Task 2: Examples of the Force Method Part

• Office: 251.2.64 (Bundoora Campus)

• Location: 10.12.003
• By A/Prof Shiwei_Zhou
Email: [email protected]

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 1

 The representative structures of the video project

A bus stop A board

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 2
 Idealizing the frame to make DOI = 1

B
A

Bad example as the structure is statically indeterminate to the third degree.

Tips: The more degree of indeterminacy, the more complex the calculation.

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 3

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 4
 Task 2 example for the pined frame
with an even last digital number n
4.61n kN/m 4.61n kN/m

0.5 L L

4.61n kN/m
0.5 H

4.61n kN/m

H
H

H
L

H
L

1
Idealised frame
= Primary frame
+ Virtual frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 5

Step 1: Determine degree of indeterminacy (DOI)
E F C
B
DOI = r-3n=4-3(1)=1, which means you need to 0.5L 2.305nH

0.5H
consider a primary structure and a redundant
structure when using force method.
2.305nL

H
G 0.75H

Ax
D Dx

Ay Dy

Original frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 6

Step 2: Calculate M for primary frame (determine primary and virtual frames )
FBD of the real frame
Primary frame:
E F C
Assume Dx as redundant reaction, change the pin B
Support to a roller support at Point D to obtain a 0.5L 2.305nH

0.5H
Determinant primary structure.
2.305nL
Virtual frame: G 0.75H
Replace external forces by the unit force, which has
The same direction and location as Dx. Ax Dx (redundant)
D
FBD of the primary frame Ay Dy

E F C C
B E F
B
0.5L 2.305nH 0.25L 0.5L 0.25L
0.5H

0.5H
2.305nL
G 0.75H
G
0.5H
Ax 1
D Ax D
Ay 1 (virtual unit force)
Dy Ay Dy
19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 7
FBD of the virtual frame
Step 2a: Reactions of the primary frame
FBD of the primary frame

E F C
B
0.5L 2.305nH

0.5H
2.305nL
G 0.75H

Ax D
Ay Dy

Even last digital of student number n

∑ M ( x ) =0 ⇒ D L + 2.305nH(0.75H ) − 2.305nL(0.5L) =0 ⇒ D
A y y =
∑ F =0 ⇒ A + D − 2.305nL =0 ⇒ A =2.305nL − Dy
y y y y

∑ F =0 ⇒ A − 2.305H =0 ⇒ A =2.305nH
x x x

19/04/2024
19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 8
 Sign convention of frame

Sign convention for frame

Positive moments bend the members inward

Note: the sign of the shear force of the right

column is opposite to the first derivative
of the moment equation.

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 9

Step 2b: M(x1) of the primary frame
0.5L 2.305nL
0.25L 0.25L

B E F C 0.25H

0.5H 0.5H
2.305nH
G
x1 M ( x1 )

A D
Ax

Dy
Ay

FBD of the primary frame after the first cutting

∑ MO =
0 ⇒ Ax ( x1 ) + M ( x1 ) =
0
⇒ M ( x1 ) =
− Ax ( x1 )
0 ≤ x1 ≤ H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 10

Step 2c: M(x2) of the primary frame
0.5L 2.305nL
0.25L 0.25L

B E F C 0.25H

0.5H 0.5H
M ( x2 ) 2.305nH
x2 G

A D
Ax

Dy
Ay

FBD of the primary frame after the second cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax H − Ay x2 + M ( x2 ) =
= 0
0 ≤ x2 ≤ 0.25 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 11

Step 2d: M(x3) of the primary frame
0.5L
x3 M ( x3 )
0.25L
0.25L
B E 0.5x3 F C 0.25H

0.5H 0.5H
2.305nH
G
4.61nx3
A D
Ax

Dy
Ay

FBD of the primary frame after the third cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ Ax H − Ay (0.25 L + x3 ) + 4.61nx3 ( 0.5 x3 ) + M ( x3 ) =0

0 ≤ x3 ≤ 0.5 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 12

Step 2e: M(x4) of the primary frame
0.25L
x4
0.5L
M ( x4 )

