Explanatory Notes for RCHO1002106

Explanatory Notes for questions 1 to 25: paragraph talks about the potential results of
miscalculations mentioned in the first paragraph. This
1. The sentence in which the condition appears indicates that sense is given by Option A, which is the best option.
Bouvard might have realized that there was something
beyond Uranus. After 25 years (refer to the whole of the Option A: correct as per the reasons given above.
second paragraph), Neptune was discovered by taking Option B: incorrect because the topic of this
Bouvard's information into consideration. This implies that if paragraph – prediction of planets basing on
he had not considered his observation an error, he would empirical observations – has already been
have discovered Neptune then itself. This sense is given by introduced in the first paragraph.
Option B, which is the best option. Option C: incorrect because this paragraph does not put
any qualification (condition) to the
Option A: incorrect because the exact position of Uranus topic introduced earlier.
is not talked about in this context. Option D: incorrect because no experiment is given in this
Option B: correct as per the reasons given above. paragraph.
Option C: incorrect because, though this is a possible Thus, the best option is Option A.
outcome, it is an indirect outcome because, after Choice (A)
identifying Neptune and its gravitational effect,
they would have accounted for the deviation. 5. The author mentions that the objects in the Kuiper belt are
Option D: incorrect because the nature and shape of the pushed and pulled by planets' gravity. If we are to weaken
orbit of the planet Uranus is not discussed in the the author's observation, we must identify a factor that
paragraph. undermines this observation.

Thus, the best option is Option B. Option A: incorrect because this actually strengthens the
Choice (B) author's observation about the Kuiper belt.
Option B: correct because, this info, if true, makes the
2. The first sentence of the third paragraph talks about new impact of planets' gravity insignificant. This
theories basing on which scientists started predicted weakens the author's observation.
existence of more planets. This is mentioned directly in the Option C: incorrect because this actually strengthens the
second sentence of the paragraph. This is the concept that author's observation.
the expression the effort refers to. This sense is given by Option D: incorrect because this is not related to Kuiper
Option C, which is the best option. belt.

Option A: incorrect because, while scientists do aspire for Thus, the best option is Option B.
popularity, this is not what the phrase refers to. Choice (B)
Option B: incorrect because this is just a part answer. They
want to identify the discrepancies and discover 6. Baumgarten's argument is related to toilet practices; as per
new planets basing on that discrepancy. This the text of the scrolls, the latrines should be constructed
sense is not given by the option. outside the settlement, whereas Josephus posits the
Option C: correct as per the reasons given above. Essenes used a special tool to dig a hole in the ground in
Option D: incorrect because it is the new planets they want a remote place where they had to defecate. Basing on this
to discover, not the discrepancies. inconsistency, Baumgarten argues that inhabitants of
Quamran were not Essenses. We need to identify a piece
Thus, the best option is Option C. of information that weakens this conclusion.
Choice (C)
3. The author questions the predictions of new planets Option A: incorrect because this option attacks
discussed in third paragraph. The first sentence of the last Baumgarten, not his argument about the
paragraph states that the hypothetical planet was inhabitants of Qumran.
disappearing. This implies that he is not likely to expect the Option B: incorrect because this actually strengthens
existence of hypothetical planets. This sense is given by Baumgarten's argument; if they use specific tools
Option D, which is the best option. for the process and those tools were not there in
Qumran, this implies that the inhabitants of
Option A: incorrect because, though this is true and the Qumran were not Essenes.
author is likely to agree with this, this information Option C: correct because, if this is true, the the Essenes in
is not about a hypothetical planet -refer to the first Qumran might be using latrines outside the
sentence of the last paragraph. settlement because they followed local traditions.
Option B: incorrect because this the author talks about tiny If this is true, Baumgarten's argument that they
icy bodies beyond the known planets of the Solar were not Essenes becomes weakened.
system – refer to second sentence of the last Option D: incorrect because this information does not have
paragraph. anything related to whether or not the inhabitants
Option C: incorrect because the author explicitly says were Essenes.
Kuiper belt has no planets – refer to third
sentence of the last paragraph. Thus, the best option is Option C.
Option D: correct as per the reasons given above. Choice (C)
Choice (D) 7. For this type of question, we need to identify factors that
add 'depth' to Magness' position and eliminate them to
4. The first paragraph talks about Bouvard's wrong estimation arrive at the correct option.
about the accuracy of the old star catalogs. This resulted in
the delay of the discovery of Neptune, a concept discussed Option A: incorrect because this info proves that Magness'
in the second paragraph. This implies that the second argument is correct.

