LAB REPORT

Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Design and Study of an inverting difference
amplifier using 741 op-amp.
Course Title: Electronic Circuits II Lab
Course Code: EEE 2104
Section: 01

Submitted to:
Md. Shahjalal, PhD
Assistant Professor
School of Science & Engineering
ULAB

Submitted by:
Name: Md. Shahriyer Islam Ohim
ID: 231016009
Department: EEE
Semester: 4rd (Spring 2024)

Submission Date: 4th February, 2024

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this lab session is to look at some of the applications and the study of an
inverting difference amplifier using 741 op-amp.

THEORY:
Operational amplifiers have two inputs, inverting and no-inverting. We can also connect
signals
to both of these inputs at the same time producing another common type of operational
amplifier circuit called a Differential Amplifier.
An inverting-amplifier circuit is built by grounding the positive input of the operational
amplifier and connecting resistors R1 and R2, called the feedback networks, between the
inverting input and the signal source and amplifier output node, respectively. With
assumption that reverse-transfer parameter is negligibly small, open-circuit voltage gain Av.
Basically, all op-amps are “Differential Amplifiers” due to their input configuration. But by
connecting one voltage signal onto one input terminal and another voltage signal onto the
other
input terminal the resultant output voltage will be proportional to the “Difference” between
the
two input voltage signals of V1 and V2.

Then differential amplifiers amplify the difference between two voltages making this type of
operational amplifier circuit a Subtractor unlike a summing amplifier which adds or sums
together the input voltages. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as
a Differential Amplifier configuration.
This is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. The output V0 is feedback to the
inverting input through the Rf – Rin network as shown in figure where Rf id the feedback
resistor. The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through Rin and non-
inverting terminal of Op-amp is grounded. The output VO is given by
VO = Vi (-Rf/Rin)
Where, the gain of amplifier is: -Rf/Rin
The negative sign indicates a phase-shift of 180 degrees between Vi and VO. The effective
input impedance is Ri. An inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to invert and amplify a
voltage. The Rin, Rf resistor network allows some of the output signal to be returned to the
input. Since the output is 180o out of phase, this amount is effectively subtracted from the
input, thereby reducing the input into the operational amplifier. This reduces overall gain
amplifier and is dubbed negative feedback.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
O Breadboard
O IC-741
O Resistors
O Power Supply
 O Multimeter
O Bias voltage supply
O Wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PROCEDURE:
1. Take breadboard, resistors, multimeter and op-amp from the lab assistant.
2. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
3. Take a ground from DC bias power supply and connect it another point of the
breadboard.
4. The +12V DC is connected to pin 7 and -12V is connected to pin 4 of the op amp
from the DC bias power supply.
5. Give ground connection pin 3 of the op-amp.
6. Supply DC voltage to the terminal V1 and V2. We have to notice that input voltage
must be lower than the biasing voltage.
7. Measure the input voltage from V1 and V2 with the multimeter.
8. Take output voltage from the pin no 6 of op-amp by using multimeter.

TABLE:
No of V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 R4 Theoretical Practical
obs Value Vo Value Vo
1 5 1 2K 2K 2K 2K -4 - 4.1
2 3 2 2K 2K 2K 2K -1 - 1.016
3 1 4 2K 2K 2K 2K 3 3.017

CALCULATION:

Vout =
R4
R3+ R4
1+
R2
R4( ) R2
V 2− V 1
R1

In this circuit,
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 2KΩ
That’s why,
Vo = V2 – V1
When, V1 = 5V & V2 = 1V
Vo = V2 – V1
=1–5
= - 4V

Error Calculations
Theoretical value− practical value
% Error = ¿ ∨¿ × 100%
Theoretical value

for observation no 1
−4−(−4.1 )
% Error = ¿ ∨¿ × 100%
−4
= 2.5%
for observation no 2
−1−(−1.016)
% Error = ¿ ∨¿ × 100%
−1
= 1.6%
for observation no 3
¿
% Error = ¿ 3−3.017 ¿ −3 ∨¿ × 100%

= 0.57%

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply.
2. Observations should be done carefully.

DISCUSSIONS:
The experiment demonstrated the design and operation of an inverting difference amplifier
using a 741 op-amp. By appropriately selecting resistor values, the desired gain can be
achieved, allowing for amplification of the difference between two input voltages with an
inverted output. This experiment helped in understanding the practical implementation of op-
amp circuits and their applications in signal processing. The inverting difference amplifier
circuit configuration allowed us to amplify the voltage difference between two input signals
while maintaining a high input impedance and a low output impedance. This configuration is
particularly useful in applications where the amplification of the voltage difference between
two signals is required, such as in instrumentation and signal processing circuits. The
percentage for error which are calculated for to understand the difference between theoretical
values and practical or experimental values. From that experiment, the percentage of the error
are between 0.5 to 2.5. So, we can say that the experiment was successful. During the
experiment, we observed the behaviour of the inverting difference amplifier by varying the
input voltages and analysing the corresponding output voltage. We noted that the output
voltage was proportional to the difference between the two input voltages and inversely
proportional to the gain of the amplifier.