Subject Code: GE 8152

Title of the Subject: Engineering Graphics

Unit No: II
Unit Topic:
Chapter 4 - PROJECTION OF POINTS
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Conventions Followed 4.2
4.3 Projection of a Point in First Quadrant 4.3
4.4 Projection of a Point in Second Quadrant 4.3
4.5 Projection of a Point in Third Quadrant 4.4
4.6 Projection of a Point in Fourth Quadrant 4.4
4.7 Remarks 4.4
4.8 Projection of a Point on the Horizontal plane 4.5
4.9 Projections of a Point on the Vertical plane 4.6
4.10 Method of writing the position of a Point 4.6
4.11 Distance between Two Points 4.9
EXERCISE PROBLEMS 4.11

Chapter 5 - PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES

5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.2 Position of a straight line 5.1
5.3 Projection of a line perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP 5.2
5.4 Projection of a straight line perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP 5.3
5.5 Projection of a straight line parallel to both HP and VP 5.4
5.6 Projection of a straight line inclined to HP and parallel to VP 5.5
5.7 Projection of a straight line inclined to VP and parallel to HP 5.6
5.8 Projection of a straight line inclined to both HP and VP 5.7
5.9 Traces of a straight line 5.8
5.10 Steps involved in the location of Traces 5.9
5.11 Determination of True length and True inclination from projection 5.9
SOLVED PROBLEM 5.10
ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS 5.26
EXERCISE PROBLEMS 5.34

Chapter 6 - PROJECTION OF PLANES

6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Types of Planes 6.2
6.3 Positions of a Plane 6.3
6.4 Traces 6.3
6.5 Projection of a plane with its surface perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP 6.4
6.6 Projection of a plane with its surface perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP 6.4
6.7 Projections of a plane with its surface perpendicular to both HP and VP 6.5
6.8 Projection of a plane with its surface inclined to HP and Perpendicular to VP 6.5
6.9 Projection of a plane inclined to VP and Perpendicular to HP 6.6
6.10 Surface of the plane perperindicular to H.P and Parallel to V.P 6.6
SOLVED PROBLEMS 6.6
ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS 6.27
EXERCISE PROBLEMS 6.32

Unit Syllabus:
UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACE (6T + 12P)Periods
Orthographic projection- principles-Principal planes-First angle projection-projection
of points. Projection of straight lines (only First angle projections) inclined to both the
principal planes - Determination of true lengths and true inclinations by rotating line
method and traces Projection of planes (polygonal and circular surfaces) inclined to
both the principal planes by rotating object method.
 CHAPTER 4

PROJECTION OF
POINTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION

Orthographic projection of a point plays an important role in the description of

practical solid geometry, as Engineering Drawing is based on it.

A point may be situated, in space, in any one of the four quadrants formed by
two reference planes of projection or it may be contained in any one of the reference
planes.

The image of the point on both Vertical and Horizontal planes are located. One
of the planes is then rotated so that the first and third quadrants are opened out.

In Engineering Drawing practice, two principal planes are used to get the
projection of an object as shown in fig. 4.1. They are,

(i) Vertical plane (VP) which is assumed to be placed vertically. The front view of
the object is projected onto this plane.

(ii) Horizontal plane (HP) which is assumed to be placed horizontally. The top
view of the object is projected onto this plane.

These principal planes are also known as reference planes or co-ordinate

planes. The planes are considered as imaginary, transparent and dimensional less.

The reference planes VP and HP are placed in such a way that they intersect
each other at right angles. As a result of intersection, an intersecting line is obtained
which is known as the reference line or XY line.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 4.2

Observe in figure 4.1 the reference planes (VP and HP) forming four quadrants
namely.
o o
i) First quadrant (0 - 90 )
ii) Second quadrant (90o - 180o)
iii) Third quadrant (180o - 270o)
o o
iv) Fourth quadrant (270 - 360 )

It is assumed that the observer always stands at the right side of the reference
planes.
Above

Second quadrant VP First quadrant

(Above HP, behind VP) (Above HP, infront of VP)

A
Object
Y HP Front

Third quadrant Fourth quadrant

(Below HP, behind VP) (Below HP, infront of VP)

Fig. 4.1
When an object is assumed to be placed in first quadrant, the projection method
followed is called as first angle projection. In this method, the object is placed between
the observer and the plane of projection. When the object is assumed to be placed in
third quadrant, the projection method followed is called as third angle projection. In
this method, the plane of projection lies between the object and the observer.

