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Lecture 2

Fiber science

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23 views

Lecture 2

Fiber science

Uploaded by

Nadeeka Tissera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TT1201-Raw Materials and

Fiber Science II
What are Fibers?
• Fibers are the basic units of all textiles. Textiles are a
form of cloth or fabric from which clothing and other
items are made. Fibers are put together to form a
continuous strand, making a yarn. Yarns are woven or
knitted together to make fabrics.
Textile Fibres and their properties
Fibre properties
• Fibers contribute to fabrics performance. Form example strong fibres contribute to the durability of the
fabrics.
• Absorbent fibers are used for apparel that comes in contact with the skin and for towels and diapers
• Fire resistant fibers are used for children’s sleepwear and firefighters
• To analyse and predict a fabric’s performance, start with the fibre.
• Knowledge of fiber properties will help you understand the fibres' contribution to the performance of a
fabric and the product made form it.
• Fiber properties are determined by their physical structures, chemical composition and molecular
arrangement
Fiber Characteristics

• Knowledge of fiber characteristics will help you select the right


fabric for your needs.
▪ Strength: the ability to withstand pulling and twisting. Tensile strength
▪ Shrinkage: the ability to maintain size.
▪ Warmth: the ability to maintain body temperature.
▪ Durability: the ability to hold up to repeated usage.
▪ Absorbency: the ability to take in moisture.
▪ Wicking: the ability to pull moisture away from the body and toward
the surface of the fabric where it can evaporate quickly.
Fiber Characteristic Continued (2)

▪ Wrinkle Resistance: the ability to resist creasing.


▪ Resiliency: the ability to spring back when crushed or wrinkled.
▪ Elasticity: the ability to return to its original size.
▪ Shape Retention: the ability to retain the original shape.
▪ Abrasion Resistance: the ability to withstand rubbing.
▪ Luster: the natural sheen or shine of some fibers.
▪ Static Resistance: the ability to withstand the buildup of electricity.
Fiber Characteristic Continued (2)

▪ Fiber length : Staple and filament fibers


▪ Fiber count: the yarn count is used to express how fine or coarse
(or thin or thick) the yarn is. We use the English count numbering
system, which is part of a larger group known as indirect counting
systems. Denier, a unit of measure for the linear mass density of
fibers, is the mass in grams per 9000 meters of the fiber
Groups of Fibers

• There are two main groups of fibers.


▪Natural fibers which are made from natural
sources—plants and animals.
▪Manufactured fibers which are made from
chemicals in factories.
General classification of
fibers based on chemical
composition of fibers
Manmade fibers: Synthetic
fibers
Manufactured Fibers
• Rayon was the first commercially produced fiber. It was followed by
acetate. These fibers are made from cellulose, the fibrous substance in
plant life. They are called cellulosic fibers.
• Combining molecules of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon makes
most other manufactured fibers. The molecules are linked in various ways
to form chemical compounds called polymers. These manufactured fibers
are called synthetic fibers since they are made from chemicals.
How Manufactured Fibers are Made

• The raw materials and chemicals used to make manufactured fibers can
vary. They all go through the same basic steps before they become fibers:
1. The solid raw material is changed to a liquid.
2. The liquid is extruded (forced or pushed) throughout a spinneret—a small nozzle
with many tiny holes, similar to a bathroom showerhead.
3. The liquid hardens in the form of a fiber often called a filament. A filament is a
continuous strand of fiber. Any manufactured fiber can be made in filament form.
▪ Silk is the only natural fiber that comes in a filament form.
▪ Other natural fibers are short and are called staple fibers.
How Manufactured Fibers are Made (2)
Rayon
• Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulose fiber. It is made from purified
cellulose, primarily from wood pulp, which is chemically converted into a
soluble compound.
• Has many of the same characteristics as cotton. It was the first manufactured
fiber. Often found in lingerie, shirts, blouses, dresses, slacks, coats, and work
clothes.
Advantages & Disadvantages Rayon
Advantages Disadvantages

• Soft • Shrinks & wrinkles easily


• Comfortable • Low Resiliency
• Absorbent • Heat sensitive
• Inexpensive • Mildews
• Versatile • Dry Clean or Hand Wash Only.
Acetate
• Acetate is a chemical compound made of salt or ester of
acetic acid. Also known as acetate rayon. A synthetic
filament, yarn, or fabric composed of a derivative of the
acetic ester of cellulose, differing from viscose rayon in
having greater strength when wet and greater sensitivity
to high temperatures.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Acetate
Advantages Disadvantages

• Looks and Feels Luxurious • Poor abrasion resistance


▪ Silky appearance & feel • Weak
• Crisp and Drapes well • Dry Cleaned Only
• Dyed in a range of colors. • Melts under High Heat
• Resistance to moths and mildew.
• Absorbent & dries quickly.
• Inexpensive
Global fiber and yarn market

• The global demand for the Textile Yarn Market was valued at USD 11.9
Billion in 2019 is expected to reach USD 16.0Billion in 2026 and is
anticipated to grow at a CAGR(compound annual growth rate) of 4.0%
between 2020 and 2026.
• The textile industry is witnessing huge demands in Asia Pacific regions
due to the population explosion
• The adoption of new trends globally and the introduction of new
fabrics are some of the major factors driving demand for textile yarns
Global fiber and yarn market
Growth Factors:
• Rapid growth in urbanization and increasing requirements of the
industries are the major factors that anticipate driving the market growth
• The shift in consumer preference towards affordable and comfortable
clothing increases the demand for high-value fabrics such as viscose, silk,
and hemp
• Blended varieties of fibers are also taking immense growth in the market
owing to significant features of both artificial and natural yarn thus
opening up new growth opportunities in the coming years
Global fiber and yarn market
Segmentation:
• The global textile yarn market is classified based on the sources as
chemical, animal, plant, and others. Based on application, the market is
fragmented into home textile, apparel, and industrial.
• Based on the artificial subtype, the market is segregated into categories
such as viscose, polyester, acrylic, and nylon
• This type segment is divided into artificial and natural types
• Furthermore, the natural subtype segment is divided into flax, wool,
ramie, cotton, hemp, jute, and silk
Global fiber and yarn market
Artificial subtype:
Fibre Source Attribute
• Acrylic Petroleum Products Lightweight, warm, dries quickly
• Kevlar Aramids Very strong
• Modacrylic Petroleum Products Lightweight, warm, dries quickly
• Nomex Aramids Chemical, electrical, and flame resistant
• Nylon Petroleum Products Durable, strong, lightweight, dries quickly
• Polyester Petroleum Products Durable, strong, lightweight, dries quickly
• Spandex Petroleum Products Elastic, strong, lightweight
• Rayon Regenerated cellulose Weak when wet
Global fiber and yarn market
• In terms of fiber, global consumption crossed 100 Million MT in 2016 and it
has been growing with 2019 recording consumption of 108 Million MT
• The majority of fiber demand is met by synthetic fibers (63%), with cotton
coming in second (25%)
Global fiber and yarn market
Global fiber and yarn market
Global fiber and yarn market
• According to the 2020 Lenzing report, synthetic fiber demand is expected to
grow at a 3-4 percent annual rate between 2019 and 24
• It is estimated that by 2030, global fiber consumption will reach
approximately 140 million tons, with man-made fibers accounting for 108
million tons

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