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Unit-5 1

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32 views

Unit-5 1

Uploaded by

Shashank A
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Longitudinal and Transverse vibrations

Natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibrations


Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations
Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations For a Shaft Subjected to a Number of
Point Loads

Dunkerley’s method
When there is no uniformly distributed load
Critical or Whirling Speed of a Shaft

• When the centre of gravity of the pulley or gear is at a certain distance from the
axis of rotation and due to this, the shaft is subjected to centrifugal force.
• This force will bent the shaft which will further increase the distance from
centre, This effect is cumulative and ultimately the shaft fails.
• The bending of shaft not only depends upon the value of eccentricity (distance
between centre of gravity of the pulley and the axis of rotation) but also
depends upon the speed at which the shaft rotates.

The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of
the shaft from the axis of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or
whirling speed.
centrifugal force acting radially outwards

The shaft behaves like a spring. Therefore the


force resisting the deflection y,
Frequency of Free Damped Vibrations (Viscous Damping)

• The motion of a body is resisted by frictional forces. In vibrating systems, the


effect of friction is referred to as damping. The damping provided by fluid
resistance is known as viscous damping.
spring force

Damping force

Accelerating force
Negative sign indicates that the
force opposes the motion

This is a differential equation of the second order.

Assuming where k is a constant to


be determined
Writing in equation format
It may be noted that the roots k1 and k2 may be real, complex conjugate (imaginary)
or equal
1.overdamping

In overdamping the mass moves slowly to the equilibrium position. This motion is
known as aperiodic.

• It prevent oscillation or vibration.


• In actual practice, the overdamped vibrations
are avoided.
2.Underdamping

Underdamping Iis known as to allow a few oscillations after a single


disturbance.

• This is a most practical case of


damping
3. Critical damping)
The mass moves back rapidly to its equilibrium position, in the shortest possible
time.
• This type of damping is also avoided because
Damping Factor or Damping Ratio

The ratio of the actual damping coefficient (c) to the critical damping coefficient (cc)
Is known as damping factor or damping ratio.
Magnification Factor or Dynamic Magnifier

It is the ratio of maximum


displacement of the forced
vibration (xmax ) to the
deflection due to the static
force F(xo ). We have proved in
the previous article that the
maximum displacement or the
amplitude of forced vibration,
Magnification Factor or Dynamic Magnifier
Vibration Isolation and Transmissibility

A little consideration will show that when an unbalanced


machine is installed on the foundation, it produces
vibration in the foundation.

In order to prevent these vibrations or to minimise the


transmission of forces to the foundation, the machines
are mounted on springs and dampers or on some
vibration isolating material,

Have one degree of freedom, i.e. it can move up and


down only. It may be noted that when a periodic (i.e.
simple harmonic) disturbing force F cos ωt is applied to a
machine
The ratio of the force transmitted (FT ) to the force applied (F) is
known as the isolation factor or transmissibility ratio of the spring
support.
So that the force transmitted to the foundation consists of the
following two forces :
A machine part of mass 2 kg vibrates in a viscous medium. Determine the damping
coefficient when a harmonic exciting force of 25 N results in a resonant amplitude of
12.5 mm with a period of 0.2 second. If the system is excited by a harmonic force of
frequency 4 Hz what will be the percentage increase in the amplitude of vibration
when damper is removed as compared with that with damping.
A machine of mass 75 kg is mounted on springs and is fitted with a dashpot to damp out
vibrations. There are three springs each of stiffness 10 N/mm and it is found that the
amplitude of vibration diminishes from 38.4 mm to 6.4 mm in two complete oscillations.
Assuming that the damping force varies as the velocity, determine : 1. the resistance of the
dashpot at unit velocity ; 2. the ratio of the frequency of the damped vibration to the
frequency of the undamped vibration ; and 3. the periodic time of the damped vibration.
The measurements on a mechanical vibrating system show that it has a mass of 8 kg and that
the springs can be combined to give an equivalent spring of stiffness 5.4 N/mm. If the
vibrating system have a dashpot attached which exerts a force of 40 N when the mass has a
velocity of 1 m/s, find : 1. critical damping coefficient, 2. damping factor, 3. logarithmic
decrement, and 4. ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.
Important questions

1. What are the causes and effects of vibrations ?


2. Define, in short, free vibrations, forced vibrations and damped vibrations.
3. Discuss briefly with neat sketches the longitudinal, transverse and torsional free
vibrations.
4. Derive an expression for the natural frequency of free transverse and longitudinal
vibrations by equilibrium method.
5. Discuss the effect of inertia of the shaft in longitudinal and transverse vibrations.
6. Deduce an expression for the natural frequency of free transverse vibrations for a
simply supported shaft carrying uniformly distributed mass of m kg per unit length.
7. Deduce an expression for the natural frequency of free transverse vibrations for a
beam fixed at both ends and carrying a uniformly distributed mass of m kg per unit
length.
8. Establish an expression for the natural frequency of free transverse vibrations for a
simply supported beam carrying a number of point loads, by (a) Energy method ; and
(b) Dunkerley’s method.
9. Explain the term ‘whirling speed’ or ‘critical speed’ of a shaft. Prove that the whirling
speed for a rotating shaft is the same as the frequency of natural transverse
vibration.
10. Derive the differential equation characterising the motion of an oscillation system
subject to viscous damping and no periodic external force. Assuming the solution to
the
Practice any three problems other than solved in regular class

Thank you

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