Module -5

1. Hydraulic pumps :
• Centrifugal and axial pumps.
• Manometric head, suction head, delivery head;
• manometric efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, volumetric efficiency,
• overall efficiency; multi stage pumps.
• Characteristics of pumps
2. Hydraulic turbines :
• Classification; Module quantities;
• Pelton wheel, Francis turbine,
• Kaplan turbine and their velocity triangles.
• Draft tubes and their function.
• Characteristics of hydraulic turbines.
10 hrs 1
 Module -5
1. Hydraulic pumps :
• Centrifugal and axial pumps.
• Manometric head, suction head, delivery head;
• manometric efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, volumetric efficiency,
• overall efficiency; multi stage pumps.
• Characteristics of pumps

2
Centrifugal Pump

3
 Multi Stage Pump

1. Series Arrangement
2. Parallel Arrangement

4
Series Arrangement

5
6
Parallel Arrangement

7
8
Work done by centrifugal pump

9
Axial Flow Pump

10
Axial Flow Pump

11
Axial Flow Pump

12
Characteristics of Pump

13
1. Main Characteristic curves

14
2. Operating Characteristic curves

15
3. Constant Efficiency curves or Iso-Efficiency curves

16
17
 Module -5
1. Hydraulic pumps :
• Centrifugal and axial pumps.
• Manometric head, suction head, delivery head;
• manometric efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, volumetric efficiency,
• overall efficiency; multi stage pumps.
• Characteristics of pumps
2. Hydraulic turbines :
• Classification; Module quantities;
• Pelton wheel, Francis turbine,
• Kaplan turbine and their velocity triangles.
• Draft tubes and their function.
• Characteristics of hydraulic turbines.
10 hrs 1
 Module -5
2. Hydraulic turbines :
• Classification; Module quantities;
• Pelton wheel, Francis turbine,
• Kaplan turbine and their velocity triangles.
• Draft tubes and their function.
• Characteristics of hydraulic turbines.
10 hrs

2
Hydraulic turbine
A hydraulic turbine is a machine which converts hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy. It uses the potential and
kinetic energy of water and sets the rotor in motion by
the dynamic action.
 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
1. Based on type of energy at the inlet of turbine
i. Impulse turbine – kinetic energy at the inlet. Eg: Pelton
wheel, Turgo wheel.
ii. Reaction Turbine – K.E and P.E at the inlet. : Tubular, Bulb,
Propeller, Francis turbine.
2. Based on direction of flow of water through the runner
i. Tangential flow: water flows in a direction tangential to the
path of rotation, i.e. perpendicular to both axial and radial
conditions. Eg: Pelton Wheel
ii. Radial inward flow: Eg: Thomson, Girard and old Francis
turbine.
iii. Radial outward flow: 4
 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
1. Based on type of energy at the inlet of turbine
i. Impulse turbine
Eg: Pelton wheel
i. Reaction Turbine
Eg: Francis turbine
2. Based on direction of flow of water through the runner
i. Tangential flow: Pelton wheel
ii. Radial inward flow: Old Francis turbine
iii. Radial outward flow
iv. Axial flow: Kaplan turbine
v. Mixed flow: Modern Francis turbine 5
3. Based on the head under which turbine works
i. High head : Pelton wheel
ii. Medium head : Francis turbine
iii.Low head : Kaplan turbine
4. Based on the specific speed of the turbine
i. Low specific speed : Pelton wheel
ii. Medium Specific speed: Francis turbine
iii.High specific speed: Kaplan turbine
5. Based on the position of rotating shaft
i. Horizontal Shaft
ii. Vertical Shaft
6
Turgo Wheel
Module quantities or unit quantities
The unit quantities of similar fluid machines will be equal.
Hence these quantities are used to predict the
performance of similar machines. The condition of the
turbine under unit head are such that the efficiency of the
turbine remain unaffected.
Unit speed (Nu)
It is the speed of a turbine working under unit head (1m).
Nu=
Unit discharge (Qu)
It is the discharge through a turbine which is working under unit head
(1m).
Qu=
Unit Power (Pu)
It is the power developed by a turbine which is working under unit
head (1m).
Pu=
 Pelton wheel
• Reaction Turbine
• Axial flow
• High head (300 to 4000m)
• Low flow rate
• High Specific speed
Terminology
1. Gross Head (Hg)
2. Net or effective head (H)
3. Pipe losses(hf)
4. Head available at nozzle inlet (H)
5. Head available at nozzle outlet (hNO)
6. Pipe line transmission efficiency( trans)
7. Nozzle efficiency( nozzle)
8. Nozzle velocity coefficient(Cv)
Velocity Triangle
Work Done by Pelton Wheel
Francis Turbine
• Reaction Turbine
• Mixed flow
• Medium head
• Medium Flow rate
• Medium Specific speed
Types of Reaction Turbine
Components of Francis Turbine
Velocity triangles at inlet for
various types of Francis Turbine

1.Low specific speed runner

2.Normal specific speed runner
3.High specific speed runner
1. Low specific speed runner
Velocity Triangle at the inlet
Velocity Triangle at the outlet
2. Normal specific speed runner
Velocity Triangle at the inlet
Velocity Triangle at the outlet
3. High specific speed runner
Velocity Triangle at the inlet
Velocity Triangle at the outlet
Kaplan Turbine
• Reaction Turbine
• Axial flow
• Low head (2.5 to 50m)
• High water flow (70 to 800m3/s
• High Specific speed (255 to 860rpm)
Velocity triangle for Kaplan Turbine
 Draft Tube

Draft tube is an integral part of reaction turbines.

The main functions of draft tube are,

Types of draft tubes
Conical type
Simple elbow type
Elbow having circular cross section at inlet and
rectangular cross section at outlet.
Moody spreading or hydrocone
Bell Mouthed conical draft tube
Elbow type having circular sections at inlet and outlet
 Characteristics of hydraulic turbines
1. Main Characteristic curves
2. Operating Characteristic curves

Independent parameters: Head (H), Speed (N), Discharge (Q)

Dependent parameters: Power (P), Torque(T), Efficiency( )
Main Characteristics of Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel
Main Characteristics of Reaction Turbine
 Comparison of turbine characteristic curves at varying
speed (N)

Pelton Wheel – P
Francis Turbine – F
Kaplan Turbine – K
Operating Characteristic curves
Constant efficiency curves or Muschel Curves or
Iso – efficiency curve
Numerical Problems