Structural Design of G+9 Building 2023/24

Structural design project

Section two

GROUP MEMBER ID:NO

Amanu Ayalew UGR/5049/12
Elsabet daba UGR/7682/12
Esmael Ebrahim UGR/8712/12

Submited to:mr Asmerom

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ABSTTRACT
Now a day’s construction industry plays a great role for the development of a nation
in all aspects. As we all agree, behind every construction activity there must have
structural analysis and design, from this consideration directly or indirectly structural
analysis and design have a huge application in the development of a nation. Doing
this project helps us to acquire knowledge on the analysis and design of lateral loads
like earthquake and wind loads and on the analysis and design of gravity loads like
staircase, beam, column and ribbed slab. We got it very crucial for broadening our
knowledge on the analysis and design of a structural building. Especially this project
enables us to analyze the lateral loads on building. This project comprises ten
chapters. The first chapter is an introductory part, the second chapter is the analysis
and design of rib slab, the third chapter is analysis and design of stair case, the fourth
chapter is the load transfer mechanism, the fifth chapter is wind load analysis, the six
chapter is about EQ design, the Seventh chapter is the geometric imperfection,
chapter eight includes analysis and design of beams, chapter nine is analysis and
Design of Column and the final chapter includes the output data from ETABS. We use
hand calculation and software’s like ETABS for analysis and design. Then we
compare the result by hand calculation and the output of ETABS. The hand
calculation result, different formulas and parameters are done by using Euro code,
RC-I, RC-II, SD courses and etc. After the analysis and design, the project
recommends number of bars and stirrups, spacing between bars, spacing between
stirrups, diameter of bars and stirrups, depth of slab, width and depth of beam and
breadth and width of column etc.
AKNOLGMENT
Our greatest thanks from the bottom of our heart is to GOD for endowing us with
the courage,strength as well as health through-out our school time and for the
successful accomplishment of this project. Next, we would like to express our
deepest gratitude to our project advisor ATO Asmerom for his Valuable advice and in
providing relevant hint and his encouragement for the completion of this work. We
also extend our recognition to all staff of civil engineering department, librarians,
administrative staffs of the faculty and our friends for their contributions from the
beginning to the completion of our work. Last but not the least, we would like to
thank to our classmates and dorm mates for giving their countless material &
support.
Table of content
1
Contents
1.GENERAL
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Structural design.................................................................................................... 2

1.2 statement of problem....................................................................................................
1.3 Objective of the project ........................................................................................ 3
1.3.1 General objectives ..................................................................................... 3

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1.3.2 Specific objectives.........................................…................................................... 3

1.4 material property ................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 concrete....................................................................................................
1.4.2 reinforcement....................................................................................................
Chapter 2
Slab design....................................................................................................
2.1 depth determination....................................................................................................
2.2 loading....................................................................................................
2.2.1 permanent load....................................................................................................
2.2.2live load....................................................................................................
2.3 moment on slab
2.4 adjusted moment
2.5 slab reinforcement
2.6 load transfer
Chapter 3
Stair case
Chapter 4
Wind load analysis
Chapter 5
Earthquake
Chapter 6
Geometric imperfection
Chapter 7
ETABS MODEL
Chapter 8
Beam design
Chapter 9
COLUMN DESIGN

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Chapter 1
General Introduction about structural design
Reinforced concrete structures are widely used in the construction industry due to
their strength, durability, and versatility. These structures consist of a combination of
concrete and steel reinforcement, working together to create a robust and reliable
building material.The use of reinforced concrete allows for the construction of
various types of structures, ranging from residential buildings to bridges, dams, and
high-rise structures. The concrete provides compressive strength, while the steel
reinforcement adds tensile strength, making it capable of withstanding heavy loads
and resisting cracking or failure.
One of the key advantages of reinforced concrete is its ability to be molded into
different shapes and sizes, allowing for creative and innovative architectural designs.
The flexibility of this material enables architects and engineers to construct
structures that are not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing.In addition to
its versatility, reinforced concrete structures offer excellent fire resistance. The
concrete acts as a barrier, protecting the steel reinforcement from high
temperatures and preventing structural collapse during a fire. This makes it a
preferred choice for buildings where fire safety is a critical consideration.
Furthermore, reinforced concrete structures have a long lifespan and require
minimal maintenance. The combination of concrete and steel reinforcement
provides resistance against corrosion, ensuring the durability and longevity of the
structure. This characteristic makes it a cost-effective choice in the long run, as it
reduces the need for frequent repairs or replacements.However, it is important to
note that proper design, construction, and maintenance are crucial for ensuring the
structural integrity of reinforced concrete buildings. Adequate reinforcement
placement, concrete quality, and adherence to building codes and standards are
essential to guaranteeing the safety and stability of these structures.

Overall, reinforced concrete structures offer a reliable and efficient solution for a
wide range of construction projects. Their strength, durability, versatility, and fire
resistance make them a popular choice in the industry, providing a solid foundation
for safe and sustainable buildings.
1.1 Structural design:Structural design refers to the process of creating and
designing the framework or skeleton of a structure to ensure its stability, strength,
and durability. It involves the analysis, planning, and detailing of the structural
elements that make up a building, bridge, or any other type of infrastructure.
The goal of structural design is to ensure that a structure can withstand the loads
and forces it will experience throughout its lifespan, such as gravity, wind,
earthquakes, and other environmental factors. It involves determining the
appropriate materials, dimensions, and configurations for the structural
components, such as beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Structural designers use engineering principles, mathematical calculations, computer
simulations, and specialized software to assess the structural integrity and
performance of a design. They consider factors like safety, functionality, aesthetics,

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and cost-effectiveness while creating a structure that meets the desired

requirements and standards.
Overall, structural design plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability and safety of
buildings and infrastructure, making it an essential aspect of the construction and
engineering industry.
The structural design of the building is based on En-1990:2004, EN-1991, EN-1992,
and EN-1998-
1. This code follows limit state design approach.
The limit state design consists of ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.
Ultimate Limit States are conditions related with collapse or states prior to
structural failure. Its main concern is the safety of structure and people.
Serviceability Limit states are those associated to conditions beyond for which a
structure does not accomplish specified service requirements. It is mainly
concerned about the function of construction works, comfort of people, and
appearance of the building.
1.2 . Statement of the problem
These project aims to analyze and design the given structure, for gravity and seismic
load.
The design and analysis of the G+9 building includes:
1. Analyze and design the RIB slab and stair.
2. Compute the center of mass
3. Compute the EQ load and Wind load as per ES EN, 2015
4. Compute the Geometric imperfection load.
5. Compute the wind load for the flat roof.
6. Analyze the 3D model for the lateral loads and gravity loads.
7. Check the stability of the structures
8. Design a typical column from the foundation to top.
9. Design a typical roof beam, floor beam and grade beam
10. Check the design output of the software (ETABS 2016) with respect to the design
results
The building that we are going to design is G+9 building having a dimension as
shown in the fig

