ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATIONS

By
TIPU NAZIR
2019-GCUF-02738

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of

The requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Laws
(LL.B)

DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGE OF LAW

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD

2024
 DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my parents, family and teachers.
For their endless love, support and encouragement

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 DECLARATION
The work reported in this thesis was carried out by me under the supervision of Dr.
Fozia Naseem, Assistant Professor, Department of College of Law, Government College
University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
I hereby declare that the title of thesis “ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS” and the contents of thesis are the product of my own
research, and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references,
standard of genetic models / protocols etc). I further declare that this work has not been
submitted for award of any other degree/diploma. The University may take action if the
information provided is found inaccurate at any stage.

___________________
Tipu Nazir
2019-GCUF-02738

ii
 CERTIFICATE BY THE RESEARCH SUPERVISORY
COMMITTEE
It is certified that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Tipu Nazir, Registration No.

2019-GCUF-02738 has been found satisfactory and in accordance with the prescribed
format. We recommend it to be processed for the evaluation by the External Examiner for the
award of degree.

Name:…………………………………….

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 Table of Contents
Chapter
Title Page No.
No.

DEDICATION ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

LIST OF CONTENTS vi

ABSTRACT vii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 TREND 3

3 BACKGROUND 5

4 METHODS IN INVESTIGATIONS 12

5 PAKISTAN CRIME FORENSICS 25

6 CAUSES 29

7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY 37

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 ABSTRACT

Any investigation requires a thorough investigation of the crime scene. It's where science,
logic, and law collide. The process of a crime scene investigation is long and tiresome,
requiring useful documentation, photos or videography of the situation or condition on the
site, as well as the location of the evidence. The gathering of any physical evidence that could
help to clear the air and shed light on what had transpired, as well as how and who had done
it. There is no such thing as a typical crime scene, a typical frame of evidence, or a
conventional investigative method. The divide between field and lab work is handled
differently by each crime scene investigation (CSI) unit. The investigators at A1l are not
forensic scientists. Some crime scene investigators work in the police department. Some
crime scene investigators work in the field, collecting evidence and transporting it to a
forensic science laboratory for analysis and reporting. This review's main goal is to suggest
practical ways and guidelines to assist forensic and law enforcement experts in dealing with
crime scene evidence in order to avoid contamination, deterioration, and loss of value.

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Chapter 1

1. Introduction:

Crime is a global phenomenon that will become more sophisticated over time. Criminologists
and detectives all across the world, particularly in technologically advanced countries, are
adopting innovative approaches to combat crime using the most up-to-date criminal
investigative techniques. However, in a country like Pakistan, criminal investigative sources
remain basically in the past. The goal of this study was to have a better understanding of the
historical context of criminal investigation in this region of the world. What are the state-of-
the-art facilities for conducting the investigation? What patterns, trends, and realities are
prevalent at our police station when it comes to conducting criminal investigations? It has
been the subject of research, with stations focusing on it. There have also been facts and data
provided (Sahito, 2009).

1.1. What is a criminal investigation?

“Investigation" is a word confined to proceedings of Magistrates, and "Inquiry" is the word

appropriate to the proceedings of Magistrates before trial” (Ostrom, Parks, & Whitaker,
1978).

All of these definitions and questions are intended to determine guilt or to make legal efforts
to locate the truth through numerous sources used by law enforcement agencies/police to
generate and prove in a court of law. Because it is the primary job of the police to maintain
peace and order in society and to enforce the law, police must bring criminals/lawbreakers to
justice through investigating facts. It is impossible to prove a crime in court without a
thorough criminal investigation. As a result, a criminal investigation is extremely important
in any culture around the world, including our own. According to reports, the United States
has around 18000 public law1 enforcement entities (VIOLENCE & CARE).

The criminal justice system The SJS comprises the network of courts dealing with criminal
law and its application. This system includes government practices and institutions, crime
prevention and punishing those who break the law with sanctions rehabilitation efforts.
Various administrative bodies involved in law enforcement, such as the Ministry of Law and
Justice. Each of the institutions and individuals listed above have their own goals and
priorities that feed into the operation of the SJC.3 Elements of an effective criminal justice
system: Different countries use different methods to ensure their SJC is effective. Certain

7
considerations must be made to ensure that the criminal justice system works or not. The
public has confidence in the criminal justice system and other government agencies. A
criminal justice system is effective when it is able to criminalize crime, which in turn creates
deterrence in society. Knowing that every crime has a criminal sanction creates deterrence in
society. A society with a low crime rate has an effective SJC. Where the CJS is effective, a
smaller proportion of the population is criminal. For a CJS to be effective, the agencies and
departments that make it up must be funded to ensure that the goals for which it was created
are achieved. For CJS to be effective, CJS authorities and individuals must respect human
rights while upholding and enforcing the law.4 Use of Forensic Science in CJS Forensic
science is the cornerstone of CJS. Can be used in almost any criminal case to provide the
determining factor as to the adequacy of the evidence to state the facts. Create a crime
visualization by analyzing the crime scene, witness statements, and evidence. The following
are the ways in which the coroner Science has made it easier for LEAs to communicate
through a system without losing evidence to better solve the case and find a link between
cases:1 Crime Scene Investigation the CSIA crime scene is created when police enter an area
of Interest related to an actual or suspected crimes refers to investigating a crime through a
series of steps. It also includes crime scene investigation, evidence gathering, and crime scene
documentation to secure evidence that can be used in court.

3. Background:

One of the most important parts of a good criminal investigation is the processing of the
crime scene. Forensic science is the result of true crime scene investigations, which
principally deal with the identification, gathering, proper packaging, transportation, and
analysis of evidence material. Various tentative evidences obtained on the crime scene can
become useful forensic evidences if they are searched systematically and managed effectively
(Doyle, 2010). As the value of a crime scene has been recognised, its function in current
policy making and model buildings has been assessed in order to lower the risk of crime and
also to prevent it. The documentation of evidence and the reasons for its collection is also a
key aspect of intelligence-led policing, which involves the use of adequately trained and
experienced crime scene personnel to process the scene. Intelligence-led police is the result of
effective crime scene analysis and manifestation, which allows the information gathered to be
used to produce forensic intelligence. Traces or information gathered at crime sites can also
aid in the development of future security models based on this intelligence (Mateen & Tariq,
2019; Ribaux et al., 2010; Sahito, 2009).

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3.1. Scientific Crime Scene Investigation

The majority of crime scene investigation textbooks currently limit the investigation to the
documentation of the crime scene and the following gathering and packing of physical
evidence.

Those who work at crime scenes have been unfairly characterized.

