») Bosse Concefts of TNuanber Theory Onl 1,2, 3, bp, 6, 8,12 ond 21 /_/ /_/ fo ie icles 2 Tratstelily omd cluiuin all govt : > tnclidean Sod rin sf 2 Modlon_ariQnchic_. gygaggacer | —— ___<@if Dimebitihy an ns | ben Abn 300 b dissides if o2mb 70 —| Wore om.) b Or h _- Thak" a5 bd op Bow sh om tessa 2 om diver 44 ‘Notation | ous med. L.e_amneownwioy oa b> divides 0. 1d Cam ale a boi ao dunes ota ta Cee Rech Nag Biabusbes af disnclitiy | Dp alt, Bm oe £4 | Ty} alb ond bla, thon 02h APPA re py? : 3 1 bo dasides oO ® 1)| Th olb omd bic, Bus ole “4 | ts tt 66 amd 66 2 ulia «| ) ¢ blo ond blo Bien b| Cmatnt) fror « oP[ @r2 ale ond 6124 Yn olay, oe Oi eee = alirnt3o0 = alo (b) Srtombbe : TO = Cuexis ) +10 a= an+ Ww} Oren ——1 ee te & Ht FS = duis, Seis skys: = vOAd eax Fah 5 1 frat = (2x43) Red Guides brett. o b. eg x 4 lo o)=0 #1 Ocd. Ca,b)= ‘woe LK, puch Shab slo and wlb) a Ord Cob)= acd Ca,-b) =acd (a,b) d 7 0 = acd (—o -b) : aed (lal, tbl) a 5 @ DA pra Jwikopers chimidle, { _ 4a On = a eS acd (19, 30) 1230 we Ob H 24 Bs a. 2 6 Dr ae £26) IQ >a — G12 e= — a bo : > cm Hon 6 4% Geok al. o [Sar Ame! NESE Gn9 8 a) tS, is Dewiding 0 amd ts beg ob yuig She S oo areal es ee b+4s of£%12¢b C ° ISR PncA= Oy Anat Ran To tind d O4 Ane 4Ay ged (ab) = ged (IIGUTISITA S1GSN250) abs | MONISi7: ¥ BASE [ad = geal SISA, oe 211983424) bean tn | HOS + 1STNRG [ad = gedaTI9ESES, 1126) ny Says > | 2D = 2 x TOESTRRG 2 Sante | WSLS UXT SIN [d= pe Iss7s94) r= quate S72 = TANI + 137984 [Ud = ged LANTOS, 137984) r= dos * re |_USTOSS WX ISS o0TD <4(1379S5, 70070) 1 are 137984 = 1x TOOT + —_GTMNT [d= geaTOOTO.GTOLE) t= hts he WwW = 1x CSS 2156 [a= gods, 2156) T= Wah CMS NII + WI [= gedeIs. 1) T= dw Th 256 2x WIS 0 [a = gcaqors.o) = 1078 Therefore. d = ged( NOTISITS, S1QS8250) = 17S Dividend Dinisor Remainder esnemsi |p snes | a= 3 | _=a00me he 3eases0 [ny = 28M D zee [r= 10taRte 2 wane | y= as 3 1SS79 t= SSI |= 1S ne mH | = TOOT 7 7oro | n= ot oou_| e286 . ee eee ba ma“Dagntn OLKhen) 4 =Lalu] o. =[0-|n] xn + Coa med n> > bawany Sporadic. faz 414 eh 42 S41 od t 5 Ful | aie Bleslp=ss) ae Ke amork | Compson onvedinls 1” 0. = b (nerd 1) eee baz Wa = 1, (red 2.8) \ 23) 73(3 : (a-b) is mulbbh dn bY i EO IL 4 gn he Noli: i 0. 0 Comed 23)no0Co17 _ mila. a2 | 7 sg D ME -Glmealio) —'> PR = 4 mad io “Axo = 4~ tue : )| w= = a (md 4 ola ae op ——_ 21 0 = b6mednt b= De (rnved on ny i ——3)| Bs nl 9S CC n) ory : etenaa oe Se ans : ot : = Elma) o4 93-221 we = Ls Sh ee ee ere Ss =16=28(-2) = mubbibhe ¢ 2 orf = Zi = olmedaa) on BI- eae = mulfible Jo a2 OE go shacabhaarloppdelepoggeha Medlulos Asuna Operdians D | LC anedn + (bwnedn) Jone no Car) red 1 2) || Comedy = (banda) [medn = (ab) med y L Ca moda) x Cbonedanl] medn = (ax b) anad ay Cee danmedg=2 and \Smedg=7 —___ Dp = S a = [3+a 1 mee g)26 = 10 wed ay Ei ae 2 Reo - (a+b) modn = (14 11s )qnede Pa 2. = _ a6 md 8 8521 Bes = a 16 \6 S| s—/_h (41-15) mede = a; toted b= y. C Cu med g) - iS mate) mate =. 