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Figure 1.1 typical floor plan

1.3 Objective of the project
1.3.1 General objectives
The general objective of this particular project is to design a structure which is
stable,
strong, safe, and serviceable
1.3.2 Specific objectives
• To analyze and design the solid slab
• To analyze and design of beams
• to analyze and design wind load
•to analyze earthquake load
• To analyze and design of staircase
• To analyze and design of columns
• To revise reinforced concrete structure, I and II, and structural design courses.
• Understand how the ETABS works.
1.4. Material Properties
1.4.1 Concrete
The quality of concrete is measured by its compressive strength. For the design of
G+13 building we have used a concrete class of C-25/30.
For the workmanship class I the partial safety factor is γc =1.5.

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1.4.2 Reinforcement Bar

Characterist

i
c properties of reinforcement bar are expressed using its yielding
strength Fyk or design we use the following constants regarding reinforcement
steel.

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Chapter 2
Slab design

Figure 2.1

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2.1 Depth determination

Assumption: slab is slightly reinforced (p = 0.5%)

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Po = √ fck x 10− 3 = 0.005

Since po = p
We can use the first formula

L/d = k [11 + 1.5(5)) = k (18.5)

500
Since we used S400 multiply the value by fyk
= k*18.5* 1.25 = 23.123

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Table 2.1 depth of slab determination

We take d = 175mm
2.2 Loading
2.2.1 Permanent load

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Table 2.2 dead load of a solid slab

Marble floor weight Pvc floor weight
finish finish
Floor finish 0.02 x 27 0.54 0.02 x 16 0.32
Cement screed 0.03 x 24 0.72 0.03 x 24 0.72
Rc slab 0.2 x 25 5 0.2 x 25 5
plastering 0.015 x 16 0.24 0.15 x 16 0.24
total 6.5 6.28
Since our building is residential we have taken live load of 2kn/m2
Table 2.3 total load on slab
panel Self- Partition Sum 1.3 x Live 1.5 x Total
weight load dead sum of load live sum
load dead load
load
1 6.34 3.8 10.14 13.182 2 3 16.182
2 6.34 3.8 10.14 13.182 2 3 16.182
3 6.34 3.8 10.14 13.182 2 3 16.182
4 stair

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5 6.28 0 6.28 8.164 2 3 11.164

6 6.28 0 6.28 8.164 2 3 11.164
7 6.28 2.583 8.863 10.62 2 3 13.62
8 6.41 3.2 9.61 12.493 2 3 15.493
C1 6.5 0 6.5 8.45 2 3 11.45
C2 6.5 0 6.5 8.45 2 3 11.45
C3 6.5 0 6.5 8.45 2 3 11.45
C4 6.5 0 6.5 8.45 2 3 11.45
C5 6.5 0 6.5 8.45 2 3 11.45

2.3 moment on slab

Table 2.4 support and span moments for each panel

panel ly lx Ly/lx q
1 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.06 16.18 M sx , ¿
¿ 24.273
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span❑ 0.044 16.18 M sx ,span 17.8
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.045 16.18 M sy , ¿
¿ 18.204
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.034 16.18 M sy ,span 13.754
2
2 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.046 16.18 M sx , ¿
¿ 18.204
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span 0.034 16.18 M sx ,span 13.754
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.037 16.18 M sy , ¿
¿ 14.968
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.028 16.18 M sy ,span 11.327
2
3 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.046 16.18 M sx , ¿
¿ 18.204
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span 0.034 16.18 M sx ,span 13.754
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.037 16.18 M sy , ¿
¿ 14.968
2
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.028 16.18 M sy ,span 11.327

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2
4 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ M sx , ¿
¿

5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span M sx ,span

5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ M sy , ¿
¿

5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span M sy ,span

5 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.039 11.16 M sx , ¿
¿ 10.884
4
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span 0.03 11.16 M sx ,span 8.373
4
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.032 11.16 M sy , ¿
¿ 8.931
4
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.024 11.16 M sy ,span 6.698
4
6 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.039 11.16 M sx , ¿
¿ 10.884
4
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span 0.03 11.16 M sx ,span 8.373
4
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.032 11.16 M sy , ¿
¿ 8.931
4
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.024 11.16 M sy ,span 6.698
4
7 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.039 13.62 M sx , ¿
¿ 13.279
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span 0.03 13.62 M sx ,span 10.215
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.032 13.62 M sy , ¿
¿ 10.896
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.024 13.62 M sx , ¿
¿ 8.172
8 5.75 5 1.15 β sx , ¿
¿ 0.052 15.49 M sx , ¿
¿ 20.141
3
5.75 5 1.15 β sx ,span 0.039 15.49 M sx ,span 15.10
3
5.75 5 1.15 β sy , ¿
¿ 0.037 15.49 M sy , ¿
¿ 14.331
3
5.75 5 1.15 β sy ,span 0.028 15.49 M sx , ¿
¿ 10.843
3
Cant 1.5 1.5 1
4

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Cantilever taking 1 m strip

Parapent wall on the cantilever
Using 20cm HCB with height of 1.30m pd , par =FS(0.2 x 1.30 x 23)
= 1.35(0.2 x 1.3 x
23) =

8.073KN
11.45 KN/m

1.5m

1.5 x 1.5
m = 11.45 x 2 + 8.073 x 1.5 = 29.284 KNm

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Figure 2.2 moment for panel

2.4 Adjusted moment

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F
igure 2.3 adjusted moment

We take 10mm diameter of reiforcment

D = 200 – 25 – 10/2 = 170mm
d2 = 200 – 25 – 10 – 10/2 = 160
as = π * d^2/ 4 = 3.14 * 170^2 / 2 = 78.5mm2

