𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + √𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)
3

Example
The diagram below shows a paper wastebasket in form of a rectangular pyramid frustum.

H 24cm E

G F
A 35cm
D
B
30cm C

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

Calculate the
(a) length of 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
(b) Volume of the paper wastebasket Data
Solution 𝐿𝐿 = 30, 𝐵𝐵 = 25, 𝐻𝐻 = 175,
𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙
(a) = (a) Method A 𝑙𝑙 = 24, 𝑏𝑏 = 20, ℎ = 140
𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 24 ℎ 𝑏𝑏 1
= = 𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ)
3
25 30 𝐻𝐻 𝐵𝐵
30𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 24 × 25 ℎ 20 1
= 𝑉𝑉 = (30 × 25 × 175 − 24 × 20 × 140
30𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 600 ℎ+35 25 3
25ℎ = 20(ℎ + 35) 1
∴ 𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑉𝑉 = (131250 − 67200)
5ℎ = 700 3

ℎ = 140𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1
𝑉𝑉 = (64050)
3

∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

Method B
ℎ
𝑉𝑉 = (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + √𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)
3
Data

𝑉𝑉 =
35
(30 × 25 + 24 × 20 + √30 × 25 × 24 × 20) ℎ = 35, 𝐿𝐿 = 30, 𝐵𝐵 = 25
3
35 𝑙𝑙 = 24, 𝑏𝑏 = 20
𝑉𝑉 = (1230 + √360000)
3
35
𝑉𝑉 = (1230 + 600)
3
35
𝑉𝑉 = (1830)
3

∴ 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑

EXERCICE 3
1. Calculate the volume of the triangular prism below

9cm

22cm

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 2. Calculate the volume of a cone shown below. [Take 𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3.142]

7cm
2.5cm

3. Calculate the volume of the pyramid with the square base of sides 8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and perpendicular
height of 10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 as shown in the diagram below.

4. The diagram below shows a pyramid with rectangular base of sides 18cm by 12.5cm and
perpendicular height of 16cm. Calculate its volume.

5. The diagram below shows the frustum of a cone. The perpendicular height is 20cm. the
top and bottom radii are 9cm and 15cm respectively. [Take 𝜋𝜋 as 3.142], calculate its
volume.
9cm
20cm

15cm

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 6. The diagram below shows a bin in form of a frustum with square ends of sides 8cm and
12cm respectively. The height of the frustum is 10cm.
12cm

Calculate its volume

7. The diagram below is a frustum of a rectangular pyramid with a base 20cm long and 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
wide. The top of the frustum is 8cm long and 4cm wide.

8cm

20cm
Given that the height of the frustum is 25cm, calculate
(a) The value of 𝑥𝑥
(b) Its volume

ANSWERS TO THE EXWERCISES

EXERCISE 1
1. (a) 44cm (b) 205𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 (c) 462𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 (d) 257𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
EXERCISE 2
1. (a) 15.8cm (b) 416𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
2. 127𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
3. 240𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
4. (a) 20cm (b) 754𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 (c) 1210𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”

 EXERCISE 3
1. 495𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
2. 45.82𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
3. 213𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
4. 1200𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
5. 9230𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
6. 1013𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
7. (a) 10cm (b) 2600𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

CALL/WHATSAPP: 0978050509 EMAIL: [email protected] “I ASPIRE TO INSPIRE”