"Crime scene technicians," and they are frequently just involved in the crime site. site
security, crime scene recording, and evidence collecting as well as the preservation of
physical evidence recovered from the crime scene. The investigation of the crime scene and
the gathering of physical evidence. Evidence is crucial to the examination of a crime scene,
and certainly, it must be carried out properly (Hawthorne, 2021). These must be
completed. Maintaining the integrity of the crime scene is critical presenting actual proof and
the criminal case's final outcome investigation. The foregoing mechanical features of scene
security, crime scene recording, and physical evidence gathering and preservation are all part
of scientific crime scene investigation. But it also expects and needs more dynamic
techniques, such as surveying the scene, analyzing the scene, and formulating hypotheses the
relationship between the setting, tangible evidence, and people, as well as the criminal scene
is recreated. Even in agencies where crime scene tasks are assigned by levels, all staff
working a crime scene must understand the dynamic nature of the scene and the need of
linking and hypothesis generation. Scientific reasoning is used in crime scene investigation.

That the investigation of the crime scene is methodical, systematic, and rational. It starts with
the initial response to a crime scene and progresses through scene security, crime scene
documentation, physical evidence recognition, pattern enhancement, physical evidence
collection, packaging, and preservation, physical evidence examination, crime scene analysis
and profile, and finally, crime scene reconstruction. In addition, as indicated in Figure 1,
systematic crime scene investigation is based not only on the concepts of the Locard
Transfer Theory1, but also on the Linkage Principle2. Investigative leads will be generated
by combining scientific knowledge with forensic techniques of physical evidence inspection.
Physical evidence gathered at the crime scene or from other parts of the investigation is
frequently the cornerstone on which the case's success is built. However, there are numerous
instances where this is not the case (Lee, Palmbach, & Miller, 2001; Truman, Langton, &
Planty, 2015).

3
Due to a lack of physical evidence, the case was never solved or prosecuted. On the other
side, some people who are completely innocent are detained and prosecuted. as a result of
witness misidentification or forensic evidence abuse While it is theoretically conceivable to
commit a near-perfection crime, in which the criminal was able to carry out the crime,
leaving only the bare minimum of evidence, the crucial evidence is more likely to be
overlooked was never identified or discovered. The information has been gathered by a large
number of investigators. Expertise required to document, collect, and store many sorts of
information of tangible evidence However, the ostensibly straightforward(Giannelli, 2007).

Examining items unrelated to the incident may yield "false leads," wasting precious resources
and maybe leading to the wrong person being arrested. The identification of, on the other
hand, evidence of "probative value" (evidence that can be used to prove something) is
sometimes the center of or has a tendency to prove a truth at question) Just a few crime scene
investigators. When using this, exercise caution. as well, because crucial evidence may be
disregarded in a hasty decision. An attempt to prove a theory or connect the scene to a
specific suspect no matter what form of evidence is omitted or incorrectly preserved, it will
be lost(Investigation & Statistics, 2000).

3.2. Crime Scenes: Types.

1. The type of crime committed (e.g., homicide, sexual assault, robbery)

2. The initial place where the crime was committed (e.g., primary scene, secondary
scene)
3. The physical location (inside, outdoor, etc.)
4. The scene's physical limits (e.g., house, train, bank, computer, car)
5. The scene's physical condition (e.g., buried, underwater);
6. The criminal scene's look (e.g., organized or disorganized)
7. The activity (e.g., active or passive scenes)
8. The crime scene's size (e.g., universal, macroscopic, or microscopic scene).

4
This appears to be a straightforward task. In a complex issue, however, it is not always a
clear-cut approach. While focusing on substantial evidence might be effective at times, crime
scene investigators should be aware of different classification systems and how to build many
other hypotheses based on experience and observation. It's vital to remember that no single
classification system can account for all aspects of a crime scene and its investigation. It is
critical for crime scene investigators to gain the capacity to use their analytical abilities and
logical ways to make an initial decision about the number and types of crime scenes involved
in the crime's commission. It might be difficult to determine the exact, precise limits of a
crime scene.

After defining a crime scene and establishing a "boundary," the crime scene(s) should be
secured and handled appropriately. Any activities made at the crime site should comply with
all applicable laws. Standards and requirements based on legal and scientific principles. Once
the locations have been determined, When the proper sequence of events of the crime has
been established, the proper sequence of events of the crime can be ascertained. As a result,
the physical evidence from each of the scenes has been established. can be identified
successfully. The investigation of the crime scene. As a result, the forensic investigation will
begin(Investigation & Statistics, 2000).

3.3. Physical Evidence at the Crime Scene

Physical evidence can be classed based on its physical state, the sort of crime it was used to
solve, and the nature of the evidence, its makeup, or the types of questions it was used to
answer. Each of these classes has its own set of rules. In the field of crime scene
investigation, it's important for providing conceptual ideas and practical procedures. A crime
scene investigator must appreciate the interaction of several definitions or classifications of
crime scenes, recognize the theory of transfer evidence, and understand the proper
methodologies for locating microscopic crime scenes within the more obvious macroscopic
crime scenes(Lee & Harris, 2011). The crime scene investigator can determine this by
analyzing the crime scene. What kind of physical evidence is most likely to be found at a
certain sort of crime scene, where to look for it, and how to recognize, gather, preserve, and
process it Finally, the investigator should be able to reconstruct the crime scene precisely
based on the results of the physical evidence examination.

3.4. Crime Scene Protection:

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Protecting the crime scene is the most crucial component of collecting and preserving
evidence. To avoid contamination and retain the integrity of the evidence, the crime scene
must be well-protected until all evidence has been recorded and collected. The condition of
the physical evidence at the time of collecting and the location of the evidence may have an
impact on the case's success. The first responder (usually a police officer) arrives at the crime
scene and begins protecting the crime scene. The routes of entry and exit should be
thoroughly checked. The first responder should take command of the crime scene and assess
the level of protection provided. To determine the actual condition of the crime scene and the
location of the evidences, information about any change/disturbance should be acquired from
anyone who entered the area before the arrival of the first responder or investigating officer.
To prevent further disturbance of the scene and contamination of potential physical sources,
the crime scene and any other place where significant evidence might be recovered should be
closed. Unauthorized individuals should not be permitted to enter the crime scene, and those
who do so should preserve a record (Singh, 2021).

3.5. Evidence types:

 Fingerprints, footwear, barefoot imprints, tool marks, fabric impressions, tire

markings, and bite marks are examples of impression evidence.
 Blood, sperm, saliva, vomit, bodily fluids, hair, nail scrapings, blood stain patterns,
and other biological evidence
 Gunshot residues, arson accelerant, paint, glass, and fibers, among other things, are
examples of trace evidence.
 Weapons, gun powder patterns, projectiles, casings, pellets, fragments, wadding, and
cartridges are all examples of firearms.
 Computer, laptop, CCTV, device, camera, CD/DVD, mobile, cable, and other
electronic evidence
 Suicide notes, letters, markings, books, handwriting, Register, book, file, bill, letter,
form, property document, photographs, and other documentary evidence
 Chemical Evidence: Chemical materials, burning substances, explosive compounds,
and so on are all examples of chemical evidence.
 Digital evidence includes things like digital devices, electronic device
communications, voice calls, random calls, kidnapping calls, and photos, among other
things.