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fcd = 25 * 0.85 /1.5 = 14.1667

Asmin = 0.26* (fctm/fyk) * bt * d > 0.013btd
Table 2.5 dead load on each panel

Table 2.6 live load on each panel

Panel lx ly Ly/ qi

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lx
1 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.455 v x ,c 6.825
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.3 v x ,d 4.5
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.4 v y ,c 6
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.26 v y ,d 3.9
2 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.405 v x ,c 6.075
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.405 v x ,d 6.075
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.36 v y ,c 5.4
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , d 0.24 v y ,d 3.6
3 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.405 v x ,c 6.075
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.405 v x ,d 6.075
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.36 v y ,c 5.44
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , d 0.24 v y ,d 3.6
4 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c v x ,c

5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d v x ,d

5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c v y ,c

5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , d v y ,d

5 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.37 v x ,c 5.55

5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.37 v x ,d 5.55
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.33 v y ,c 4.95
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , d 0.33 v y ,d 4.95
6 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.37 v x ,c 5.55
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.37 v x ,d 5.55
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.33 v y ,c 4.95
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , d 0.33 v y ,d 4.95
7 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.37 v x ,c 5.55
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.37 v x ,d 5.55
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.33 v y ,c 4.95
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , d 0.33 v y ,d 4.95
8 5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , c 0.42 v x ,c 6.3
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vx , d 0.28 v x ,d 4.2
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.36 v y ,c 5.4
5 5.57 1.15 3 β vy , c 0.36 v y ,c 5.4

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2.5 slab reinforcement

Table2.7 reinforcement for slab

2.6 Load transfer

to consider pattern loading, load is transferred separetly for
dead load and live load cases
Factored dead load have different value for each slab

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Factored live load is = 1.5 x 2 = 3

v i=β vi qi l x

Load on transfer on the cantilever part

Loading on beam = load from slab + partition loa

Chapter 3
Analysis and Design of staircase
Introduction
A staircase is a structure consisting of a series of steps or stairs that allows people to
move between different levels or floors within a building. It provides a vertical
connection and is commonly used as an alternative to elevators or
escalators.Staircases are typically designed with a combination of risers (vertical
components) and treads (horizontal components) that form individual steps. The riser
height and tread depth can vary depending on building codes, safety regulations, and
design preferences.Staircases can come in various shapes, styles, and materials,
ranging from simple and functional designs to elaborate and decorative ones. Some
common types of staircases include straight stairs, L-shaped stairs, U-shaped stairs,
spiral stairs, and curved stairs.
In addition to their functional purpose of facilitating vertical movement, staircases
can also be architectural features that enhance the aesthetics of a building. They can
be designed to complement the overall design style and interior decor of a
space.Safety is a crucial consideration in staircase design. Factors such as handrails,
lighting, non-slip surfaces, and proper dimensions are important to ensure the safety
and ease of use for individuals navigating the stairs.

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Riser = 17cm Stair Width is 240m

Thread = 27cm Inclined Length is 2.8m

Waist = 18cm marble finish 3cm thick

theta= 32 cement screed 3cm

3.1.Load calculation per unit Length

Load =(unit weight*thickness*inclined length*width)/horizontal length
 Inclined Length = Horizontal Length/cos(theta)
 Horizontal Projection of loads = Inclined load/cos(theta)

Dead load of Waist

Slab weight of waist

=0.18*25*1.3m
=5.85KN/m

Plastering
=0.03*23*1.3m
=0.975KN/m

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Total dead load of waist

=6.825KN/m

Dead load of steps

floor finish thread

=0.03*27*0.27
=0.22KN/m

floor finish riser

=0.03*27*0.17
=0.1377KN/m

cement screed thread

=0.03*23*0.27
=0.1863KN/m

cement screed riser

=0.03*23*0.17
=0.1173KN/m

own weight of step

=0.5*0.27*0.17*25
=0.57375KN/m

Total dead load of steps =1.235KN/m

Total dead load=6.825+1.235=8.06

Live load =3
Pd=1.35*DL + 1.5*LL
=1.35*8.06 + 1.5*3
=15.38kN/m
Horizontal projection of design load=15.38/(cos(32))=13.04kN/m

Dead load on landing

Slab weight = 0.265*25*1.35=8.94375

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Floor finish=0.03*27*1.35=1.0935

Cement screed=0.03*23*1.35=0.9315

Total dead load=10.96Kn/m

Design dead load=1.35*10.96=14.807Kn/m

Design live load = 1.5*2=3

Pd=14.807 + 3 = 17.8kn/m
3.2.Analysis
Solving the reaction and we get R1 and R2 which is equal to 72.46kN
Our design moment is M3=54.3knm
3.2.1.Design For Flexure

Design Values

C 25/30, fcd = 14.167 MPa

S-400, fyd = 347.826 MPa

Fctm = 2.6 (EN 1992-1-1:2014 Table 1-1)

D = 265mm

d = D – Cover – Ø/2 = [265 – 20 – (12/2)] mm= 239mm

Msd = 54.3KNm

b = 1.3 m

For 12 mm diameter transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bar:

as =ᴨd2/4 =113mm2

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Minimum Reinforcement

{
fctm∗ bd
¿ 0.26
As, min= max fyk
¿ 0.0013 bd

{
2.6 x 1300 x 239 2
¿ 0.26 =525.08 m m
As, min= max 400
¿ 0.0013 x 1300 x 239=404.7 m m2

As, min= 525.8 mm2

Maximum Rienforcement
As, max = 0.04Ac

As, max = 0.04*265*1300

As, max = 13780mm2

Longitudinal bar
µsd= Msd/ [fcd * b * d2]

µsd= 54.3* 103 / [14.17 * 1.3 *(174)2]

µsd = 0.09736

from design chart we get Kz=0.947=z/d

z=0.947*174=164.778mm

calculate the amount of reinforcement

Ast=Msd,s/(z*Fyd)

=45.84* 106/ [164.778*347.83]

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=800mm2

Ast> As,c min= 800mm2 (true)

