Q.

1) explain boundary value testing or analysis

=>
• It is a black box testing design technique based on test cases. it is used to
see is there is bug present at boundary of input domain
• BVA helps to test within the boundaries of both valid and invalid inputs
of input field partition
• It comes under stress and negative testing
Advantages –
1. BVA technique is easy to use and remember due automated nature of
this technique
2. Test cases generated through BVA are very small
3. Test cases procedure and guidelines are crystal clear and easy
4. It is best in revealing user input errors in software
Disadvantages –
1. This technique fails to test all input and results are unsure
2. This technique fails in testing Boolean variables
3. It only works well with independent variable that describes quantity

Q.2) explain robust boundary value testing

=>
• In robust value testing software is tested by giving invalid value inputs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvoT34NJHEk
• Total test cases = (number of variables * number of testing point without
nominal) +1
Q.3) explain worst boundary value testing
=>
• Test cases = A*A where A is number of testing points
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7blZuKBRZY&t=148s
Q.4) what is special value testing
=>
 • This testing verifies whether each function of software application
operates in given set of standard or rules with required specification
• Each functionality is tested by providing appropriate input, verifying and
comparing actual result with expected once
• Testing is based on past experiences which validates that no bug or left
undetected
• It is Ad-hoc in nature and there are no guidelines for the tester
• Tester are extremely knowledgeable and use this information to carry
put testing
Disadvantages –
• It is highly dependent on abilities of tester
• Finding extremely knowledgeable tester is difficult for SVA
Q.5) what is random testing or monkey testing
=>
• In this type of testing user test application by providing random inputs
• It is black box testing which is performed when there is no time to write
and execute the test
Advantages –
• This testing is easy to setup and execute
• It does not require skilled tester
• It is great technique to test reliability of software
• This is extremely cost effective
Disadvantages –
• Testing is highly random so its impossible to find exact path of bug or
recreate bug
• It is very difficult and time consuming to find expected cause of issue
found during testing
• There is no predefined test path or testing process path
• Tester cannot assure the accuracy of test cases

Q.6) what is equivalence class testing and its features

=>
 • equivalence class testing helps the tester team in getting accurate and
expected result in limited time period while covering large input
scenarios
• it is also termed as logical step in model of functional testing and they
are used to test software product into different classes
Features -
• it is a black-box testing which restricts or stops the tester from externally
examining software product
• it is used in form groups of test field with similar nature
• these are based on classes so they reduce number test cases required for
testing
• it works well when input is available in terms of intervals and set of
discrete values
• they do not work well with Boolean and logical types of variables
• the mix combination on ECT and BVT gives effective result
Q.7) explain types of equivalence class testing
=> they are classified into four type –
• Weak normal ECT – in this one variable from each equivalence class is
tested by team and its values are identified in systematic manner also
known as single fault assumption
• String normal ECT - the team selects test cases from each element of the
Cartesian product of the equivalence also called multiple fault
assumption
• Weak robust ECT – it is same is Weak normal ECT just it focuses on
testing test cases for invalid inputs
• Strong robust ECT – it produces test cases for both valid and invalid
elements of product it does not reduce redundancy in testing
Q.8) explain advantages and disadvantages of ECT
=> advantages –
• It helps to reduce number of test cases without affecting test coverage
• Reduces test time and minimize set of test data]
• It can be used in all types of testing like unit and integration testing
• It helps tester to focus on small data set thereby finds more defects
 Disadvantages –
• It does not have condition for boundary values
• It needs skilled tester to find equivalence class
Q.9) Differentiate between ECT and BVA
=>
ECT BVA
It is type of black box testing It is next step of ECT
It can be used in any level of testing It is part of stress and negative
like unit and integration testing
Test case technique used to divide Used to test boundary value between
input data into different classes partition
Reduces time of testing using Reduces overall time of test
effective test cases execution
Test only one from each partition of Selects test cases form edge of EC
EC

Q.10) what is decision table testing

=>
• It is also known as cause-and-effect table. it is combination different
inputs in a line with their outputs
• It is used to implement logic by embedding them with codes and logic
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlbH9Wm0Z9U
• It is black box test design technique to determine test cases for complex
business logic
• It helps tester to search effect of combination different inputs and
software states that implements business rules
• Provides easy of stating complex business logic it also allows tester to
test all possible combinations
Q.11) explain cause and effect graphing
=>
• Cause Effect Graphing based technique is a technique in which a graph is
used to represent the situations of combinations of input conditions
• Cause-effect graphing technique is used because boundary value analysis
and equivalence class partitioning methods do not consider the
combinations of input conditions.
• It has ability to identify defects that are hidden by other thing
• Starting point of cause-and-effect graph is documentation that defines
what system is supposed to do
1. Identity Function: if c is 1, then e is 1. Else e is 0.