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  Knife, spade, rod, hammer, crowbar, and other tools

3.6. Crime Scene Evidence Use:

Physical evidence recognition and laboratory analysis can help steer an investigation in the
right direction. Physical evidence will not always be able to immediately link to or identify a
suspect. In fact, identifying an unknown drug is the most typical application of physical
evidence uncovered at crime scenes. Identification of suspected controlled substances or
poisons, identifying accelerants in fire debris, blood alcohol levels, and toxicology of blood
specimens are just a few examples. Furthermore, physical evidence might give a crime solver
with indirect investigation information or leads. This is the most crucial and significant
application of physical evidence gathered at a crime scene (Peterson & Hickman, 2005).

There won't be a "smoking gun" or an eyewitness at every crime scene, but there will
undoubtedly be tangible evidence that can assist the investigating cops. A seven-layer paint
chip from the victim's clothing, for example, can be utilized in a hit-and-run inquiry to
narrow down the number and types of cars that could have been involved in the accident. The
use of this data and car databases could drastically minimize the amount of time spent on the
investigation (Bowen & Schneider, 2007). Furthermore, the size of a shoeprint discovered at
the scene may aid the investigator in identifying a suspect or indicating possible shoe class
features. The DNA profiles from a victim's rape kit's semen stain can lead to a possible
suspect. The quantity of calibers of bullets discovered could indicate the number and type of
weapons used in the crime. The positions of blood spatters and fingerprint impressions can
reveal information about the sequence of events that transpired at the scene, or the conditions
of this pattern evidence can aid in identifying the actions that occurred there.

3.7. Crime Scene Evidence Documentation:

The goal of observing and documenting the crime scene is to make a mental note of where
potential evidence might be found, as well as to mentally prepare and sketch out how the
crime scene will be analyzed. The crime scene should be carefully observed, and transient
details such as lighting (on/off), newspaper, on the door/in the house, curtains (open/closed),
weather, temperature, movement of furniture, or other disturbances made in the life-saving
efforts, conditions that would support or refute suicide/self-defense (gunshot residue, position
of firearm in cases of shooting), etc. should be recorded. It's also crucial to know what should
be there at a crime scene but isn't, such as the victim's pocketbook, watch, jewelry, vehicle,

7
and so on. Similarly, take note of any artefacts that look to be out of place and could have
been abandoned by the perpetrator. Facts of the license (identity) number, the location of the
key, gear shift position, meter reading, steering position, amount of petrol in the tank, lights
turned on or off, and other details should be noted if cars are involved in a crime. Indoors on
hard flooring, the oblique lighting technique is a suitable technique to apply. A decent
flashlight with a powerful concentrated beam was all that was required for this procedure.
This light simply spreads across the floor surface and is almost parallel to it. After that, the
light is shifted back and forth. Any evidence, such as trace evidence and shoe prints, will be
displayed in a dramatic manner. This evidence may be barely visible or completely invisible
under typical lighting conditions. The ceiling, in addition to the floor, should be thoroughly
examined. It is capable of obtaining vital evidence such as blood splatter and bullet holes.
The documentation of crime scene conditions can be done via photography and videography.
It might give you a better idea of how the crime scene is laid out. Beginning with a basic
overview of the crime scene and the surrounding region, photography and videography
should cover the crime scene using wide-angle, close-up, and macro cameras. Individually
packaging evidence eliminates cross-contamination and harm from touch. The chain of
custody must be maintained a record reflecting the location of the evidence at the time of
collection. In addition, relevant standard / reference samples must be acquired from
appropriate persons for comparison at the crime scene and in the laboratory, such as hair, a
buccal swab, and fiber. Any evidence removed from a person or a crime scene must be done
in compliance with the proper search and seizure protocol. Failure to get suitable analysis
results and lessen its value before the court of law due to the investigator's lack of scientific
expertise regarding the proper collection, preservation, storage, and transfer of crime scene
evidence.

4. Methods in Investigation:

Because the British government colonized the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent, the current
criminal investigation system is based on the United Kingdom Police System, which they
installed in India as a colony. When the Metropolitan Police London's detective section was
reformed in 1878 for appropriate recording and transmission of information, the name
Criminal Investigation Department was first used. It was during the English colonial
occupation of United India at that time. The Police Commission of 1902-3, on the other hand,
proposed that criminal investigation departments be established in the provinces of the Indo-
Pakistan Subcontinent. Sir Edward Lee French was appointed as the department's first

8
Deputy Inspector General in Punjab in 1905. The murder of a European girl for which
Shouldam, an Anglo Indian, was found liable was the first challenging case that catapulted
the Punjab Criminal Investigation to notoriety. In 1911, the Sindh Criminal Investigation
Department was established as a tiny branch under the supervision of an Assistant
Superintendent of Police. These branches used a variety of resources to investigate the
crimes, including fingerprints, forensic laboratories, and dog branches, among others. Here
are some examples. By 1897, the system had been perfected in Bengal to the point where an
independent committee appointed by the government to assess its merits came out in favor of
it, and the Governor-General Council passed a resolution directing that the system of criminal
identification by finger impression be adopted throughout British India, including Sindh. The
fingerprints system was first implemented in Punjab in 1896. By 1903, British India had a
slew of finger print bureaus.

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4.1. Investigation searching method”

The major focus of a crime scene investigation is the identification and recovery of physical
evidence. In this case, the appropriate searching procedure (s) should be used on certain types
of crime scenes. In the case of a crime scene investigation, there are a variety of search
patterns that can be used. Here are a few of them:

4.1.1. Spiral method:

The searchers begin at one end (a location outside the crime scene) and work their way to the
center of the crime scene, following the spiral's course.

4.1.2. Strip Method:

The entire region to be searched must be divided into a manageable number of strips. Each
strip is thoroughly scrutinized one by one. The procedure is repeated until all of the searchers
have covered the entire region.

4.1.3. Zone or quad method:

The crime scene is separated into numerous zones, each of which is investigated separately.
The large square is then conveniently partitioned into small squares, with each small square
being thoroughly searched.

4.1.4. Grid Method:

The searcher in the grid approach starts out like a strip search. He searches back at right
angles to the original strip after completing the horizontal lanes search. This strategy of
searching from two different angles aids in the recovery of evidence that might otherwise be
missed using the standard strip method.