Number of reinforcement= Ast/ as=

800mm2 /113=7.07≈8

S = (b *as) / Ast = (1300 *113) /800mm2 = 183mm

Maximum spacing

{
Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ¿ 400 m m
¿3 D

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {¿ 3 x¿200=600

400 mm
mm

Smax = 400 mm > Sprovided = 183 mm

Thus, use 8Ø 12 c/c 183mm

Transverse bar
As for transverse bar = 30% longitudinal bar

0.3 (800mm2 ) = 240mm2 < Asmin = 403.9mm2...….. Provide minimum

reinforcement

Thus, As, transverse = As, min = 403.9mm2

S = (b *as) / Ast

S = (1300 *50.26) / 403.9

S = 167 mm

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Thus, use Ø 8 c/c 170mm

Chapter 4
Wind load analysis
Introduction
Wind is flowing air. Structure in the wind are subjected to forces which vary with
time and space. They act directly on the external surface, also act indirectly on the
internal surface. Structure gives response by resisting the wind with insignificant or
small deflection. They may also directly affect the internal surface of open
structures. Pressure acts on the area of the surface producing forces normal to the
surface for the structure or for individual cladding components.
4.1. Wind load on a building
Wind load on a building is analyzed according to ES EN 1991-1-4:2015.
All the necessary steps and values are presented there.
The steps to calculate wind load.
Since our seismic zone is zone five (3
4.1.1.Determine basic wind velocity [Vb]
The basic wind velocity is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity,
irrespective of wind direction and time of the year, at 10 m above the ground level in
category II terrain [ES EN 19911- 4:2015 Art. 4.2(1)]
Vb = Cdir*SsVb [ES EN 1991 − 1 − 4: 2015, Eqn. 4.1]
Where:
Vb- basic wind velocity
Cdir-direction factor, the recommended value is 1 [ES EN 1991-1-4:2015, Art. 4.2(note
2)]
Cseason- the seasonal factor, the recommended value is 1 [ES EN 1991-1-4:2015, Art.
4.2(note 3)]
Vb,o- fundamental value of basic wind velocity given in Ethiopian national
annex .22m/s recommended
Vb = Cdir*Sses*Vb
Vb = 1*1*22=22m/s
4.1.2. Mean Wind
The mean wind velocity ( z) at height z above the terrain depends on the terrain
roughness, orography and the basic wind velocity. And it is given by
Vm(z) =Cr(z)*Co(z)*Vb [ES EN 1991 − 1 − 4: 2015, Eqn. 4.3 ]
Where:
cr(z) is the roughness factor, given in 4.3.2
co(z) is the orography factor, taken as 1,0
unless otherwise specified in 4.3.3
vb is the basic wind velocity given by eqn.4.1
a. Terrain roughness
Roughness factor considers the variability of the mean wind velocity at the site of
the structure due to
- The height above the ground
- The ground roughness of the terrain upwind of the structure in the wind direction
considered.

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The recommended procedure for the determination of the roughness factor at

height z is given by [Ethiopian national annex].

Where:
Zo is the roughness length
Kr is the terrain factor depending on the roughness length Zo calculated using

Where: Zo,II 0.5 m [ES EN 1991-1-4, Table 4.1]

Zmin is the minimum height taken from ES EN 1991-1-4, Table 4.1
Zmax is 200m [the national annex doesn’t specify other parameter]
Zo and Zmin from ES EN 1991-1-4, Table 4.1

b. Terrain orography
Where orography (e.g. hills, cliffs etc.) increases the wind velocity by more than 5 %
the effect should be taken into account using the orography factor. The effect of
orography may be neglected when the average slope of the upward terrain is less
than 3% (i.e. Co=1)
 We assumed terrain category three for Addis. Which is area with cover of
vegetation or building such as grass and isolated obstacles (trees, buildings) with se
parations of maximum of 20 obstacle height.
Zo=0.5
Zmin=2m
Kr = 0.19(0.05/0.05)^0.07
Kr = 0.19
Cr(31) =0.019ln(31/0.05) =1.212
Vm(31) = 1.212*1*22 =26.884m/s
4.1.3.Wind turbulence
ES EN 1991-1-4, Article 4.4(note 2):
The recommended rule for the determination of ( ) are given by

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Where:
Kl is turbulence factor and is taken as 1.
Iv(31) = 1/1*ln(31/0.05)
Iv(31) = 0.1556
4.3.Peak Velocity Pressure
The national annex recommended value to determine the peak velocity pressure is:

Where:
ρ is density of air. The Ethiopian national annex recommends a value of 1.25 Kg/m 3
[ES EN 1991- 4:2015 Article 4.5(note 2)]
qp(z) = [1+7*0.1556]1/2*1.15*(26.884)^2
qp(z) = 943.7N/M^2

4.4.Determination of wind pressure and wind forces on the

wall
4.4.1.Wind pressure on the vertical wall
According to EN-1991-4 the reference heights, ze, for windward walls of
rectangular plan buildings (zone D, as shown in the figure below) depend on the
aspect ratio h/b and are always the upper heights of the different parts of the
walls. They are given in figure below for the following three cases:
• A building, whose height h is less than b should be considered to be
one part.
• A building, whose height his greater than b, but less than 2b, may be
considered to be two parts, comprising: a lower part extending upwards
from the ground by a height equal to band an upper part consisting of the
remainder.
• A building, whose height his greater than 2bmay be considered to be
in multiple parts, comprising: a lower part extending upwards from the
ground by a height equal to b; an upper partextending downwards from
the top by a height equal to band a middle region between the upper and
lower parts, which may be divided into horizontal strips with a height h
strip as shown in the figure below.
 The above three cases:
Case 1: h<b
Case 2: h>b<2b
Case 3: h>2b
4.4.2.Wind load in the shorter direction (For θ = 00)
b = 13m …….. The floor plan along x direction.

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d = 21.5m…….. The floor plan along y direction

h = 31m …… the height of the building.
2b= 2*13 = 13< 26 <3, the wall is divided in to SIX regions

Figure 4.1. Reference height, Ze, depending on hand b, and

corresponding velocity pressure profile

Hstrip=(31-2*13)/4 = 1.25

 Calculating peak velocity pressure (qp(z)) for each elevation.