B E F C 0.25H

0.5H 0.5H
0.25L G
2.305nL
A Ax
D

Ay Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the fourth cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ Ax H − Ay (0.75 L + x4 ) + 2.305nL(0.25 L + x4 ) + M ( x4 ) =0
0 ≤ x4 ≤ 0.25 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 13

Step 2f: M(x5) of the primary frame

M ( x5 ) C
B E F
4.61nx5
0.5x5 x5
G

0.5H
2.305nL
A Ax
D

Ay Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the fifth cutting

∑M O = 0 ⇒ −4.61nx5 (0.5 x5 ) − M ( x5 ) = 0
0 ≤ x5 ≤ 0.5 H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 14

Step 2g: M(x6) of the primary frame

C
B E F
2.305nH
M ( x6 ) G
2.305nL
x6
A Ax
D

Ay Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the sixth cutting

∑M O = 0 ⇒ − M ( x6 ) = 0
0 ≤ x6 ≤ 0.5H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 15

 BMD example of a primary frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 16

 Step 3a: Reactions of virtual frame

0.25L 0.5L 0.25L

B E F C 0.5H
G
0.5H
A D
Ax 1
Dy
Ay

∑M A 0 ⇒ Dy L =
= 0 Virtual frame

Dy = 0
∑F x = 0 ⇒ Ax + 1 = 0 ⇒ Ax = −1
∑F y =0 ⇒ Ay + Dy =0 ⇒ Ay =0

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 17

Step3b: m(x1) of virtual frame
0.25L 0.5L 0.25L

B E F C 0.5H
m ( x1 )
G
x1 0.5H
A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the first cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax x1 + m ( x1 ) =
= − x1 + m ( x1 ) =
0
⇒ m ( x1 ) =
x1
0 ≤ x1 ≤ H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 18

Step 3c: m(x2), m(x3), and m(x4) of the virtual frame

B
m ( x2 ) / m ( x3 ) / m ( x4 )

x2 / x3 / x4 C 0.5H
G
0.5H
A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the second/third/fourth cutting;

Note: The range of x for m(x) should be the same as M(x)

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax H + m ( x2 ) =
= − H + m ( x2 ) =
0
⇒ m ( x2 )= H , 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 0.25 L
( x2 ) m=
m= ( x3 ) m=
( x4 ) H
0 ≤ x3 ≤ 0.5 L
0 ≤ x4 ≤ 0.25 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 19

Step 3d: m(x5) of the virtual frame

0.25L 0.5L 0.25L

m ( x5 )
B E F C
x2 x5
G
0.5H
A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the fifth cutting

∑M O 0 1( x5 + 0.5 H ) − m ( x5 ) =
=⇒ 0
⇒ m ( x5 ) =
x5 + 0.5 H
0 ≤ x5 ≤ 0.5 H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 20

Step 3e: m(x6) of the virtual frame

0.25L 0.5L 0.25L

m ( x6 )
B E F C
x2
G
x6
A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the sixth cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ 1x6 − m ( x6 ) =0
⇒ m ( x6 ) =
x6
0 ≤ x6 ≤ 0.5 H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 21

 BMD example of a virtual frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 22

Step 4: calculate the horizontal displacement of the primary structure at point D

H M ( x1 )m( x1 ) 0.25 L M ( x ) m( x ) 0.5 L M ( x ) m( x )

∆Dx ∫ dx1 + ∫ 2 2
dx2 + ∫ 3 3
dx3
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
0.25 L M ( x ) m( x ) 0.5 H M ( x ) m( x ) 0.5 H M ( x ) m( x )
+∫ 4 4
dx4 + ∫ 5 5
dx5 + ∫ 6 6
dx6
0 EI 0 EI 0
 EI 
= 0, as M ( x6 )= 0

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 23

Step 4: calculate the horizontal displacement of the virtual structure at point D