4.1.5. Pie or Wheel method:

The area is demarcated as a circle or divided into pie slices or wheel parts, usually six in
number, in this search strategy. Crime scene investigators begin at the center and work their
way outwards in straight lines or rays. Depending on the size of the region, repeat the
operation numerous times(Singh, 2021).

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4.2. Forensic Process and Features:
The goals of a crime scene investigation are to identify, document, collect, preserve, evaluate,
and reconstruct all pertinent physical evidence at the scene of the crime. It is not the purpose
to ascertain whether or not a possible suspect is guilty. The primary goal of physical evidence
examination is to provide relevant information to criminal investigators in order to help them
solve crimes. A proper scientific crime scene investigation is defined by the junction of these
aims of crime scene investigations and the evaluation of forensic evidence. Scientific
examinations will be conducted based on the type of evidence, such as weapons, handwriting,
DNA, video, and fingerprint evidence, once it has been submitted to the laboratory.
Laboratory employees must follow the broad principles of evidence examination, which
include four separate but interconnected procedures, regardless of the type of evidence being
examined.

The next logical step is to identify various types of evidence. Identification is essentially a
classification system. The identification becomes more difficult or selective as the number of
traits shared by two or more things increases. Items are frequently recognised in forensic
science by comparing certain class characteristics of an unknown object to similar class
characteristics of a known standard. The unknown object can be classed with the known if the
selected class characteristics are largely the same between the known and unknown samples.
Furthermore, these two samples could have come from the same source, necessitating further
investigation. If there are significant discrepancies in some of the identified class features,
however, the unknown sample can be ruled out as being from the same group. In forensic
evidence analysis, individualization is distinctive. However, they cannot be definitively
connected to a common ancestor. Some forensic sciences, such as fingerprints and gun
comparisons, have a deficiency and lack of study, according to a recent assessment by the
National Academy of Sciences (NAS). A statistical examination of the relevance of common
traits, on the other hand, may be useful in determining the significance of individualization.
Matches of traits, such as DNA profiles, will almost always be statistically analyzed in some
areas. The populations and databases from which the findings are drawn are only as reliable
as the statistical interpretations. Finally, not all sorts of forensic evidence can be personalized,
and there is no statistical data linked with data saved in some of them. The forensic
examination method concludes with reconstruction. This stage is completely reliant on
accurate recognition, identification, individualization, and personalization. Interpretation of
pertinent data Reconstruction makes use of information from the investigation, information

11
from the crime scene, and Physical and pattern evidence is examined in a laboratory. The
term "reconstruction" refers to the process of putting things back together. Inductive and
deductive logic are both used. This could be a problem. a difficult task using a variety of
physical evidence and patterns information, analytical findings, and investigative data. The
process of crime scene reconstruction is not restricted to the identification, gathering, and
preservation of evidence. It also necessitates the investigation of crime scene patterns, the
location, sequence of deposit, and position of physical evidence, as well as the laboratory
inspection results of the physical evidence to determine or rule out events or acts that
occurred at the crime scene. The scientific investigation of a scene or the interpretation of
scene pattern evidence, as well as the systematic research of associated material leading to
the logical development of a theory, are all part of crime scene reconstruction.

4.2.1. Forensic system and crime investigation:

As previously stated, crime scene investigation entails more than only processing and
documenting a crime scene, as well as the collection and packing of tangible evidence. The
forensic processes include the careful processing, documenting, and collecting of physical
evidence. However, the ability of a crime scene investigator or forensic scientist to discern
potential physical evidence – large or little, visible or latent, exculpatory or inculpatory – at a
crime scene is the bedrock of all forensic investigations. The next stage is to identify the
physical evidence and determine the evidence's likely source or origin. The first step in
determining what happened, when it happened, where it happened, and who was involved is
to conduct a thorough crime scene investigation. Crime scene investigation is neither
glamorous, nor is it done out in a casual or careless manner, as it is depicted on popular
television shows. It's a methodical, well-organized process. A methodical and logical
procedure to carry out crime scene duties Not only does it take a lot of training and
experience on the job to do it right, but it also takes a lot not only a part of the investigator,
but also total objectivity and a concerted collective effort possibly one of the most crucial
topics. Despite the numerous past incidents from which we may learn and improve, such as
the OJ Simpson case, significant crimes continue to go undetected or end without justice
being served as a result of avoidable errors linked with poor crime scene investigation
techniques. Almost no jurisdiction in the United States or any other country has found a
solution to this problem. While forensic science has seen major technological developments
and improvements, the forensic profession has become more scrutinized, and forensic
scientists' integrity is frequently challenged in court. All of the technology and developments

12
we have in the forensic laboratory are rendered useless if the crime scene is not properly
controlled. If forensic evidence is not presented in a court proceeding or is presented
incorrectly, the judicial system's ability to deliver justice is harmed as a result of the situation.
It is not necessary for a high-quality crime scene technique to be complicated or
sophisticated. All that is required is basic, objective adherence to fundamental ideas and
procedures. The recognition, documentation, collecting, and preservation of all pertinent
physical evidence are crucial crime scene functions. If these factors are met, the case will be
more likely to be correctly resolved through scientific interpretation of the evidence and
presentation of the relevant facts and data in the judicial system (Lee & Pagliaro, 2013; Lee
et al., 2001).

The establishment of today's crime scene investigation is related to professional requirements

it is also the subject of the most criticism and legal challenges. Following identification,
forensic scientists can continue their investigation to see if a given sample is distinct from
others in the same class. Individualization is the term for this process. While not all evidence
has enough measurable features to be customized, laboratory tests will be carried out in the
hopes of achieving that goal. If additional examinations reveal any differences between the
known and unknown samples, the samples are ruled out as having come from the same
source. Exams frequently lead to the conclusion that the compared objects are comparable in
every measurable way, yet they cannot be the same.

Even today, this is a highly important source of inquiry, whether in the East or the West. In
1930, the first forensic science laboratory was created under Lahore, in the photographic
section of the criminal investigation department. Apart from dealing with the testing of
firearms, cloth, fibers, dust, counterfeit, coins, forged cash, secret inks, and handwritten and
typed documents, the laboratory was actively operating as a training center by 1947. In
Peshawar and Karachi, forensic science laboratories were also constructed .

Dog Branch: Before l940, the inspector generals of police in Bombay, Punjab, and the NWFP
proposed raising dogs to track down criminals. However, the NWFP took the initiative and
sent Deputy Superintendent W.R Saunders and Sub Inspector Zahir-ud-Din to South Africa
for training in 1943. When they returned, they taught others. However, this technique was not
very successful because both Hindus and Muslims considered dogs to be unclean and had
prejudices toward handling them. Dogs are still employed for foot tracking and other
purposes in Pakistan, but it is not as common as it once was.

