Tutorial Week 1 (4 Mar 2024)

• Dr. Shiwei_Zhou
• Office:251.2.64 (Bundoora Campus)
• [email protected]
Monday - 12:30 to 2:30 in 80;06;05

Tuesday - 8:30 to 10:30 in 056:03:095

Friday - 10:30 to 12:30 in 056;03;095

Friday - 12:30 to 2:30 in 056;03;095

 The general formula for the
Determinacy of a coplanar structure
 statically determinate:r - 3n = 0

Determinacy of a coplanar structure: statically indeterminate:r - 3n > 0
 unstable:r - 3n < 0

where r is the number of reactions, n is the number of members;
The reason of 3n is that there are 3 equilibrium equations for a 2D member
Unstable structure: Two special cases
 Example 1-1
Number of reactions:
r = 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 11

3 Number of Equations:
3n = 3(2) = 6
r - 3n = 11-6 = 5.
3
Thus, Indeterminate to 5th
degree

Tips:
3 2 1. Cutting the structure to avoid any internal loop;
2. There are 3 reactions at a cutting point;
3. It is not an internal loop if one of its sides is the
ground.
4. The structure can be cut in a different manner, in
the horizontal direction or the vertical direction.
Example 1-2: Horizontal cutting
Number of reactions:
r = 3 + 2(2) + 3(9) = 34
3 3 3
Number of Equations:
3n = 3(4) = 12
3 3 3
r - 3n = 34 - 12 = 22.

Thus, Indeterminate to 22th

3 3 3
degree

3
2 2
Example 1-2: Vertical cutting
3 Number of reactions:
3 r = 3 + 2(2) + 3(8) = 31

Number of Equations:
3 3
3n = 3(3) = 9

r - 3n = 31 - 9= 22.
3 3
Thus, Indeterminate to 22th
degree
3 3

3
2 2
 Example 1-3: Vertical cutting

3 3 3
3 3

3 3
3

Number of reactions: Number of Equations:

r = 3(2) + 3(6) = 24 3n = 3(4) = 12

r - 3n = 24 - 12 = 12

Thus, Indeterminate to 12th degree

Example 1-3: Horizontal cutting

3 3

Number of reactions: Number of Equations:

r = 3(2) + 3(4) = 18 3n = 3(2) = 6

r - 3n = 18- 6= 12

Thus, Indeterminate to 12th degree

 Example 1-4
3 3 3
2

3 3 3
1

Number of reactions: Number of Equations:

r = 1 + 2 + 3(6) = 21 3n = 3(4) = 12

r - 3n = 21 - 12 = 9

Thus, Indeterminate to 9th degree

The formula for Degree of Indeterminacy
(DOI) of frame with loops

DOI=3Nloop + Nf -3
Nloop: Number of loop

Nf = Number of unknown reactions

Example 2-1, 2-2
Example 2-3, 2-4

Unstable because lines of action of the

reactions are concurrent. Essentially the
resultant of the reactions at the pin is one
single force.
Formula for the truss determinacy
= 0 determinate

b + r - 2 j > 0 indeterminate
 <0 unstable

r : The number of reactions ( mostly pin support conditions )
b : The number of bars
j : The number of joints
 Example 3-1

To calculate r:
Pin + roller = 3

Number of bars `b’ = 11

Number of joints ‘j’ = 6

• b+r= 11 + 1 + 2 = 14
Tips: the cross bracings
• 2j = 2(6) = 12
are not joint in the middle
• b+r-2j =14 -12 =2
• Indeterminate to 2nd degree
Example 3-2

To calculate r:
1 pin + 2 rollers = 4

Number of bars `b’ = 11

Number of joints ‘j’ = 7

• b+r= 11 + 1+1 + 2 = 15
• 2j = 2(7) = 14
• b+r-2j =15 -14 =1
• Indeterminate to 1st degree
Example 3-3

To calculate r:
Pin + one roller = 3

Number of bars `b’ = 12

Number of joints ‘j’ = 7

• b+r= 12 + 1 + 2 = 15
• 2*j = 2(7) = 14
• b+r-2j =15 -14 =1
• Indeterminate to 1st degree
The Formula for DOI of Truss
DOI=NAB + Nf -3
NAB: Number of overlapping points
Nf = Number of unknown reactions

No overlapping

No overlapping
One overlapping
Example 4 (Method of joint)
Tips:
1. Using two equilibrium equations at a joint;
2. The direction of a member force usually
begin from the joint in consideration. For
instance, at joint A, the forces of member AG
and AB illustrated in the figure;
3. The positive member force indicates a
tensioned member;
4. The negative member force indicates a
compressed member.
Step 1: Get the Reactions

By Cy

Because of symmetry, Cy = By = 2 kN

Tips: Symmetry includes geometrical symmetry and load symmetry.