H m( x1 )m( x1 ) 0.25 L m( x ) m( x ) 0.5 L m( x ) m( x )

f DD = ∫0 EI
dx1 + ∫0
2
EI
2
dx2 + ∫ 0
3

EI
3
dx3
0.25 L m( x ) m( x ) 0.5 H m( x ) m( x ) 0.5 H m( x ) m( x )
+∫ 4 4
dx4 + ∫ 5 5
dx5 + ∫ 6 6
dx6
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 24

Step 4: calculate the redundant force using virtual energy method

0
∆Dx + f DD Dx =
∆Dx
⇒ Dx =
−
f DD

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 25

Step 4: calculate rest reactions of the real frame using equilibrium Eqs.
2.305nL

0.5L 0.25L

B E F C 0.25H

0.5H 0.5H
2.305nH
G

A D
Ax
Dx
Dy
Ay

FBD of the primary frame

∑F x =0 ⇒ Ax + Dx − 2.305nH =0
− Dx + 2.305nH
⇒ Ax =

∑M A 0 ⇒ Dy L + 2.305nH(0.75H)-2.305nL(0.5L) =
= 0 ⇒ Dy

∑F y =0 ⇒ Ay + Dy − 2.305nL =0 ⇒ Ay

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 26

 Example of the SFD verified by SkyCiv: https://skyciv.com/

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 27

 Example of the BMD verified by SkyCiv: https://skyciv.com/
Note: the moment sign convention used in
SkyCiv is opposite to the one of this course

Dx x − M ( x) =
0

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 28

 Must provide the deflection curve

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 29

• Example for students with odd last digit

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 30

 Task 2 example for the pined frame
with an odd last digital number n
2.45n kN/m 2.45n kN/m
2.45n kN/m

2.45n kN/m
0.5 L L

2.45n kN/m
0.5 H

H
H

H
L

H
L

1
Idealised frame
= Primary frame
+ Virtual frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 31

Step 1: Determine degree of indeterminacy (DOI)

DOI = r-3n=4-3(1)=1, which means you need to

consider a primary structure and a redundant
structure when using force method.

F G C
B
0.5L

1.225nH 1.225nL
E
0.75H

A Ax
D Dx

Ay Dy

Original frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 32

Step 2: Calculate M for primary frame (determine primary and virtual frames )

Primary frame: F G C
B
Assume Dx as redundant reaction, change the pin 0.5L
Support to a roller support at Point D to obtain a FBD of the
Determinant primary structure. 1.225nH 1.225nL real frame

E
Virtual frame: 0.75H
Replace external forces by the unit force, which has Dx: Redundant
The same direction and location as Dx. A Ax
D
FBD of the primary frame
Ay Dy
F G C
B C
0.5L F G
B
0.25L 0.5L 0.25L
1.225nH 1.225nL 0.5H
E
0.75H E
0.5H
A Ax 1
D Ax D
1 (virtual unit force)
Ay Dy
19/04/2024Ay
2:05 PM Dy By Shiwei Zhou 33
FBD of the virtual frame
Step 2a: Reactions of the primary frame B F G C
2.45n(0.5H) 0.5L

H
2.45n(0.5L)
0.75H E

Ax
A D

Ay Dy

FBD of real structure

Odd last digital

∑ M ( x ) =0 ⇒ D L − 2.45n(0.5L)(0.5L) − 2.45n(0.5H )(0.75H ) =0 ⇒ D
A y y =
∑ F =0 ⇒ A + D − 2.45（
y yn 0.5L) =0 ⇒ A =
y y

∑ F =0 ⇒ A + 2.45（
x n 0.5H) =0 ⇒ A =−1.225nH
x x

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 34

 Sign convention of frame

Sign convention for frame

Positive moments bend the members inward

Note: the sign of the shear force of the right
column is opposite to the first derivative
of the moment equation.