13
Foot Tracking: In the field of foot tracking, Pakistanis, particularly in Sindh, have a
significant deal of competence in locating criminals using this method, but this institution
could help. The police are the most common source of criminal inquiry in Pakistan. When a
victim, a police officer, a counselor, or a community headman or watchman contacts police
stations, the investigation procedure begins. Private citizens can also file a report of a crime
in their neighborhood, make a phone call, or file a complaint about any illegal activity. For
each crime commission, a court of jurisdiction instruction on victim submission, contact of
local informants, or SUO-MOTO notification can be issued. Some cases are discovered by
police on their own. Service law infractions are reported to the police by the directors of the
departments involved. This type of crime report is referred to as a "First Information Report"
(FIR). If the offense is cognizable (Felony), the FIR will be filed in the appropriate book, and
an inquiry will be conducted. However, if the offence is non-cognizable (Misdemeanors), the
FIR will not be filed in the same book, but in a different one. According to Pakistani law, the
FIR is the most significant document in a criminal case since it provides a clue as to the
possibility of the allegation against the accused being true and also gives a clear impression
of the prosecution case. It's a comment made shortly after an incident when the memory of
the event is still fresh. However, in some societies, it is required by law. When an FIR is filed
at a Pakistani police station, the Station House Officer (SHO), who is the station's
commander, frequently assigns the investigation to a lower-ranking officer, usually an
Assistant Sub Inspector (ASI) or a Sub Inspector, who usually lacks sufficient training and
technical knowledge. Based on his experience as a police officer, he would undertake an
investigation and create a report about the crime, which is referred to as "Challans" and is
filed to the appropriate court. Finding the truth about such a delicate duty is crucial work, but
it has nothing to do with the gravity of the situation. In most cases. A criminal investigation is
both thrilling and dangerous.

 Detective work is more important than patrol work

 A good detective" can solve any crime"; the police solve (or should be able to solve)
most crimes.

4.3. Sample Analysis:

Most of the cells of the frame carries a nucleus that have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Half of
those chromosomes are maternally inherited and the opposite 1/2 of paternally. Except for the
intercourse chromosomes, distinctive complementary regions at the homologous

14
chromosomes are inherited. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted from the mom to the child.
Currently, the maximum not unusual place DNA profiling use the truth that quick tandem
repeats (STRs) that are areas which can be repeated oftentimes on a single chromosome with
the quantity various from man or woman to man or woman inside a narrow variety of
versions but showing the belongings of being conserved over technology and are non-coding
(Payne-James & Jones, 2019).

15
4.3.1. DNA Sample:
Analysis of the DNA pattern includes extraction of the DNA starting with the dissolution of
the pattern in suitable chemical substances to be able to attain most amount of DNA
accompanied via way of means of estimation of that amount. Amplification is the following
degree which makes use of polymerase chain response (PCR). PCR are enzyme catalase
response together with several cycles making is viable to report the quantity of DNA found in
every pattern. Second Generation Multiplex Plus utilized in UK includes 28 cycles examine
10 loci on one-of-a-kind chromosomes other than intercourse chromosomes. The focused
alleles are categorized with florescent dye. The device makes use of the dimensions and
molecular weight to method the amplified pattern. that is then subjected to capillary
electrophoresis having excessive capacity difference. Low molecular weight alleles by skip
unexpectedly than excessive molecular weight alleles thus acquiring a profile this is correctly
being compiled. During the analytical method the tagged allele are detected. A DNA profile
is acquired as a translation on EPG all through passage of the alleles thru the reader
registering a height in depth of the fluorescent dye.10 After the profile is being acquired the
pattern may be as compared with a reference pattern from mouth swabs or blood and tissues
of suspected people. When the DNA pattern fits makes it pretty not likely for the pattern
coming from some other individual, apart from equal twin. With the DNA pattern now no
longer matching increases the opportunity of the pattern coming from one-of-a-kind people.
While versions exhibited in a single or regions increases the opportunity of it being coming
from own circle of relative’s participants or carefully associated people presenting a lead or
can also additionally warrant further investigations. In case of incomplete profile contrast in
regards pattern and records can help us offer a possible match. The least entire profile has
more hazard of matching random people. Contrarily, the more records reduce the opportunity
of a random match (Payne-James & Jones, 2019).

16
4.3.2. DNA Analysis using Bayes theorem:

In 18th century Thomas Bayes, a clergyman, proposed theories that caused the method of
Bayesian facts. This together with the chance and possibility of fit can used to bolster a proof.

Bayesian facts range from different statistical evaluation primarily based totally at the reality
that they make use of the degree of subjectivity to assist in ascertaining the possibility of a
final results. that is exemplified via way of means of tossing a coin with fifty percentage
possibility of the final results of heads and changing and transferring the stability via way of
means of attaching a weight to one aspect for this reason introducing a bias. Such
contemplations may be applied in phrases of extra records getting used to adjust the
possibility of a held speculation. The interaction of Bayesian facts and extra records gives a
version to decide the possibility. Thus, a unmarried DNA pattern from the scene of crime that
pairs up with an individual generates hypotheses used to evaluate the possibility:

A) DNA being stems from that person

B) DNA being stems from every other person

The possibility considers one whilst speculation A is held true. A quantity of things wishes to
taken into consideration for searching on the speculation B. These elements consist of the
rarity of allele or any capability records approximately the ethnicity of11 the concern and
every other element if necessary. There is extraordinarily small possibility for a complete
profile however it will increase with an incomplete profile. Further, the evaluation is complex
whilst combined DNA effects are interpreted. Expressing the possibility of the clinical proof
given the speculation under attention of the DNA taken into consideration and now no longer
because the possibility of the speculation given proof is essential because the phenomena of
transposing the conditional can ultimately cause general misinterpretation of the clinical
proof in courtroom docket of law.

The investigator must keep in mind that the information gathered may be used in court, and
he or she should be prepared for this eventuality. However, this has little to do with

17
4.3.3. DNA Analysis; Other methods

DNA profile may be received from very small quantities of DNA the use of low template
varieties of DNA evaluation that is divided into unique methodologies. One approach is a 28-
cycle machine wherein expert strategies are used to improve the existing technologies. The
different approach will increase the wide variety of cycles. The one the use of 34 cycles is a
low replica wide variety (LCN) DNA. Interpretation is confronted through demanding
situations as very small quantities of DNA are amplified and so amazing care is exercised
throughout interpretation. Yet it's far a high-quality device to assist locate minute quantities
of DNA left which includes through touch.