Step 2a: Plot FBD for a Specified Joint to
Use Equilibrium Equations

FAG

A 30o

FAB

2 kN
By Cy

At joint A
∑ y
F = 0 ⇒ FAG sin(30 o
) − 2 = 0 ⇒ FAG = 4 kN (T )

∑ x
F 0
=⇒ FAG cos(30 o
) + FAB =⇒
0 FAB =−3.46 kN (C )
Step 2b: Find 2nd Joint, Plot FBD and
apply Equilibrium equations
x-axis

By Cy

y-axis
At joint G
∑F y = 0 ⇒ − FGB = 0
∑F x = 0 ⇒ FGF − 4 = 0 ⇒ FGF = 4 kN (T )
Tips: The vertical member of a T-shaped joint has a zero internal force.
 Step 2c: Repeat the Process for Next
Joint Until Getting All Loads

0 kN
FBF
60o

-3.46 kN B FBC

2 kN By = 2kN Cy
At joint B
∑ y
F = 0 ⇒ 2 + FBF sin(60 0
) = 0 ⇒ FBF = −2.31 kN (C )

∑ x
F = 0 ⇒ − ( −3.46) + FBF cos(60 0
) + FBC = 0 ⇒ FBC = −2.31 kN (C )
 The Method of Sections
Determine the force in members GF and GC and CD of the truss shown. State whether
the members are in tension or compression. Support A is on pin and support E is on roller.

DOI=NAB + Nf -3
=0 + 1 + 2 -3=0
 The Method of Sections

Ey=9.5 kN

∑M A 0 −5(2) − 5(4) − 5(6) − 2(8) + 8 E y =⇒

=⇒ 0 Ey =
9.5 kN
Pass a section through the required
members and draw FDB
G
FFG

FDG

FDC

9.5 kN
9.5 kN
 Tips:

Draw FDB 1. Using three equilibrium equations for a section;

2. The direction of a member force usually begin from
the cutting point to another joint of the members;
3. The positive member force indicates a tensioned
member;
4. The negative member force indicates a compressed
G
FFG member.
22 + 32 =13
FDG
sin(α )2

β α
3m
FDC

9.5 kN
α ) 3=
sin(= α ) 4=
/ 5 0.6;cos(= / 5 0.8
sin(
= β ) 3=
/ 13 0.8321;cos(
= β ) 2=
/ 13 0.5547
∑M D =0 ⇒ FFG sin(α )2 + 2(9.5 − 2) =0 ⇒ FFG =−12.5 kN (C )
 G
FFG

FDG
3m

β α
FDC

9.5 kN
α ) 3=
sin(= α ) 4=
/ 5 0.6;cos(= / 5 0.8
sin(
= β ) 3=
/ 13 0.8321;cos(
= β ) 2=
/ 13 0.5547
∑F = 0⇒ F
y DG sin( β ) + FFG sin(α ) + (9.5 − 5 − 2) = 0 ⇒ FDG = 6 kN (T )
∑ F = 0 ⇒ −F
x DC − FDG cos( β ) − FFG cos(α ) = 0 ⇒ FDC = 6.67 kN (T )
Alternatively :
∑M G = 0 ⇒ −3FDC − 5(2) + (9.5 − 2)(4) =⇒
0 FDC =
6.67 kN (T )
 FCG

FCB
FCD
 FEF
3m

α
FED

9.5 kN

α ) 3=
sin(= α ) 4=
/ 5 0.6;cos(= / 5 0.8
∑ F = 0 ⇒ 9.5 − 2 + F sin(α ) = 0 ⇒ F
y EF EF = −12.5kN (C )
∑ F = 0 ⇒ − F − F cos(α ) = 0
x ED EF

⇒ FED =− FEF ( 0.8 ) =− ( −12.5 )( 0.8 ) =10kN (T )