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 35

Step 2b: M(x1) of the primary frame

B F G C
0.5L
1.225nH

E
1.225nL
0.75H M ( x1 )

x1
Ax
A D

Ay Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the first cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax ( x1 ) + M ( x1 ) =
= 0
⇒ M ( x1 ) =
− Ax ( x1 )
0 ≤ x1 ≤ 0.5H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 36

Step 2c: M(x2) of the primary frame

B F G C
M ( x2 )
0.5L
x2
2.45nx2
E
1.225nL
0.5H

Ax
A D
Ay

Ay Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the second cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax ( 0.5H+x2 ) + 2.45nx2 (0.5 x2 ) + M ( x2 ) =

= 0
0 ≤ x2 ≤ 0.5 H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 37

Step 2d: M(x3) of the primary frame
M ( x3 )

B F G C
x3
1.225nH 0.5L

E
1.225nL
0.5H

Ax
A D

Ay Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the third cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax H − Ay x3 + 1.225nH ( 0.25 H ) + M ( x3 ) =
= 0
0 ≤ x3 ≤ 0.25 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 38

Step 2e: M(x4) of the primary frame

M ( x4 )
0.25L x4 0.25L

1.225nH B F 0.5x4 G C

E G
2.45nx4
A D
Ax

Dy
Ay

FBD of the primary frame after the fourth cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ Ax H − Ay (0.25 L + x4 ) + 1.225nH(0.25H) + 2.45nx4 (0.5 x4 ) + M ( x4 ) =0

0 ≤ x4 ≤ 0.5 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 39

Step 2f: M(x5) of the primary frame
x5
M ( x5 )

H
D
A
Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the fifth cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ D y x5 − M ( x5 ) =
= 0
0 ≤ x5 ≤ 0.25 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 40

Step 2g: M(x6) of the primary frame

M ( x6 )

x6
D

Dy

FBD of the primary frame after the sixth cutting

∑M O = 0 ⇒ − M ( x6 ) = 0
0 ≤ x6 ≤ H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 41

 BMD example of a primary frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 42

 Step 3a: Reactions of virtual frame

0.25L 0.5L 0.25L

B F C
0.5H G
E
0.5H
A D
Ax 1
Dy
Ay

∑MA =
0 ⇒ Dy L =
0 Virtual frame

Dy = 0
∑F x = 0 ⇒ Ax + 1 = 0 ⇒ Ax = −1
∑F y =0 ⇒ Ay + Dy =0 ⇒ Ay =0
19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 43
Step3b: m(x1) of virtual frame
0.25L 0.5L 0.25L

B F G C
E
m ( x1 )
x1
A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the first cutting

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax x1 + m ( x1 ) =
= − x1 + m ( x1 ) =
0
⇒ m ( x1 ) =
x1
0 ≤ x1 ≤ 0.5 H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 44

Step3b: m(x2) of virtual frame
0.25L 0.5L 0.25L
B
F G C 0.5H
x2
m ( x2 )

E
0.5H
A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the first cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ Ax ( 0.5 H + x2 ) + m ( x2 ) =0
⇒ m ( x2 ) =
x2 + 0.5 H
0 ≤ x2 ≤ 0.5 H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 45

Step 3c: m(x3), and m(x4) of the virtual frame

B
m ( x3 ) / m ( x4 )

x3 / x4 C

A D
Ax = −1 1

FBD of the virtual frame after the second/third/fourth cutting;

Note: The range of x for m(x) should be the same as M(x)

∑M O 0 ⇒ Ax H + m ( x3 ) =
= − H + m ( x3 ) =
0
⇒ m ( x3 )= H , 0 ≤ x3 ≤ 0.25 L
( x3 ) m=
m= ( x4 ) H
0 ≤ x4 ≤ 0.5 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 46

Step 3d: m(x5) of the virtual frame

x5
m ( x5 )

F C

D
1

FBD of the virtual frame after the fifth cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ 1H − m ( x5 ) =0
⇒ m ( x5 ) =
H
0 ≤ x5 ≤ 0.25 L

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 47

Step 3e: m(x6) of the virtual frame

C m ( x6 )

x6
D
1

FBD of the virtual frame after the sixth cutting

∑M O =0 ⇒ 1x6 − m ( x6 ) =0
⇒ m ( x6 ) =
x6
0 ≤ x6 ≤ H

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 48

 BMD example of a virtual frame

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 49

Step 4: calculate the horizontal displacement of the primary structure at point D