The Y-STR DNA approach detects the wide variety of STR on Y chromosomes in males the
use of the identical era as SGM+ (2d era multiplex plus). This makes it a perfect approach in
case of sexual attack and aids in segregating male and female DNA and as a result acquiring
the very small quantity of male DNA. Results are anticipated to be identical with associated
males. In instances in which decomposition has happened and sufficient DNA isn't to be had
for Second Generation Multiplex Plus or evaluation is to be completed from cloth which
includes hair shaft, in those instances Mitochondrial DNA evaluation comes into play. Two
web sites on the genome are observed. The youngsters from the identical mom are anticipated
to have the identical profile as mitochondrial DNA is inherited most effective from the mom
most effective. In instances in which DNA is significantly degraded as an instance through
heat, unmarried nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) is used. SNPs are small regions in which
unmarried base-pair variations takes place. For the identity of people on the World Trade
Centre this type of DNA analyses become used (Payne-James & Jones, 2019).

4.3.4. Fingerprint: Forensic Analysis

At nearly 12 weeks of intra uterine lifestyles inside the womb, fingerprints of include formed.
They do now no longer alternate at some stage in the life of a man or woman besides from
the harm via way of means of environmental factors. Because of being specific to absolutely
everyone it's far used for the identity of suspected offenders. Forensic professionals examine
the raised edges at the pores and skin of the hands called ridges. Fingerprints are defined in
phrases of loops that explains the numerous ridges with the sweat glands conferring extra
location for differentiation The sweat glands inside the ridges leaves an effect of those
secretions as a fingerprint of the surface. Such marks (fingerprint) contain of aggregate of fats
and water-soluble compounds. Being made from compounds from the body, the chemical

18
composition of those fingerprints can display facts, as an example that the suspect of the
individual whose fingerprints are below exam is a smoker or uses drugs. A specialized mild
or a chemical enhancement is frequently used to look all the to be had components of the
fingerprint. For enhancement of additives gift inside the fingerprint exceptional wavelengths
of mild and specialized chemical substances are used. For recording a fingerprint, the man or
woman’s hands have been lined with black ink and have been rolled onto a card. The palm
document is now additionally taken for you to make certain that all info is to be had. With the
development in technology, this approach is slowly changed via way of means of scanning
machinery. However, the ink-primarily based totally approach remains in practice.

4.3.5. Automated Fingerprint Identification System:

AFIS is that the system wherever associate degree unknown fingerprint is matched
mechanically against an info of notable and unknown prints. NAFIS (the National machine-
controlled Fingerprint Identification System) was at first used in United Kingdom however it
controls the information from solely European nation and Wales. the information from
England, Scotland and Wales are currently combined in IDENT1 that permits to go looking
for nearly 6.5 million records against marks. within the USA the AFIS is maintained by the
FBI’s Criminal Justice info Services (CJIS). This involves a biometric authentication
methodology which through the employment of digital imaging technology obtain, store and
analyze fingerprint data; it holds all fingerprints sets within the country. Fingerprints are
voluntarily submitted by local, state and federal LEAs to the FBI.

Pakistani investigations; the patterns and reality are completely different, as shown below.
Arrest: When an FIR is filed at a police station under Section 04 of Pakistan's Criminal
Procedure Code, a police officer has the authority to arrest the person named in the FIR.
Police can arrest anyone immediately accused of an offense or against whom a reasonable
suspicion exists for his involvement in any cognizable offense, according to section 54 of the
same law. What occurs now is that, as a result of these broad powers, police can arrest
whomever they want. However, whether the crime is cognizable or minor, it is commonly
noted that in rural areas, people are detained based on a simple allegation or simply because
they appear to be criminals On August 18, 2007, a law-abiding man named Iqbal was seated
in a business in Setharja town when he was arrested without being informed of his offense.
This police party, along with Iqbal, changed to another automobile that was already waiting
on the road when they arrived at the police station. When they got to the police station, the

19
same police party reported that the car that was waiting on the road (stolen) had been
recovered from Iqbal. When the arrested person's family contacted different police stations,
including this one, they were denied any arrest, causing the afflicted family to remain tense
and continue their search. He is tortured or forced to pay a bribe to be released once more.
This cycle will continue until someone in a position of power intervenes. There are numerous
examples of people fleeing and becoming dangerous dacoits as a result of police atrocities;
for example, dacoit Paroo Chandio killed 100 people, the majority of them were police
officers, because his main motive for becoming a dacoit was police atrocities. Investigation:
In most cases, the investigation is conducted based on information provided by the victim,
their witnesses, the accused, and their witnesses. Investigating personnel also go to the crime
scene and conduct numerous investigations, which generally consist of statements and
interviews with witnesses. In criminal investigations, no modems or technical sources are
employed. There are no professional detectives or experts assigned to the investigation of the
crime; instead, lower-level cops are given a task, which may or may not is completed. seniors
to look into the crime The police's initial action is to arrest those who have been charged. The
police's prompt response does not imply that they are genuinely interested in solving the
crime or conducting a thorough investigation, but rather that they are simply carrying out
their duty and seeing it as another opportunity for bribes. It is not the police who get active in
contacting the police to persuade them to decide in their favour. I favor case, all available
resources are employed to defeat the other party or organization If someone lacks a source or
approach, he is poor and cannot afford to pay a bribe. It is a widespread practice in criminal
investigations for police officers to be bribed and manipulated to make decisions in their
favor Fake documents and witnesses are also used to sway the outcome of the case in favor
the defendant. In most cases, there are no scientific devices or honesty to make obtaining
justice so simple. However, a typical tool utilized by cops in their investigations is torture,
which is widely used to force suspects to confess to crimes they have committed or have not
committed. Torture is used so harshly at police stations that strong-willed men are said to
have confessed to crimes they never committed because of or in dread of torture. Torture is
considered as auto in procedure, and departmental bosses are not necessarily opposed to it.

Year Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan

2004 29 03 0 0
2005 27 04 0 0
2006 36 08 0 0

20
Source: field research survey data September 2007

Police officers have had cases filed against them for killings that occurred while they were in
custody. There are no scientific sources used by the police to investigate criminal cases, and
they still rely on old-fashioned tactics and primitive sources to do so. Even in Karachi, the
country's largest city, police rely primarily on Mukhbars (Informers) and forensic evidence is
relegated to a secondary position due to a lack of modern methodologies and scientific
equipment. The investigation department of the police was separated after the implementation
of the police order in 2002, but the fact is that there has been no change or improvement in
police work since only the administrative structure of the police has been altered. Previously,
bribery was paid in whole to combine cops; now, people have to deal with individual cops.

21
5. Pakistan Crime Forensics:

The use of forensic technological know-how has accelerated dramatically in latest decades;
yet, forensic technological know-how has existed in its uncooked shape in human records for
the reason that antiquity, with unsystematic and non-standardized strategies. After the time
period DNA fingerprinting changed into coined on the University of Leicester in 1984, the
contemporary-day generation of look at withinside the subject exploded. The subject of
forensics may be very broad, and any clinical subject may be used to a criminal scenario,
however a number of the maximum commonplace domain names consist of forensic biology,
forensic chemistry, forensic toxicology, and so on. This technological know-how features a
huge variety of disciplines and is successful of revealing facts which includes who devoted a
crime, whether or not or now no longer one changed into devoted, and what precisely passed
off on the crime scene.