4.2 CONVENTIONS FOLLOWED

v In drawing practice, capital letters A, B, C, etc., are used to represent objects in
space.
v The top views are represented by small letters a, b, c, etc.
v The front views are represented by small letters with dashes a', b', c', etc.
 4.3 PROJECTION OF POINTS

v These letters are used to represent a point, ends of a straight line, corners of a
solid etc.
v Actual projections in top and front views are drawn in thick lines, construction
lines and projectors are drawn using thin lines.
v Top view is known as plan and front view is known as elevation.

4.3 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT

Consider a point A placed in the first quadrant. This is at a height of 20 mm
above HP, at a distance 40 mm in front of VP. Its front view a' is projected onto VP and
the top view a is projected onto HP.
a'
Now the HP is rotated in the VP
0
clockwise direction for 90 and is 20
obtained in vertical position. The
a'
40
I
V.P
projections will be seen as given in A
X
H.P
Y
fig.4.2. Y

It is drawn with reference to XY line. 20 40

Mark a point a' at a height of
X HP
20 mm above XY, and at a distance of a
a
40 mm below XY. The projector
joining a' and a is always
perpendicular to XY. Fig. 4.2

4.4 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN SECOND QUADRANT

Consider a point B placed in the second quadrant. This is at a height of 50 mm
above HP and at a distance 25 mm behind VP. Its front view b' is projected onto VP and
top view b is projected on to HP.
Now the HP is rotated in the clockwise
0
II VP
direction for 90 and is obtained in b' B
25
vertical position. The projections will be b'
seen as given in the figure 4.3. It is b 50
50
drawn with reference to XY line. Mark a
25 HP b Y
point b' at a height of 50 mm above XY V.P
and b at a distance of 25 mm above XY. X Y
H.P

X
Fig. 4.3
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 4.4

4.5 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN THIRD QUADRANT

Consider a point C placed in the
c
third quadrant. The point is at a height
of 15 mm below HP and at a distance of C
HP Y
30 mm behind VP. Its front view c' is
30 15
projected onto VP and the top view c is
X
projected onto HP.
V.P c
Now the HP is rotated in the X Y
H.P
clockwise direction for 900 and is obtained
15
III 30
c'
in vertical position. The projections will be
seen as given in the figure 4.4. It is drawn
c'
with reference to XY line. Mark a point c'
at a height 15 mm below XY and c at a Fig. 4.4
distance 30 mm above XY.
4.6 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN FOURTH QUADRANT
Consider a point D placed in the Y
fourth quadrant. This is at a height of
10 mm below HP and at a distance 25 25
mm in front of VP. Its front view d' is X d HP
projected onto VP and the top view d is
projected onto HP. X
V.P
Y 10
H.P d'
Now the HP is rotated in the clockwise 10
direction for 900 and is obtained in 25
d' D
vertical position. The projections will be
seen as given in figure 4.5. It is drawn d
with the reference to XY line. Mark a
VP
IV
point d' at a height 10 mm below XY and
Fig. 4.5
d at a distance 25 mm below XY.

4.7 REMARKS
The results of the above discussion are presented in the following tabular form.
Quadrant Location of Location of Distance
Top view front view
First Below X-Y Above X-Y Distance of the point from
Second Above X-Y Above X-Y H.P. is used to locate front
Third Above X-Y Below X-Y view. Distance of the point from
Fourth Below X-Y Below X-Y V.P. is used to locate top view.
 4.5 PROJECTION OF POINTS

From the above table, it is clear that the relative position of the views for first
and third quadrant are reversed. Similarly, the positions of views for second and
fourth quadrant are reversed.
A point is located in space with its distances from both HP and VP. What ever
may be the quadrant, the front view of a point is located with the distance from HP and
the top view is located with the distance from VP.
When a point is
v above HP -Front view is above XY
v below HP - Front view is below XY

When a point is
v behind VP - Top view is above X-Y
v in front of VP - Top view is below X-Y

The distance of a point from VP can be seen only in top view, whereas the
distance of the point from HP can be seen only in front view.
Point resting on a reference plane
When a point is at a given distance from a reference plane, it is sometimes lying
on the other reference plane. The plane may be either the HP or the VP.