,
For z =13m,Vm = 23.24m/s,Iv = 0.179,qp =760.5N/M^2
For z = 13+1.25 =14.25,Vm = 23.627,Iv = 0.177,qp = 781,18N/M^2
For z = 13+2*1.25 =15.5,Vm = 23.978,Iv = 0.174,qp = 797,016
For z = 13+3*1.25 = 16.75,Vm = 24.3,Iv = 0.171,qp = 810.8
For z = 13+4*1.25 = 18,Vm = 24.6,Im = 0.169,qp = 825.6
For z = 31,Vm = 26.884M/S,Iv = 0.1556,qp = 943.7N/M^2
e = min{b = 13m,2h = 62m
e = 13m and d = 21.5m ,e<d

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Figure 4.2. key for wall

Wind pressure on surface
a. External wind pressure
The wind pressure acting on the external surface, We, should be obtained from
Table 4.1 Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for
vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings
Table 4.1.Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of
rectangular plan buildings

 For the intermediate value of h/d linear interpolation is applied.

 Since the area of the surface is greater than 10m2, we take cpe,10 value.

Table 4.2.external wind pressure coefficient

D = 21.5
h zone A B C D E
h/d Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10
5 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.7
31 1.448 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.524
1 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5
18 0.837 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.78 -0.45
16.75 0.779 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.71 -0.43
15.5 0.72 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0,70 -0.42
14.25 0.663 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.69 -0.40

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13 0.604 -1.2 -0.8 -0.5 0.67 -0.38

b. Internal Wind Pressure

The internal wind pressure is the wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a
building which can calculated using ES EN 1991-1.4:2015 expression 5.2.

Where it is not possible, or not considered justified (which is our case), to estimate
µfor particular case we can take cpi as more onerous of +0.2 and -0.3.

Table 4.3.wind load on the shorter direction

The shorter direction b=13m

region ZONE Cpe qp(z) We cpi Wpi Wnet=We-Wpi Wmx
-
1 A -1.2 943.7 1,132.4 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 -849.33 -1,321.18 -1,321.18
4
B -0.8 943.7 -754.96 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 -471.85 -943.70 -943.70
C -0.5 943.7 -471.85 0.3 0.2 283.11 188.74 -754.96 -660.59 -754.96
D 0.8 943.7 754.96 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 1,038.07 566.22 1,038.07
E -0.52 943.7 -494.50 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 -211.39 -683.24 -683.24
2 A -1.2 825.6 -990.72 -0.3 0.2 -247.68 165.12 -743.04 -1,155.84 -1,155.84
B -0.8 825.6 -660.48 -0.3 0.2 -247.68 165.12 -412.80 -825.60 -825.60
C -0.5 825.6 -412.80 -0.3 0.2 -247.68 165.12 -165.12 -577.92 -577.92
D 0.78 825.6 643.97 -0.3 0.2 -247.68 165.12 891.65 478.85 891.65
E -0.45 825.6 -371.52 -0.3 0.2 -247.68 165.12 -123.84 -536.64 -536.64
3 A -1.2 810.8 -972.96 -0.3 0.2 -243.24 162.16 -729.72 -1,135.12 -1135.12
B -0.8 810.8 -648.64 -0.3 0.2 -243.24 162.16 -405.40 -810.80 -810.8
C -0.5 810.8 -405.40 -0.3 0.2 -243.24 162.16 -162.16 -567.56 -567.56
D 0.71 810.8 575.67 -0.3 0.2 -243.24 162.16 818.91 413.51 818.91
E -0.43 810.8 -348.64 -0.3 0.2 -243.24 162.16 -105.40 -510.80 -510.8
4 A -1.2 797 -956.42 -0.3 0.2 -239.10 159.40 -717.31 -1,115.82 -1115.82
B -0.8 797 -637.61 -0.3 0.2 -239.10 159.40 -398.51 -797.02 -797.02
C -0.5 797 -398.51 -0.3 0.2 -239.10 159.40 -159.40 -557.91 -557.91
D 0.7 797 557.91 -0.3 0.2 -239.10 159.40 797.02 398.51 797.02

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E -0.42 797 -334.75 -0.3 0.2 -239.10 159.40 -95.64 -494.15 -494.15
5 A -1.2 781.1 -937.32 -0.3 0.2 -234.33 156.22 -702.99 -1,093.54 -1093.54
B -0.8 781.1 -624.88 -0.3 0.2 -234.33 156.22 -390.55 -781.10 -781.1
C -0.5 781.1 -390.55 -0.3 0.2 -234.33 156.22 -156.22 -546.77 -546.77
D 0.69 781.1 538.96 -0.3 0.2 -234.33 156.22 773.29 382.74 773.29
E -0.4 781.1 -312.44 -0.3 0.2 -234.33 156.22 -78.11 -468.66 -468.66
6 A -1.2 760.5 -912.60 -0.3 0.2 -228.15 152.10 -684.45 -1,064.70 -1064.7
B -0.8 760.5 -608.40 -0.3 0.2 -228.15 152.10 -380.25 -760.50 -760.5
C -0.5 760.5 -380.25 -0.3 0.2 -228.15 152.10 -152.10 -532.35 -532.35
D 0.67 760.5 509.54 -0.3 0.2 -228.15 152.10 737.69 357.44 737.69
E -0.38 760.5 -288.99 -0.3 0.2 -228.15 152.10 -60.84 -441.09 -441.09

4.4.3.Wind load along the longer direction (θ =900).

b = 21.5,2b = 43>h =31

Figure 4.3 Reference height, Ze, depending on hand b, and

corresponding velocity pressure profile
For z = 21.5,Vm = 25.35,Iv = 0.165,qp = 865.28N/M^2
For z = 31,vm = 26.884,IV = 0.1556,qp = 943.7
e = min (b,2h)=min (21.5,62)
e = 21.5
d =13
e>d

Figure 4.4. wind in A & B direction

Table 4.4.external wind pressure coefficient for longer direction

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b = 21.5
zone A B D E
h H/d Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10
5 -1.2 -0.8 0.8 -0.7
31 2.38 -1.2 -0.8 0.8 -0.6
21 1.65 -1.2 -0.8 0.8 -0.56
1 -1.2 -0.8 0.8 -0.5