The more advantage comes whilst, with the assist of those forensic gear and strategies,
criminal employees are able to recreating the whole collection of occasions of unique
happenings on the idea of clinical grounds that cannot be contested, permitting the actual
responsible to be placed at the back of bars and the harmless to be acquitted as easy as a
whistle. The validity and energy of these findings are completely depending on the forensic
scientists' knowledge, abilities, and understanding withinside the collection, preservation,
analysis, and interpretation of bodily evidence. In each case, the judiciary and prosecutors’
vicinity a excessive emphasis at the critiques of forensic experts. The overall improvement of
this crucial subject famous a completely special photograph all throughout the world. The
increase of generation and the upward thrust of prepared crime in rich nations led to an early
wave of realization, with humans focusing extra at the clinical rationalization of any crime or
tragedy, whether or not it is a terrorist assault or a coincidence like an aircraft crash. Their
efforts have yielded effects which are each precious and useful to humanity. We see the
consequences of it all of the time in our everyday lives. Investigations into airline crashes
now no longer best find the data at the back of the catastrophe, however additionally they
introduce new stages of safety and generation for passengers, which includes the research
into Air France Flight 447 (abbreviated AF447) in 2009. Forensics is now a well-installed
subject in advanced nations, with some of standardized laboratories in operation. This covers
each public quarter laboratories on the country and district stages, in addition to college
studies laboratories.

22
To live on the right track for greatness, academia contributed thru studies institutes and
universities. Universities provide expert levels starting from bachelor's to doctorate stages,
forming a robust hyperlink among academic institutions, subject employees, legislators, and
forensic laboratories. Forensic technological know-how studies is each essential and
practical, and a forensic scientist need to have a robust basis withinside the herbal sciences.
More and better-professional forensic specialists are in excessive call for. In forensic
technological know-how, there are numerous special subjects to look at and lots of special
task opportunities. The University of California supplied one of the first forensic
technological know-how programmers in 1950, and it's far nonetheless lively today. Since its
inception, forensic technological know-how training has confronted several problems, along
with fragmentation in academic curriculum and a loss of financing, notwithstanding the
presence of islands of excellence presenting present day coaching and expert training.
However, terrific strides had been made in latest years to deliver uniformity, standardization,
and exceptional to academic programmers. In phrases of studies and improvement on this
problem in Pakistan, the scenario is diametrically against that withinside the advanced world.

However, in a rustic with any such wealthy cultural legacy, there are not sufficient forensic
specialists withinside the fields of archaeology and anthropology. These examples display
how delaying selections withinside the proper path reasons matters to preserve withinside the
incorrect path.

Many primary countrywide issues necessitate the involvement of overseas understanding.

Many humans, along with policymakers, are nonetheless surprising with the time period
forensics. Some senior regulation enforcement officials' efforts are starting to undergo fruit.
The authorities are making an attempt to assemble present day forensic departments with the
technical help of worldwide donors, that's an innovative step with a purpose to extensively
enhance the management of justice. However, academia remains hesitant to play a key role.
Universities need to smash unfastened from their vintage studies habits. The call for forensic
studies is simply as incredible as it's far in agricultural and electricity useful resource
management. The studies subject is extraordinarily opportunistic, and a whole lot of paintings
can be finished in a brief duration of time (Marjanović et al., 2011).

We urgently need a well-installed forensic machine that meets worldwide standards.

Terrorism has been a notably devastating phenomenon in Pakistan in latest years. The scope
of terrorist moves is past the comprehension of the common man or woman dwelling in

23
industrialized nations; suicide attacks, centered killings, bomb blasts, ransom, murder, cross-
border terrorism, and different types of terrorism are not unusual information across the
world, just like climate reports. Terrorism is anticipated to cost $sixty-eight billion in direct
and oblique monetary charges among 2000 and 2010. However, there's no opportunity for the
human lives misplaced in Pakistan's warfare on terror. This warfare has claimed the lives of
just about 5,000 safety employees, and whilst civilian losses are factored in, the overall turns
into a nightmare. In latest years, one of the maximum commonplace impulses mentioned in
college students whilst selecting a sure direction of look at has been to don't forget the
paintings aspect of it. This tension is well-based on their part, because it has been visible that
a few levels are hastily dropping their marketplace worth, whilst training is turning into extra
expensive, as though it has been a luxury. The gain of forensic studies in any of its domain
names is that the system and strategies they rent aren't confined to this unique quarter. If a
researcher makes use of analytical chemistry gear to carry out studies on paints and dyes, she
or he can be in addition certified for employment alternatives in analytical chemistry.
divisions, which includes forensic divisions Researchers need to additionally apprehend those
forensic studies does now no longer ought to be confined to regulation enforcement
organizations, and that a part of the look at may be bought withinside the close to future.
Many contemporary-day innovations that have been as soon as best to be had for protection
functions are actually to be had as industrial purchaser goods. A forensic professional is
meant to have a terrific character further to expert knowledge.(Jacoby, 1996).

24
5.1. Forensic Department in Pakistan:

Forensic Laboratory in Pakistan was set up in Punjab Criminal Investigation Department

Photography Division before partition. The Pakistani government set up three more forensic
laboratories in Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi. Facilities to identify criminals and improve the
capacity of LEAs, the government decided in 2001 to build more laboratories and modernize
the existing ones. Modern scientific equipment and crime investigation techniques should be
used to identify and investigate crimes. There are two forensic science agencies in Pakistan,
the National Forensic Science (NFSA) and the Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA). The
NFSA has a wide range of equipment, including genetic analyzers, centrifuges and PCR
machines, freezers, and DNA editing workstations. The NFSA also acts as a Institute for the
training of civil servants in Sindh Province, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The
PFSA consists of 14 fully equipped forensic laboratories. These labs specialize in DNA,
serology, gun/tool marks, latent fingerprints, Histology and Pathology, Crime and Death
Scene Investigations, Chemical Traces, 24 Question Documents, Audio Visual Media, Post-
Mortem Toxicology, Narcotics, Cybercrime Investigations and Computer Forensics. The
Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) was founded in Peshawar. FSL is the most important
specialized research in chemical and narcotics analysis, fingerprint analysis, firearms and tool
marks, forensic photography, questionable documents and digital forensics. (NAB), Pakistan
Customs, Anti-Corruption Institution, Malakand Duties and Border Corps. Until 2018, law
enforcement agencies in KP had to send samples to Lahore or Islamabad for DNA testing to
identify individuals, but a DNA lab was recently set up in Peshawar, saving time and making
cases easier to investigate. In Sindh, Forensic Science Laboratory is established in Karachi.
This laboratory has units for audio and video analysis, chemical sample monitoring, digital
forensics, forensic photography, latent fingerprints, automated fingerprint identification,
crime scene investigation, and firearms and ballistics. A provincial forensic laboratory has
been set up in Balochistan. Chemical testers are few and the available equipment is of poor
quality. This lab consists of four sections including chemical, firearm and tool evidence,
questionable documents and fingerprint sections.