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 Option B: incorrect because this information is also relevant Thus, the best option is Option D.
to Magness' argument. Choice (D)
Option C: incorrect because the expression 'all types of
evidence' includes the evidence Magness 11. The first paragraph brings out Cowley's negative attitude
is talking about. towards Dos Possos's writings, and then the passage went
Option D: correct because if this is true, we can arrive on explaining Cowley's political views and the very last
at valid conclusions even in the absence of sentence of the passage tells how the political views
documentary evidence. Thus, her argument is not resulted in the negative attitude discussed in the first
strengthened. paragraph. This sense is given by Option C, which is the
best option.
Thus, the best option is Option D.
Choice (D) Option A: incorrect because the last sentence does not
express a positive attitude. The use of expression
8. The author presents the Dead Sea Scrolls authorship 'kindest explanation he could offer' actually
controversy and goes on to present different views. implies that Cowley still had a negative attitude.
However, he does not take a position and does not give any Option B: incorrect because the first paragraph does not
conclusion for the controversy on the authorship. Thus, he express the popular positive attitude; in fact, it
is likely to be non-committed in this relation. Thus, Option describes Cowley's opinion only.
A, which states this, is the best option. Option C: correct as per the reasons given above.
Option D: incorrect because the last sentence does not
Option A: correct as per the reasons given above. summarize the general concept discussed all
Option B: incorrect because the author does not give any through the passage.
decisive opinion in this regard.
Option C: incorrect because the accurate chronology has Thus, the best option is Option C.
not been presented as a problem leading to the Choice (C)
controversy.
Option D: incorrect because this kind of comparison is not 12. The passage says that 'the bleakness of Dos Passos's 'final
given anywhere in the paragraph. message' clashed with Cowley's mid-thirties optimism' and
in this context Cowley wrote that Dos Passos's writing
Thus, the best option is Option A. failed to express one side. This implies that the one side
Choice (A) is the optimistic outcome out of the class struggle. This
sense is given by Option A, which is the best option.
9. For this type of question, we need to identify a factor that
makes Eshel's argument more probable. Basing on the Option A: correct as per the reasons given above.
upper half of a document, whose lower half has been lost, Option B: incorrect because the passage talks about the
she arrives at the conclusion that it is a legal document. 'bleakness', not about 'controversial aspect'.
This argument can be correct only when the upper half Option C: incorrect because the other side does not refer to
cannot be interpreted in different ways and when Eshel's contemporary life – refer to the explanation given
interpretation is correct. This sense is given by Option C, above.
which is the best option. Option D: incorrect because the paragraph never talks
about the effect of literature on the common life.
Option A: incorrect because, if this is true, then Eshel's
argument will be disproved – refer to the last two Thus, the best option is Option A.
sentences of the first paragraph. Choice (A)
Option B: incorrect because, if the scrolls were written by
Essenes and were brought into Qumran from 13. Cowley gave a negative opinion of the the novel of the
outside, then we cannot say that Essenes were Spanish Civil War and confessed, in this context, that his
the inhabitants of Qumran. disagreement with Don Passos's political views might have
Option C: correct as per the reasons given above. affected his judgment. This implies that in Cowley's opinion,
Option D: incorrect because this actually weakens Eshel's his negative criticism became more intense because of
argument. political disagreement. This sense is given by Option B,
which is the best option.
Thus, the best option is Option C.
Choice (C) Option A: incorrect because the political situation prevalent
during that period is not mentioned in this
10. For this type of organization question, we need to identify context.
the function of a particular paragraph in the context of the Option B: correct as per the reasons given above.
whole passage. The first paragraph introduces the Option C: incorrect because the class struggle (mentioned
controversy and presents a set of conflicting arguments. in the first paragraph and the third paragraph)
The second paragraph presents another aspect that is not mentioned in the context in which the
enhances the severity of the controversy. The third 'confession' is mentioned.
paragraph adds one more reason, while the fourth Option D: incorrect because Cowley's statement implies
paragraph adds more reasons about the possible that his view is biased.
continuation of the controversy. Thus, the third paragraph Thus, the best option is Option B.