Table 4.5. External wind pressure in the longer direction

the longer direction b = 21.5
ZON qp(z)
region Cpe We cpi Wpi Wnet=We-Wpi Wmx
E
-
-
1 A -1.2 943.7 1,132.4 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 -849.33 -1,321.18
1,321.18
4
B -0.8 943.7 -754.96 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 -471.85 -943.70 -943.70
D 0.8 943.7 754.96 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 1,038.07 566.22 1,038.07
E -0.6 943.7 -566.22 -0.3 0.2 -283.11 188.74 -283.11 -754.96 -754.96
-
865.2 -
2 A -1.2 1,038.3 -0.3 0.2 -259.58 173.06 -778.75 -1,211.39
8 1,211.39
4
865.2
B -0.8 -692.22 -0.3 0.2 -259.58 173.06 -432.64 -865.28 -865.28
8
865.2
D 0.8 692.22 -0.3 0.2 -259.58 173.06 951.81 519.17 951.81
8
-
865.2
E 0.5 -484.56 -0.3 0.2 -259.58 173.06 -224.97 -657.61 -657.61
8
6

4.6.Wind load along the longer direction (b = 21.5m)

zone D E
Area Wnet(N/ Wnet(N/
floor F(KN F(KN
m2 m2 m2
groun
64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
d
1 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
2 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
3 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
4 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
5 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
6 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
7 64.5 951.81 61.39 -657.61 -42.42
8 64.5 1,038.07 66.96 -754.96 -48.69
9 64.5 1,038.07 66.96 -754.96 -48.69
Table 4.7. wind load in the longer direction along a&b

zone A B

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Wnet(N/ Wnet(N/
floor Area F(KN) Area F(KN)
m2 m2
- -
ground 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
- -
1 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
- -
2 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
- -
3 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
- -
4 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
- -
5 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
- -
6 12.9 -1,211.39 26.1 -865.28
15.63 22.583808
-
7 12.9 -1,321.18 26.1 -943.7 -24.63057
17.04
-
8 12.9 -1,321.18 26.1 -943.7 -24.63057
17.04
-
9 12.9 -1,321.18 26.1 -943.7 -24.63057
17.04

4.8.Wind load along the shorter direction (b = 17.4m)

zone D E
floor Area Wnet(N/m2 F(KN) Wnet(N/m2 F(KN)
ground 39 737.69 28.77 -441.09 -12.69
1 39 737.69 28.77 -441.09 -12.69
2 39 737.69 28.77 -441.09 -12.69
3 39 737.69 28.77 -441.09 -12.69
4 39 737.69 28.77 -441.09 -12.69
5 39 773.29 30.16 -468.66 -14.13
6 39 785.155 30.62 -494.15 -15.13
7 39 1,038.07 40.48 -683.24 -27.66
8 39 1,038.07 40.48 -683.24 -27.66
9 39 1,038.07 40.48 -683.24 -27.66
Table 4.9. wind loads in each story for zone A,B&C
zone A B C
Wnet(N/
floor Area F(KN) AREA Wnet(N/m2 F(KN) AREA Wnet(N/m2 F(KN)
m2
ground 12.9 -1064.7 -13.73 30.4 -760.5 -23.1192 22.5 -532.35 -11.977875
1 12.9 -1064.7 -13.73 30.4 -760.5 -23.1192 22.5 -532.35 -11.977875
2 12.9 -1064.7 -13.73 30.4 -760.5 -23.1192 22.5 -532.35 -11.977875
3 12.9 -1064.7 -13.73 30.4 -760.5 -23.1192 22.5 -532.35 -11.977875
4 12.9 -1064.7 -13.73 30.4 -760.5 -23.1192 22.5 -532.35 -11.977875
5 12.9 -1093.54 -14.11 30.4 -781.1 -23.74544 22.5 -546.77 -12.302325

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6 12.9 -1,100.78 -14.20 30.4 -792.67 -24.09716 22.5 -550.45 -12.385125

7 12.9 -1,321.18 -17.04 30.4 -943.7 -28.68848 22.5 -754.96 -16.9866
8 12.9 -1,321.18 -17.04 30.4 -943.7 -28.68848 22.5 -754.96 -16.9866
9 12.9 -1,321.18 -17.04 30.4 -943.7 -28.68848 22.5 -754.96 -16.9866

4.5.Wind load analysis for roof

Wind is a moving air which possesses energy. The effect of wind on structures is
significant on light and dynamic structures. Wind effects induce forces, vibrations,
and in some cases instabilities in the overall structure as well as its non-structural
components.
The action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our structure which acts
both externally and internally.
4.5.1. External wind pressure
As the name implies it is the wind pressure acting on the external surface of the
Structure
given as:
We = qp (ze). cpe EN 1991-1-4:2004 Section5.2 (1)
where:-
qp(ze) is the peak velocity pressure
ze is the reference height for the external pressure
cpe is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
4.5.2. The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, We
The wind pressure acting on external surfaces, We, should be obtained using ES EN
1991-1-4:2015
expression 5.1.
The reference height should be taken as H=31m
e=min (b, 2h), b=cross wind direction
e=min(21.5,2*31)
E=21.5m

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Figure 4.5. key for flat roof

Table 4.5 area of respective region
zone area
F 2.15*5.375 = 11.55625
G 2.15*16.2 = 34.83
H 10.75*21.5 = 184.9
I 10.75*21.5 = 231.125

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Table 4.5.1.external wind pressure coefficient

zone area Cpe+Cpe, 10
F 11.55625 -1.28
G 34.83 -1.1
H 184.9 -0.7
I 231.125 -0.2
Table 4.5.2. Internal pressure coefficient and load

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ZONE F G H I
Cpi +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2
area 11.55625 34.83 184.9 231.125
F G H I
zone
Cpe -1.28 -1.1 -0.7 -0.2
CPI +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2
Cpe-Cpi -1.48 -1.3 -0.9 -0.4
area 11.55625 34.83 184.9 231.125
WnetKN/M^2 -16.13 -42.7 -156.276 -87.24

The maximum suction = -156.276KN/M^2

Chapter 5
Earthquake
Earthquakes result from the sudden movement of tectonic plates in the earth‘s
crust. The movement takes place at fault line, and the energy release is transmitted
through the earth in the form of waves that cause ground motion many miles from
the epicenter. Regions adjacent to active fault lines are the most prone to
experience earthquakes.
5.1.Lateral force method of analysis
There are two methods of analysis on earthquake. They are:
• Equivalent Static Analysis – For regular building structures
• Dynamic Analysis – for irregular building structures
To select from both method of analysis described above, first we must know the
regularity of our building.
our building structure is assumed to be regular structure, we can
use equivalent static method of analysis.
Ground type D,type 1 elastic response spectrum ESEN 1998
Table 2.1:Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 1elastic
response spectra
Table 5.1. Ground types