7. Conclusions and Recommendations:

Based on the findings of this study on the criminal investigation (trends and reality), it is
clear that criminal investigation by the police is not well-developed or honest enough to

25
produce unique results in society. It is critical to improving it by improving the entire police
department on a scientific basis by societal needs, particularly its investigation system, which
should be planned and implemented using research-based methods. Provision of services by
the facts. To eliminate corruption and political participation in the department, effective
training must be organized and revolutionary decisions must be made. It is critical to make it
a powerful and significant source of justice for the people, as well as the execution of the rule
of law feelings of safety are very prevalent. It is also required to provide the following
support and facilities for criminal investigations. Criminals adapt new technologies more
swiftly and in novel ways as technology advances, particularly digital technologies. The
administration and examination of crime scenes are critical components of the criminal
investigative process. Local police officers handling crime scenes may not be conversant with
the most up-to-date practices in crime scene processing or may lack necessary resources,
resulting in evidence contamination or the loss of valuable evidence material. Crime scene
investigation units are urgently needed in Pakistan's Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and
Balochistan regions. True, crime scene investigation sections have been established at the
PFSA in Lahore and the NFSA in Islamabad, but due to Pakistan's enormous population, the
majority of crime scene processing is handled by local policing, which lacks the necessary
technology. In Pakistan, until 2001, convictions were mainly based on confessions and
testimonies. The federal government decided in 2001 to improve the forensic science
infrastructure and established the NFSA as an autonomous body with various departments.
After the 18th amendment, the Punjab government established PSFA, which now has 14 fully
equipped forensic laboratories. This chapter also shows how the current state of forensic
science has negatively impacted the criminal justice system in Pakistan.

This study stressed on the applying of scientific strategies within the investigation of crimes
and legal problems. The raison d’être for the employment of rhetorical science in criminal
investigations is that once against the law occurs, there'll not forever be an instantaneous or
obvious affiliation between the suspect and also the crime on the idea of a confession from
the suspect or a witness testimony; forensic science through the use of scientific methods
provides a method for establishing that connection. it absolutely was conceded that there's a
big connection between criminal justice and forensic science. The CJS consists of the courts
that adjudicate upon queries of criminal liability beside the police and enforcement agencies
that aren't solely liable for maintaining law and order however additionally detection and
prosecuting legal code violations started out within the laws of any given society. The courts

26
attain this through the employment of proof which may be earned by victimization rhetorical
science. because the foundation of forensic science is Locard’s Exchange principle which
states that each contact leaves a trace. The principle connotes that even wherever there's no
immediate physical proof at the crime scene to attach the suspect to the crime or the victim,
the employment of rhetorical science permits investigators to get evidence victimization
scientific methods. Processes admire crime scene investigation; crime scene reconstruction
and forensic investigation and analysis permit criminal justice system to obtain evidence from
the crime scene which is able to offer the deciding issue for an28 correct illustration of the
facts of the case. it absolutely was all over that the accuracy of forensic evidence may be the
skinny line between a wrongful conviction and an accurate one. it absolutely was found that
in spite of the necessary role of rhetorical science to the administration of criminal justice,
this standing of forensic science in Asian nation is that it though exists, it's underdeveloped in
most elements of Pakistan. The underdevelopment may be attributed to the late introduction
of forensic science in Pakistan. the foremost devastating effects of forensic science in
Pakistan is delay in court proceedings. because of lack of equipment, samples and knowledge
to yield a conclusion in a district wherever forensic science is underdeveloped, the samples
are sent to another province for the aim of drawing a conclusion, that may be high-priced and
time consuming, leading to delay in court proceedings. more the delay in trails can even be
attributed to the restricted trained consultants and their inaccessibility to testify and provides
knowledgeable testimony concerning the rhetorical proof at the time of the trail. The absence
of a correct system of forensic science in Asian nation has led to a compromise of the
standard of evidentiary price of forensic evidence submitted in court, and has led to the
dismissal of cases for the lack of proof. If properly handled, rhetorical evidence may be used
as a tool through that against the law can be viewed. It offers direct and precise results and
constitutes a primary supply of info for the courts through which justice can be properly
achieved.

8. Recommendation:

so as to boost the present standing of rhetorical science to a lot of adequate levels and
improve the standard of criminal administration in West Pakistan, the subsequent changes got
to be created to the current state of forensic science:

Policy Recommendations

27
 1. Acquisition of specialized instrumentality the police services and forensic
department in Pakistan ought to be provided with latest scientific technology in order for
them to with efficiency and accurately identify, apprehend and arrest criminal offenders. it'll
conjointly allow29 the judiciary to convict criminal offenders and acquit persons incorrectly
suspected and suspect of crimes.
2. Increase Funding to the rhetorical Department beneath the eighteenth
constitutional amendment, it's the duty of provincial government to ascertain forensic science
agency which might meet the requirement. solely the Punjab province in West Pakistan has
established the PFSA (an autonomous agency) labs that are comparable leading international
forensic labs, as well as the one go by US’s FBI. different provinces ought to proceed
towards putting in autonomous agencies, apportion funds for his or her correct functioning to
strengthen the capability of LEA. the dearth of funding to the department is because of the
dearth of understanding regarding the importance of the functions of this department.
Increase in funding will enable the department to send a lot of personnel abroad for
specialized coaching regarding rhetorical science,
3. Institution of Localized coaching Personnel another to the department causing
personnel training abroad is to supply specialized training in Pakistan. this will be achieved
by providing training as a course at universities across Pakistan. Localized training would
allow individuals who have an interest in a very career in forensic science however cannot
afford training abroad access the coaching and data locally. will} increase the personnel base
from that the department can use rhetorical specialists and investigators.

4. Institution of Offices at District Level. Taking the instance of KP, there's just
one forensic department based mostly in Peshawar which suggests that, so as to method
forensic proof in Swat it should be transported to Peshawar. If the instrumentality isn't
offered at Peshawar, then to metropolis or Islamabad. This tends to compromise the standard
of evidence being brought in specially from remote due to poor storage during transportation
and distance from such areas. As a kind of rhetorical science administration, it's necessary to
ascertain offices at district or divisional level, with correct storage facilities, specialized
instrumentality to method proof appreciate DNA which needs fast process and manned by
well trained and qualified personnel. it'll make sure that the evidence collected isn't
compromised and is of evidentiary.

28
29
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