gives one reason for the existence and persistence of the Choice (B)
controversy. This sense is given by Option D, which is the
best option. 14. The last paragraph states that Cowley's pro-Loyalist fervor
was increased during his visit and he ignored the anti-party
Option A: incorrect because the concept presented in the press. His sympathies with the party and the government
paragraph does not resolve the controversy. would be unjustified if the suppression was being done on
Option B: incorrect because the last paragraph does not people fighting for their natural rights. This sense is given
contradict the information given in the third by Option C, which is the best option.
paragraph.
Option A: incorrect because who sponsored the writers'
Option C: incorrect because the first and the third
congress is not relevant to his pro-Loyalist fervor.
paragraphs do not have contradicting information.
Option B: incorrect because if this is true, his fervor would
Option D: correct as per the reason given above.
be justified.
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 Option C: correct as per the reasons given above. steel, and this proves incorrect the statement that
Option D: incorrect because this is not related to the they failed to acquire technology.
pro-Loyalist fervor being talked about. Option B: incorrect because the last sentence of the
passage states that many native people 'carved
Thus, the best option is Option C. out their lives for themselves …'
Choice (C) Option C: correct as per the last sentence of the passage.
Option D: incorrect because we cannot justify that it is the
15. The passage says that 'to most American intellectuals, primary reason, while it surely is one of the
communist and non-communist, it seemed to lay bare … reasons.
two systems of life'. The two systems mentioned in the next
sentence refer to class distinctions. Thus, most of the Thus, the best option is Option C.
American intellectuals, whether they were communists Choice (C)
or non-communists, understood the class distinctions
present in the society. This sense is given by Option C, 19. The author in the third and the fourth paragraphs mentions
which is the best option. that the Guns, germs and steel theory does not give proper
understanding of the individual experiences of people in the
Option A: incorrect because this option talks about history. By using this expression, he implies that correct
American Civil War, while the Spanish Civil War is understanding of the history is important when we think
talked about in the paragraph. about the present. This sense is given by Option A, which
Option B. incorrect because the passage does not give any is the best option.
hint as to whether American intellectuals criticize
Dos Passos's work. Option A: correct as per the reasons given above.
Option C: correct as per the reasons given above. Option B: incorrect because the context is not related just to
Option D: incorrect because the passage does not hint sophisticated understanding of the present.
at the proportion of poverty-striken people and Option C: incorrect because the concept of 'detriment'
also, from the information given, we cannot infer cannot be inferred from the context.
that their sympathies are with the poor people. Option D: incorrect because the significance of American
tribes in the society is outside the scope of the
Thus, the best option is Option C. passage.
Choice (C)
Thus, the best option is Option A.
16. The author explains the popularity of the theory, explains Choice (A)
the theory and finally mentions that the theory is not
enough because it has a 'level of abstraction that risks 20. A blanket explanation is something that is given as an
obscuring the history of individuals and groups whose explanation for everything. A phrase that corresponds to
experiences cannot be so aptly summarized'. This implies this expression should have similar meaning. This sense
that, in the author's opinion, the theory does not represent is given by Option B, which is the best option.
individual experiences. Thus, Option A, which states this,
is the best option. Option A: incorrect because it is not any kind of obligation
(as expressed by should).
Option A: correct as per the reasons given above. Option B: correct as per the reasons given above.
Option B: incorrect because the author clearly explains why Option C: incorrect because 'standing the test of time' is not
there was a split among local tribes in the second relevant here.
paragraph. Option D: incorrect because the context is not about
Option C: incorrect because the author's tone towards the an exception proving a rule.
theory is negative and the last two paragraphs
bring out the negative aspects of the theory. Thus, the best option is Option B.
Option D: incorrect because the comparison given in the Choice (B)
option is not explicitly or implicitly stated in the
passage. 21. Erik's argument concludes that employment growth
is rather slow despite impressive GDP growth, because of
Thus, the best option is Option A. automation. We need to identify a factor that weakens the
Choice (A) argument.