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Table 5.2. Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 2 elastic
response spectra

So, our ground type is D

5.2.Peak ground acceleration

ao=ag/g=0.1*importance factor(residential=1.4)
ao=0.1*1.4=0.14
ag=ao*g=0.14*9.81
ag=1.3734m/s^2
5.3.Fundamental period of vibration(T1)
T1=Ct*H^(3/4) where,Ct=0.075 for RC structure,H is the height of the building.
=0.075*31^(3/4)
T1=0.985sec
5.4.Behavior factor q
Table 5.3.:Basic value of the behaviour factor, qo, for systems regular in elevation
STRUCTURAL TYPE DCM DCH
Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 3.0αu/α1 4.5αu/α1
Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4.0αu/α1
Torsionally flexible system 2.0 3.0
Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0

q=qo*kw>1.5,if it is less than 1.5 take 1.5

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For DCM qo=3*au/a1,(for frame system)

Au/a1=1.3(for multi story,multi frame system)
Kw=1,for frame and frame equivalent system
qo=3*1.3=3.9
q=qo*kw=3.9*1=3.9
5.5.Design spectrum
For the horizontal component of the seismic action the design spectrum
Sd(T),Shall be defined by the following expression.

Where
T is the vibration period of a linear single degree Of freedom system,
ag is the design ground acceleration on type A ground
TB is the lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration
branch,
TC the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration
branch,
TD is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range
of the spectrum,
S is the soil factor
Β is the lower bound factor for the horizontal design
Spectrum(B=0.2 recommended value)
S TB TC TD
1.35 0.2 0.8 2
For,

Sd(T)=MAX
Sd(t)=max(1.3734*1.35*2.5/3.9*(0.8/0.985),0.2*1.3734)
Sd(T)=MAX(0.965,0.292276)

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Sd(T)=0.965
5.6.Weight and center of mass calculation
Weight is used for earth quake calculation.
The inertial effects of the design seismic action shall be evaluated by taking into
account the presence of the masses associated with all gravity loads appearing in the
following combination of actions according to ES EN-1998-1 equation (3.17).
∑Gk, j “+” ∑ѱE,i.Qk,i
ψE,i is the combination coefficient for variable action i. The combination
coefficients ψE, i take into account the likelihood of the loads Qk,i not being
present over the entire structure during the earthquake. ψE,i=ᵠ .ѱ2i.
The values of ᵠ for calculating ψE, I for different category of variable action are
specified on ES EN-1998-1, Table 4.2.
Table 5.4:Values of for different categories of variable action

Table 5.5 dead load on typical floor

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Table 5.6 dead load on ground floor

Table 5.7 dead load on column

Table 5.8 dead load on wall

Table 5.9 dead load on partition

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Table 5.10 dead load on the beam

TABLE 5.11 live load on typical floor

Table 5. 12 Live load on the ground floor

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Table 5.13:dead and live load on single typical floor

Table 5.14:Dead and live load on ground floor

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Table 5.15:Dead load on the roof

∑Gk, j “+” ∑ѱE,i.Qk,i

Total load calculation
Dead load for ground floor =3,093.795
Dead load for Typical floor from 1to 11 =3,259.531*9=29,335.779
Dead load for Roof =1197.05KN
Total dead load=33,626.624
Live load for ground floor=909.875KN
Live load for typical floor from 1to 11=5,031KN
Total live load=5,940.875

M=∑Gk, j “+” ∑ѱE,i.Qk,i

ψE,i=ᵠ .ѱ2i. this found from tab
Table 5.8:Recommended values of ѱ2factors for buildings

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ψE,I=0.8**0.3
ψE,I=0.24
M=∑Gk, j “+” 0.24∑Qk,i
M=33,626.624+0.24*5,940.875
M=35,052.434KN
5.7.Base Shear Force Determination
The seismic base shear force Fb, for each horizontal direction in which the building is
analyzed, shall be determined using the following expression:
Base Shear Fb = Sd (T1) m (from ES EN1998-1-1: Clause 4.3.3.2.2)
Where:
T1 is the fundamental period of vibration of the building for lateral motion in the
direction
considered;
m is the total mass of the building, above the foundation or above the top of a rigid
basement,
computed in accordance with 3.2.4(2)
λ is the correction factor, the value of which is equal to: λ = 0.85 if T1< 2 TC and the
building has
more than two storey, or λ = 1.0 otherwise.
Fb=Sd(t1)M* λ
Λ is equal to o.85 since T1<2Tc
Fb=0.965*35,052.434*0.85
Fb=28,751.7589885KN
5.9.Distribution of horizontal force

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Table 2.16:distribution of horizontal force

mizi/
STOREY Zi(m) Mi(KN) MiZi Fb (KN) Fi (KN)
sum(Mizi)
ground 3 4003.67 12,011.01 0.02 28,751.75 517.19

3818.53
1 6 22,911.19 0.03 28,751.75 986.54
1
3818.53
2 9 34,366.78 0.05 28,751.75 1,479.82
1
3818.53
3 12 45,822.37 0.07 28,751.75 1,973.09
1
3818.53
4 15 57,277.97 0.09 28,751.75 2,466.36
1
3818.53
5 18 68,733.56 0.10 28,751.75 2,959.63
1
3818.53
6 21 80,189.15 0.12 28,751.75 3,452.90
1
3818.53
7 24 91,644.74 0.14 28,751.75 3,946.18
1
3818.53 103,100.3
8 27 0.15 28,751.75 4,439.45
1 4
3818.53 114,555.9
9 30 0.17 28,751.75 4,932.72
1 3

roof 31 1197.05 37,108.55 0.06 28,751.75 1,597.88

667,721.5 316,269.2
SUM 1.00 28,751.75
8 5
Chapter 6
Geometric imperfectioni
Introduction
Before calculating the geometric imperfection load we need to understand what we mean by
Geometric Imperfection. Geometric imperfection is the buckling or deviation of the structure laterally
due to the loads applied on it. This occurs on structures that have thin wall structures that are steel
structures, structures that are not laterally braced, and structures that are highly susceptible to
buckling. So, these loads must be taken into account in designing a certain building because they
affect the stability of the structure. Buildings such as this type are subjected to loads that result the
lateral buckling of the building since they are subjected to cases such as geometric imperfection in
their construction as well as the effect resulting from the frame actions that make the building to
have a sway system and result the buckling. So, we must keep in mind that in designing and
constructing these buildings we need to take care of these problems so that our building will be safe
from such effects.In our project we considered the effect of this imperfection so that our building
could be safe and stable. The ggeometric imperfection analysis is done using the dead load.