2. NOT Function: if c is 1, then e is 0. Else e is 1.

3. OR Function: if c1 or c2 or c3 is 1, then e is 1. Else e is 0.

4. AND Function: if both c1 and c2 and c3 is 1, then e is 1. Else e is

0.
 • It Helps us to determine the root causes of a problem or quality using a
structured approach.
• It Uses an orderly, easy-to-read format to diagram cause-and-effect
relationships.
• It Indicates possible causes of variation in a process.
• It Identifies areas, where data should be collected for further study.
Q.12) explain DD path testing
=>
• The best-known form of code-based testing is based on decision-to -
decision path (DD-path)
• Miller’s words, begins with the “outway” of a decision statement and
ends with the “inway” of the next decision statement.
• these paths are called chains, where a chain is a path in which the initial
and terminal nodes are distinct, and every interior node has indegree = 1
and outdegree = 1.
Definition
A DD-path is a sequence of nodes in a program graph such that
Case 1: It consists of a single node with indeg = 0.
Case 2: It consists of a single node with outdeg = 0.
Case 3: It consists of a single node with indeg ≥ 2 or outdeg ≥ 2.
Case 4: It consists of a single node with indeg = 1 and outdeg = 1.
Case 5: It is a maximal chain of length ≥ 1.
Q.13) explain basis path testing
=>
• path testing is executed by team during software testing lifecycle that
helps team to find structural aspects of product that enables team to
guarantee quality of product
• it requires complete knowledge of program structure
• it is white box testing technique that helps team to find internal flow of
software product
• used to find large quantities of defects during unit testing
 • used to unit test the code of software product
• there are three path testing techniques
1. control flow chart – it involves representing the program in form
of control chart it involves links, edges, regions
2. DD path – refer above question Q.12
3. Basic path testing – refer above question Q.13

Q.14) explain advantages and disadvantages of path testing

=> advantages –
• It mainly focuses on program logic
• Allow tester to find flow of program during testing process
• It is highly dependent on source code of program
• Ensures execution of each and every path present in software
Disadvantages –
• Due to error in specification presence of defects cannot be detected
during path testing
• It requires expert and skilled testers having in-depth knowledge of
programming and code
• It is difficult to test all path when product is more complex
Q.15) explain data floe testing and its types
=>
• It focuses on data variables and their values used in software product
using control floe graph
• It is form of white box and structural type testing used to fill gaps
between path testing and branch testing
• Its intension is to reveal coding errors and mistakes
Life cycle – it goes from 3 phases
• Definition – data variables are defined, created and initialized
• Usages – declared variable can be used in programming code in two
forms predicate and computational
• Deletion or kill – memory allocated to variable is freed and used for
other process
Types –
• Statis data flow testing – in this code analysis is done without
performing actual execution of code
• Dynamic data flow testing – it involves execution of code to monitor and
observe immediate result. It consist of identification of d-u pairs,
detecting feasible path between each definition and usages pair and
creating set of test cases
Q.16) explain data-flow testing coverage
=> it is classified under five types –
• All definition coverage – sub path from each definition to some of their
respective use
• All definition C-use coverage - sub path from each definition to all their
respective c use
• All definition P-use coverage - sub path from each definition to all their
respective P use
• All use coverage - sub path from each definition to every respective use
• Al definition use coverage – simple sub path from each definition to
every respective use
Q.17) explain program slicing and its tools
=>
• It is program analysis technique used during debugging and
reengineering
• It disables all parts of program that currently of no use
• Programmer clicks on statement and program slicer highlights all
program statements that produce wrong value
• Relationship between variable definitions and variable usages is known
Tools –
• Code surfer is commercial tool for performing static slicing on c
programs
• Indus is for static code slicing in java
• Oberon slicing tool