2| L Gs omeds) x (is mode) male = aim CuxXIS) mek g = 165 mel eg = > ww ast = 44x tata = 44x b eS = 132 met 13 = Qa a | Prspesfles af medudor arian D Commute five (Ws 2) med = Cx +0) med n | (Wx) mod n = (x x W) mek 1 Pasgeciatie CCw+x) + +4 | mod = [we (ary sled - Lew) x] ed we elie Crsy J) med n | j2)432 oe]' eT a = a € RAYS SY 4 Joe lint) Orard Card FA ead WEZ wey Ath Strat “Wz £04 n-th Caxw) med = Women ma [Wx (or +4 lmedn Co+ tern D | drnirense (—wi) ” (3) Addition modulo 8 1 (©) Additive and multiplicative inverse modulo 8 3 (6) Mulipistion modulo &Feeuksaouly — of mbduufon —_anikBanelie | TE Cath) = Care Yonedt nm Bn b = Cmedn) ee (S+asve (sz Xmede) —_-3= + (mod #) QB SAgweds (23-4) = 16 ! (Qg-19)= Lo = 89th 98 =—s DDE Caxb) = (axle) Hon b = comed vw) 7 if, Din adafinrol ba fe Va bce acd Cs5,92) =acd (22,55 med 29) ged (2a 1a) 2. =~ A aSISS oe TH Zuchidoon pla efin — 22 Vabrrs Doe b mod At bag Ait ho Ka = Ay med Ar Dz = 242+ AZ Fine Snag Oty = Sinan Vpn thn Aner 2 Anni Mad in =O Ana = Ines tO , : : B , | _Calleslake Nha Colbie : 91 = o.yned bb I , 2 5 = > : = gcdla,b) = anome “Recwrrie Lundin Se = _ _« 7 fui Con, bd b) es ik Ch at Hog Abit a; — ip Chee fudlid Clo amedb) ES Ths inf at Liu ie —tncsapffiien algo , “auch os RSA. Crttendad Lihoon aac rrr mat _ent Kablate fake “, : , A0.% +b od = gcd Ca,b>. Gch (ba, 30) = 6 O=zk2, b= 320 1.2% = aou Gor = =i ane ar ae ee et a Ta =i aise [ep a} eS ; 1p =e [=p af ff ; =e_[ a ef =p este ef ml =fa Algerie Ohesowe Mthat oll embruis na. Dire | Both 2 and 30 7 it |G _gnwuntbes__f at Use = Me bon pax 43, pole Sy aa a amb hcple_ +t oo af = =q ub+ As be Yo Ks + Ko Ky = ahr +Ag R= ax at bya N22 Or bs Ka =AX3 + bY 03 Guy ny = Fyony2n +O. Extended Euclidean Algorithm as = Lridrs Calculate Which satisfies Calculate Which satisfies aS axa + bya De ax + by 7 =amodh a=abtn neater 4, = Lath} be antn r= ay + byy =r mod ne ant ry = any + bys Fyet = Galva ty iy = at, + by, Tent = Invtfn +0 d= ged(a.b) = tm XS) = Yn=a 1s a 7 /_/ SRERTaAaAR \ g \ © —_ | _« | Fund the gcd. al (h.2,20)_amd salsa dp \ 7 Ig . — OS eee eel rae eae as YlY | « diiuaiszo0liz{ilolalo 1-1 fem leeSOul aml ae of 1% al 14-143 « é | 42") 6*) o | 1 -¥ 6 [-ad 34-3 & [eK o* =a|_5€ 3h -#4 & v Tv ay & Sed — 4 ce : : ts Verilccatuan & Qx thas gcd Co, b) X=2%,-QyY, ee (uaa) 4 Goya) = 6 {24=8y4, & 724 +%0 =6 = 626 e. = « Sind he gcd fb @ (ei 28) (b) (459,550) © tf = : “es aD acd Bare Aor say ee PROeine Coe les Alen, al bai Fuike_ ate A t : e | Curoufs Rings omd idles, Sanike folds At Gre jeden GE fe) Pauime mule, © Fomot's “and Sulon's : nL wr, Owedede Dale weciataenc 0. (b-c)2Ca-b)-¢ jr DL 2,b,c ambr. UITAaAsaaaysCAL AS) Ris tn alli ges ays = —te_addibin thot ix_"R sche, rn : Our2i D2 tr oll o sin BR. (M6) Ne apne dlimisens *_ oR oe aR ad aso Fin elas 7 020 2 bo _ a IE didlds ee AL ~All SE Heed Toy Se ED 7 ns ie ie , SEAFIELD (AL) Closure under additior Ifa and b belong to S, then a +b is also in $ (A2) Associativity of addition: «a +(b +e) = (a+b) +c for alla. b.cinS (A3) Additive identity: There is an clement 0 in R such that a40=0+u=a forallainS (AA) Additive inverse: For each a in S there is an element —a in $ such thata + (a) = (a) +a=0 Integral Domain (A5) Commnutativity of addition: =a+b=b+aforalla, bin S Commutative Ring {M1) Closure under multiplication: If a and b belong to S, then ab is also in S$ (M2) Assosiativity of multiplication: a(be) = (ab)e for all a, bc in S (M3) Distributive laws: a(h+¢)= ab +ae for alla, b. cin S (a= Ble =ac + be for all a. b, cin S Ring (M4} Commutativity of multiplication: ab = ba for all a, bin S Abelian Group (M5) Multiplicative identity: There is an element 1 in S such that al =la=aforallainS (M6) No zero divisors: Ifa, bin § and ab =0, then either a=00rb=0 Group (M7) Multiplicative inverse: Ifa belongs to Sand a 40, there is. an sia element a=) in Such thease~ Gnde Tidds of Wo rom GE CPD. Fields suuth conn | Do mo a p : . \ hitters Rourctiane — Urn « Rhat hea fain fiekds rauth > 4, ia —The__himflnt frase Loe in GEC2). stwnohas povahioy 9 easly 8 : epeed ee ! [onan w|-w w O| 0 0 Oo \o feds 4 a a ‘= Mahe “Drwenres = =| Aldite 5 epee Lo %OR of enabin 3 —Mutiplicabion iy equinntend te AND opencitaion > eee mE fae i aeea = *| Get Zn nn sack of inthgens 40,4, ..00-4f = | Arad Anabager. win Zin Svar aot Lcplictiiane oO 1 3. iaewene at ood comb if Bok 2 As Sabdsuly Pauane fen. ea #{| Te mis pawvind Men oll of £0 mon. = $p70 _sifapers im Xr one A > [tesa ond therehene —ecaunks oom Ls Mulhat Nicctive “> Fr cosh wWEZp, wo Shore dowarse (W*) eons a ZEZp Auch at WZ = 4 (med >. O Caxb) = Coxe) (med 6) Man bac Comal 2 : x heb "2 (CKD x A xc) (ed D b= c Cwed PY el E be |* // i «@ @ seaESEE @ —t + oo 1 2 as a (PrP P rere —— ——— ) pee pete ate 22h ts fe pet — 3st pe Pee gg 7 ee ee ae ao s tebe te te te 2 }___ «6 Pepe pr pe ps te ps @ |. (2) Addition modulo ee xo 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ez Poe ole ope ez 1 Susnest Ssnarsal ia : @ joa 3 = 4 7 ‘ ste (© Additive nd mpicative a (b) Multiplication modulo? inverses modulo 7 q : . : Ron i: Dror a ruled Amedulo Tae re € MAAN ne if gcd Co, b)= b Ros (a. aa lax: amodl 4 “Coy wodt_0.) mod ord ore. EE O + Coty mod2.)_ mado = by awod_o._= a if, by vmed_o_2 4, Bron “he bee |G ne 1454 b=ss0__ — Prinae ‘Number = 1454%_ +550 = a {= 335 ond bts 336 SS0 x 355 med 1759 = 145950 wed 1959 = a Poinne ue 4 # uihign pri is 0 baie number | Lak: only ub its ely dinisers one ae rah +p : J Ps Asn, iilegen OA Lom Ne faclinect e 0. Ausatd te —a40u4 0.8 a: 8p 2 pote s.- ® bet I Wihene Pi < bee. Cot dh Aencdues wn ya yep ee 2s4 eA + a G7aliaiaet| Sean aca aca ese ee T=$1- ot © ) u ta a res = Seoul Passa a 2 [as [1 2 i 2 [5s roe 4 ir —_|-— {| a a 2 4 =2 eS. oz e Po ee 7 = : = ee Z 2 4: fot s | -z[a¢ aa = = = ear ste = ell a fil a ee = 2 — 6 719 = jMabbibiet —iauna G44 an Zag = | Ts amen = | UX19 2 Armed2¢ 4 | 204 = | mA 2b =] | wy