17. The first and the second paragraphs discuss the theory and Option A: incorrect because, if this is true, then Erik's
some of its plausible explanations, but third paragraph argument becomes strengthened.
introduces the negative aspects of the theory, which are Option B: incorrect because this info is irrelevant; while
discussed in the last two paragraphs. This sense is given Erik's argument is about the United States, this
by Option B, which is the best option. option gives information about other countries.
Option C: incorrect because this info is about the future,
Option A: incorrect because this paragraph actually brings while Erik's argument is about the past and hence
out the shortcomings of the theory. this info is not related to his argument.
Option B: correct as per the reasons given above. Option D: correct because if this is true, then automation
Option C: incorrect because this does not talk about any is not a primary reason for unemployment
assumptions entertained in the earlier paragraph. stagnation. Thus, this weakens Erik's position.
Option D: incorrect because the later paragraphs do not
tone down the disadvantage mentioned in this Thus, the best option is Option D.
paragraph. Choice (D)

Thus, the best option is Option B. 22. The passage discusses the problem of stagnation in
Choice (B) employment due to automation and analyzes the issue. The
last statement briefly restates the problem – it is to be noted
18. For this type of question, we need to verify each option that 'innovation' includes 'automation' as well – and thus,
individually to arrive at the correct option. Option C, which states this, is the best option.

Option A: incorrect because, as per the second paragraph, Option A: incorrect because the sentence does not provide
Native American tribes traded with guns and any solution.

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 Option B: incorrect because it does not give out social Option A: incorrect because the second factor is available
implications of the problem. jobs, not scarcity of jobs.
Option C: correct as per the reasons given above. Option B: correct as per the reasons given above.
Option D: incorrect because the sentence does not go Option C: incorrect as per the info given in the explanation.
beyond the information given in the passage. Option D: incorrect as per the information given above.

Thus, the best option is Option C. Thus, the best option is Option B.
Choice (C) Choice (B)

23. The paragraph talks about advancement of technology in 25. For this kind of question, we should have a broad
automation and the resultant wealth creation and understanding of the author's argument and see which
stagnation of income and availability of fewer jobs. The option is likely to be supported by the author. Overall, the
conflict between these sets of factors is presented as the author's argument is that due to automation, though there
paradox. These factors are correctly matched to show the is great improvement in productivity and wealth creation,
paradox in Option A, which is the best option. the availability of jobs and median income remain
stagnated.
Option A: correct as per the reasons given above.
Option B: incorrect because this is not an instance of Option A: correct because the author is likely to support this
paradox. view.
Option C: incorrect because this is not an instance of Option B: incorrect because Erik does not suggest
paradox. discouraging automation.
Option D: incorrect this too is not an instance of paradox. Option C: incorrect because the author does not advise
economists in any way.
Thus, the best option is Option A. Option D: incorrect because the author does not, implicitly
Choice (A) or explicitly, suggest which fields are to be
automated.
24. If we read the second paragraph carefully, we understand
that the two lines – representing productivity and total Thus, the best option is Option A.
employment in the United States. The decoupling between Choice (A)
these two is the disconnect between these two. This
is stated directly in Option B, which is the best option.

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