0.5 HM ( x1 )m( x1 ) 0.5 H M ( x ) m( x ) 0.25 L M ( x ) m( x )

∆Dx ∫ dx1 + ∫ 2 2
dx2 + ∫ 3 3
dx3
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
0.5 L M ( x ) m( x ) 0.25 L M ( x ) m( x ) H M ( x ) m( x )
+∫ 4 4
dx4 + ∫ 5 5
dx5 + ∫ 6 6
dx6
0 EI 0 EI EI
0
 
= 0, as M ( x6 )= 0

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 50

Step 4: calculate the horizontal displacement of the virtual structure at point D

0.5 Hm( x1 )m( x1 ) 0.5 H m( x ) m( x ) 0.25 L m( x ) m( x )

f DD =∫ dx1 + ∫ 2 2
dx2 + ∫ 3 3
dx3
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
0.5 L m( x ) m( x ) 0.25 L m( x ) m( x ) H m( x ) m( x )
+∫ 4 4
dx4 + ∫ 5 5
dx5 + ∫ 6 6
dx6
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 51

Step 4: calculate the redundant force using virtual energy method

0
∆Dx + f DD Dx =
∆Dx
⇒ Dx =
−
f DD

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 52

Step 4: calculate rest reactions of the real frame using equilibrium Eqs.

F G C
B
0.5L

1.225nH 1.225nL FBD of the real frame

E
0.75H
Dx
A Ax
D

Ay Dy

∑F x =0 ⇒ Ax + Dx + 1.225nH =0
− Dx − 1.225nH
⇒ Ax =

∑M A 0 ⇒ Dy L − 1.225nH(0.75H)-1.225nL(0.5L) =
= 0 ⇒ Dy

∑F y =0 ⇒ Ay + Dy − 1.225nL =0 ⇒ Ay
19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 53
 Example of the SFD verified by SkyCiv: https://skyciv.com/

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 54

 Example of the BMD verified by SkyCiv: https://skyciv.com/

F G C
B
0.5L

1.225nH 1.225nL
E
0.75H
Dx
Note: the moment sign convention used in A Ax
SkyCiv is opposite to the one of this course D

Ay Dy
∑ M= 20.2125(8) − 29.4(4) − 14.7(3)
A = 0 FBD of the real frame

∑ F =9.1875 + 20.2125 − 29.4=0

y

∑F = 14.7 − 3.8761 − 10.8239 =

x 0
19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 55
 Must provide the deflection curve

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 56

Fixed end moment

2
F F 11wL
M BC − M CB
= =
− if d=L/2
192

19/04/2024 By Shiwei Zhou 57

 w=nw0 kN/m

Slope Deflection Method Example

B d=L/2 C

H
11wL2

H
F F
M BC − M CB
= =
−
192
D
A

Unknown freedoms: θ A , θ B , θC , θ D Original structure

Symmetrical conditions:

θA =
−θ D ;θ B =
−θC ; M BC =
− M CB

19/04/2024 By Shiwei Zhou 58

 w=nw0 kN/m

Slope Deflection Method Example 1

B L/2 C
2 EI
( 2θ B + θC − 3ψ BC ) + M BC
F

H
M BC
=
LBC

H
2 EI 11wL2 2 EIθ B 11wL2
( 2θ B + θC ) − = − (1)
L 192 L 192 D
Ax
Pin supported end span
This is only applicable for end span with far end Original structure
pinned or roller supported

M=
N 3Ek (θ N − 3ψ ) + ( FEM ) N 3EI
M BA
= (θ B − 3ψ AB ) + M BA
F
= ? (2)
LAB

Compatibility equation:
0 ⇒ ? (3)
M BA + M BC =
⇒ EIθ B =
?
19/04/2024 By Shiwei Zhou 59
 Example of the SFD

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 60

 Example of the BMD

19/04/2024 2:05 PM By Shiwei Zhou 61