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Examples of effects of geometric imperfection

ℎ= = 0.3405 ,Should be equal or between 2/3 and 1, therefor ℎ=2/3

1
0.5 1+
𝐶= 15 =0.7303

Өj=0.005 ∗ 2/3 ∗ 0.7303 = 0.002435

Table 6.1 Geometric imperfection load

Storey Combo Location P (kN) Pb-Pa θi Hi,KN

roof DEAD Bottom 1912.3439 1912.344 0.00244 4.6565574

9th DEAD Bottom 4614.5934 2702.25 0.00244 6.57997753
8th DEAD Bottom 7346.59 2731.997 0.00244 6.65241172
7th DEAD Bottom 10227.48 2880.89 0.00244 7.01496715
6th DEAD Bottom 13116.8 2889.32 0.00244 7.03549347
5th DEAD Bottom 16020.97 2904.17 0.00244 7.07165468
4rd DEAD Bottom 19155.708 3134.738 0.00244 7.63308703
3nd DEAD Bottom 22295.716 3140.008 0.00244 7.64591875
2st DEAD Bottom 25452.106 3156.39 0.00244 7.68581038
1st DEAD Bottom 28474.013 3021.907 0.00244 7.35834452

Chapter 7
Beam Analysis and Design
A beam is a structural element that is designed to resist bending and carry loads. It is
a horizontal or inclined structural member that is typically long and slender in shape.
Beams are commonly used in construction to support the weight of floors, roofs,
walls, and other structural components.
Beams are typically made of materials such as wood, steel, concrete, or composite
materials. The choice of material depends on factors such as the required strength,
span length, and the specific application of the beam.
The primary function of a beam is to transfer the loads it carries, such as the weight
of the structure or additional loads like furniture or people, to the supporting
columns or walls. Beams are designed to resist bending moments and shear forces
that act on them.
The shape and size of a beam depend on the specific structural requirements and
the loads it needs to carry. Common beam shapes include rectangular, I-shaped (also
known as an I-beam or H-beam), and T-shaped beams. The selection of the
appropriate beam shape and size is determined through structural analysis and
calculations.
DESIGN FOR COVER

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Applied moment = 261.5 KN.m

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Figure 7.1 section view of beam

FOR our beam b1 = b2

B2 -= B1 = 5.75-0.3/2 = 2.725m

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Lo = 0.7 x 5.75 = 4.025m

Beff = min(0.2 x 2.725m + 0.1 x 4.025m= 0.9475 , 0.2 x 4.025 = 0.805m)

Beff = 0.805m
Beff 1 = beff 2 = 0.805
Beff 1 = 0.805 <= 2.725m ……… ok

Beff = 0.805 + 0.805 + 0.3 = 1.91m <= 5.75 ……… ok

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Figure 7.2 elastic

Design value
d = 450 – (25 + 8 + 8)
d = 409mm

fcd = 0.85 * 25 / 1.5 = 14.1667

fyd = 400/ 1.15 = 347.83

Beff 1 = 0.2x2.875 + 0.1 X 5.75 <= 0.2 X 5.75 = 1.15

= 1.15 <= 1.15
Beff 1 = Beff 2
Beff = beff + bw = 2.6m
Beff = 2600mm
Hf = 200mm
Bw = 300

Assume neutral axis on the flange

Cc = 0.8 * fcd * b
Ts = As * Fyd
Z = d – 0.4x
Msd = Cc * Z = 0.8 * Fcd * b * x * (d – 0.4x)
94.24 X 10^6/ 0.8 * 14.167 * 2600
X = 7.67 …… ok

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Kx = x/d = 7.67/ 450 = 0.017 < 0.448 ……. Ok

M= As*Fyd*Z
As = M/fyd * Z
= 94,24 * 10^6 / (14.167 * (d – 0.4x))
= 606.264

As min = 238.46…….ok
As max = 0.04 * 450 * 300 = 5400 …….. ok
Column Design
A column is a vertical structural member supporting axial compressive loads,
with or without moment. The cross-section dimensions of a column are generally
considerably less than its height.Columns supports vertical loads from the floor
and roof and transmit these loads to the foundation.
Second order effects on columns
According to ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 5.8 second order effects are
additional action caused by structural deformation. Second order effects may be
ignored if they are less than 10% of the corresponding first order or satisfied the
following criteria.
9.1.1Simplified criteria for second order effects
9.1.1.1 Slenderness criteria
According to EN ES 1992-1-1:2015 section 5.8.3.1 second order effects may be
ignored if the slenderness is below a certain value.

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Design of column
Step 1
Material
Fck = 25 ,, fcd = 14.1674
Fyk = 400 ,, fyd = 347.83
Step 2 – check slenderness limit
20 ABC
λ 0=¿ A = 0.7 , B = 1.1 C =1.7 – rm
√n
Where r m = m01 /m02
N ed
n=
A c f cd
Step 3- Slenderness
l
λ= o
i
If λ < λ 0 it is Short column there not need slenderness limit
Step 4 accidental ecentrcity
l
e a= o
400
Step 5 equivalent first order eccentricity
M 02
e 02 =
N sd
M
e 01= 01
N sd
e e= max {0.6 x e 02+ 0.4 x e01 ,0.4 x e 02}
e tot = e 0 + e e + e 2
Step 6 design
N sd is given
M sd = N sd x e tot
N sd
v sd= 2
f cd b d
M sd
μsd = 2
f cd b d
Using the value 0f v sd and μsd find the value of ω
ω f cd bd
A s ,tot =
f yd
A
A = s , tot
2
Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1 N ed
A s ,min = max{ , 0.002 Ac }
f yd
A s ,max = 0.08 Ac

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Table 9.1 check second order slenderness effect

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Table 9.2 equivalent first order eccentricity and total eccentricity

Table 9.3 moment on the column

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Table 9.4 the value of As for each floor according to their maximum Ѡ.

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i
Detalling of beam

Detaling of column
Figure 8.1 detaling of column