Name :

The exam is constituted of 6 main exercises , independent of each other

1
Exercice 1 : Angles / Reference Systems 3/3

Question n°1 1/3

The angle of attack  is the angle between the velocity of the aircraft and the body xb axis

Yes or No ? (if No, give the reason)

No , the angle of attack  is the angle between body xb axis and the velocity of the aircraft
projected within the aircraft plane of symmetry

Question n°2 1/3

Consider the following picture, what is the value of the side slip angle, 

We cannot compute  because  is the angle between the velocity of the aircraft and the aircraft
plane of symmetry ; on the picture, we have no information about the aircraft plane of symmetry

Question n°3 1/3

Consider the following picture, what is the sign of the elevator deflection , m

xb

zb

The rotation of the elevator is a pitch down rotation : m is negative

2
Exercice 2 : Longitudinal Flight Static 3/3

Question n°1 1/3

We assume a longitudinal flight. Consider the following picture,

what is the value of the angle of attack, 
what is the value of the flight path angle, 
what is the value of the pitch angle, 

For a pure longitudinal flight : = + ; here we have  = 2° /  = 6° /  = 4°

xb

6° xa
2°
G x0

z0

Question n°2

Mass = 110 t / Reference Surface : S = 260 m2 / Reference Length : L = 6.6 m

Aircraft Aerodynamic data

Configuration Cz 0 Cmm Cm0 CmA Cmq

(rd-1) (°) (rd-1) (rd-1)
High lift 5 -15 -1.5 -0.4 -1 -10

We recall 1.0 rd = 57.3° and A is the Reference point, at 25% of the mean aerodynamic chord

Lift coefficient : = ∙( − )

Pitch coefficient : = + ∙( − )+ ∙

General Flight Mechanics equations (we assume g = 9.81 m/s2)

Lift equation : = ∙

Pitch equation : =0

3
Express function of , ( − )/ , 1/3

− −
= + ∙ = + ∙

We assume a longitudinal flight at trim.

Knowing that  = 6° , compute the elevator deflection m for XG/L = 15% 1/3

−
= + ∙ =0

−
= + ∙( − )+ ∙ + ∙ ∙( − )=0

−
+ + ∙ ∙( − )
=−

−0.4 + [−1 + (0.15 − 0.25) ∙ 5] ∙ (6 + 15)/57.3

=−
−1.5

= −0.633 = −36.3 °

4
Exercice 3 : Longitudinal Flight Dynamic 4/4

The simulator Longisim is able to perform an eigenvalue analysis at given Flight point.

This the result of the analysis : 3 longitudinal modes are identified

Can you identified each mode ? 3/4

For each mode, give the name of the mode and its characteristics

- If it is a 1st order mode , the time constant

- If it is a 2nd order mode, the period and the damping

Short Period mode : T= 9.39s /  = 0.352

Phugoïd mode : T= 45.53s /  = 0.081

Altitude convergence mode :  = 470.69 s

Are all the modes convergent or not ? Why ? 1/4

All the modes are convergent because either the damping  is positive or the time constant  is
positive

5
Exercice 4 : Aerodynamic coefficient 3/3

What is the sign of ? 1/3

is negative

What is the sign of ? 1/3

What is the main aircraft component responsible of sign of ?

is negative ; the main contributor is the wing dihedral

What is the sign of if I want a stable lateral aircraft ? 1/3

If I want to increase the lateral stability of the aircraft, what can I do ?

is positive for a lateral stable aircraft

If I want to increase the lateral stability, I shall increase the size of the fin

6
Exercice 5 : Lateral Flight 3/3

The following data are available for both following questions 1 and 2

Mass = 110 t / Reference Surface : S = 260 m2 / Reference Length : L = 6.6 m

Aircraft Aerodynamic data

Cy Cl Cn Clp Cnp Clr Cnr Cll Cnn

(rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1) (rd-1)
-1.5 -0.9 1.5 -18.5 -1.4 4.9 -7.2 -0.5 -0.5

We recall than 1.0 rd = 57.3°

General Flight Mechanics equations (we assume g = 9.81 m/s2)

Lateral equation : − + sin =0

Roll equation : + + =0

Yaw equation : + + =0

Kin. equation : =0

Question n°1

We assume a steady straight flight situation

The pilot wants to flight a given side slip  =5°

Compute the rudder deflection n ? 1/3

We have a steady straight flight so the aircraft yaw rotation =0

Using the yaw equation :

+ =0→ =− ∙

1.5
=− ∙ 5° = 15°
−0.5

7
Question n°2

We assume a steady turn situation

The pilot makes a coordinate steady turn manoeuvre (=0°) ,

Express r function of V and 1/3

We have a steady turn manoeuvre so the aircraft yaw rotation ≠0

Using the lateral equation and =0° :

= ∙ sin

Assuming that V = 80 m/s ,

compute l and n for a coordinate steady turn manoeuvre (=0°) with = 30° 1/3

Using the roll equation and =0° :

+ =0→ =− ∙ =− ∙ ∙ sin

4.9 9.81 ∙ 6.6

=− ∙ ∙ sin 30° = 0.05 = 2.8°
−0.5 80

Using the yaw equation and =0° :

+ =0→ =− ∙ =− ∙ ∙ sin

−7.2 9.81 ∙ 6.6

=− ∙ ∙ sin 30° = −0.073 = −4.2°
−0.5 80

8
Exercice 6 : Lateral Flight Dynamic 4/4

The simulator Transsim is able to perform an eigenvalue analysis at given Flight point.

This the result of the analysis : 3 lateral modes are identified

Can you identified each mode ? 3/4

For each mode, give the name of the mode and its characteristics

- If it is a 1st order mode , the time constant

- If it is a 2nd order mode, the period and the damping

Roll mode :  = 0.41 s

Dutch Roll mode : T= 5.61s /  = 0.230

Spiral mode :  = -360.43 s

Are all the modes convergent or not ? Why ? 1/4

Roll and Dutch Roll are convergent because either the damping  is positive or the time constant 
is positive

The Spiral mode is divergent because the time constant  is negative