4.8 PROJECTION OF A POINT ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE

When a point is on the HP, it may either
be in front of VP or behind the VP. Consider a VP
V.P e'
X Y
point E resting on HP and 20 mm in front of H.P
VP.
20
The projection of that point E is shown in the Y
Fig. 4.6. The front view e' is on the X-Y e' e
whereas the view e is 20 mm below X-Y. 20
X e HP
Similarly the projection of a point F which is
E
resting on HP and 30 mm behind the VP is
shown in the below Fig.4.7.
Fig. 4.6 VP
The top view f is 30 mm above X-Y and the f
front view f' is on X-Y. So, when a point is on
HP, the front view of that point is on X-Y line,
30
with the top which is either above or below X- F
Y. When the point is in front of VP, its top HP Y
V.P f 30
X Y
view is below X-Y and when the point is H.P f'
f'
behind VP, its top view is above X-Y.
Fig. 4.7 X
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 4.6

4.9 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT ON THE VERTICAL PLANE

When a point is on the VP, it may
either above HP or below HP. Consider a g'
VP
point G resting on the VP and 40 mm above 40
HP. g' G V.P
X Y
The projection of that point G is shown Y
H.P g
40
in Fig. 4.8. The top view g is on X-Y whereas
g
the front view g' is 40 mm above X-Y.
HP
Similarly the projection of a point H X
resting on the VP and 50 mm below HP is
shown in the in fig.4.9.
The top view h is on the X-Y and the
Fig. 4.8
front view h' is 50 mm below X-Y.
When a point is on VP, the top view is Y
on the X-Y and the front view is either above
h
or below the X-Y. When the points is above
HP, the front view is above X-Y and when X 50 HP
the point is below HP, the front view is below
X-Y. V.P h H
X Y h'
H.P
REMARK :
50
When a point is on the reference plane
the projection of that point on the h' VP
reference plane is perpendicular to that
plane would be on X-Y. Fig. 4.9

When a point is - On the HP - its front view is on X-Y.

- On the VP - its top view is on X-Y

4.10 METHOD OF WRITING THE POSITION OF A POINT

The following are the steps followed in writing the position of a point.
I) Identify the quadrant, by rotating the top view in Clockwise direction with 90o.
ii) Decide the location of views such as above or below X-Y.
iii) Locate the front view with the distance of that point from HP. Locate the top view
with the distance of that point from VP. Both the top view and front view are on
the same projector.
 4.7 PROJECTION OF POINTS

PROBLEM 1
Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference line. Take
30 mm distance between the projectors.

A. 25 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP.

B. 25 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
C. 30 mm below HP and 45 mm behind VP.
D. 30 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP.
E. 25 mm above HP and on VP.
F. 35 mm below HP and onVP.
G. 25 mm in front of VP and onHP
H. 20 mm behind VP and onHP.

c
b
a'
b' 45 e'
40 h
25 25 25 20
V.P f g' h'
X e Y
H.P
30 30 25
35 40 35
d' g
a c'
d f'
Fig. 4.10

PROBLEM 2
Mention the position of the following points with respect to the planes of
projection. All dimensions are marked in mm. (Jan. 2013)

PROCEDURE

1. Point M is 20 mm below HP and 35 mm behind VP. It is in third quadrant.

2. Point N is 30 mm above HP and 40 mm in front of VP. It is in first quadrant.
3. Point O is 15 mm above HP and 50 mm behind VP. It is in second quadrant.
4. Point P is 40 mm below HP and is in VP. It is common to the third and fourth
quadrants.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 4.8

5. Point Q is 50 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP. It is in fourth quadrant.

6. Point R is in HP and 35 mm behind VP. It is common to the second and third
quadrants.
o'

m r'
n'
50
35 35
30 o'
15
V.P p
X Y
H.P r'
20
30
m' 40 40
50
q

n
p'
Fig. 4.11 q'

PROBLEM 3
Mention the position of the following points with respect to the planes of
projections. All dimensions are marked in mm. (AU, Nov.2007)
a c
e'
a'
30 30
20 25
V.P d
X Y
H.P
20
25 25 30
e
b',b c'
d'
Fig. 4.12
PROCEDURE
1. Point A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm behind VP. (A, in second quadrant)
2. Point B is 25 mm below HP and 25 mm in front of VP. (B, in fourth quadrant)
3. Point C is 25 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP. (C, in third quadrant)
4. Point D is 30 mm below HP and VP. (C, common to third & fourth quadrant)
5. Point E is 25 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. (E, in first quadrant)
 4.9 PROJECTION OF POINTS

4.11 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

For finding the distance between two points, first draw the projection of the two
given points. Join the top view of one point to the top view of the other point. Similarly
join front view of one point with the front view of another point. Erect perpendicular to
any one the joining line say, to the top view. Measure off the distances of the points
from the front view and mark them on the perpendiculars drawn at the ends. By
joining the ends of the perpendiculars, the required distance between the points is
obtained.

PROBLEM 4
A point is 25 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP. Another point B is 30
mm below HP and 40 mm behind VP. Draw the projections of these points
taking the distance between the end projectors as 60 mm. Also find the length
of their joining plans and elevations.

a'
40
25
V.P
X Y
H.P
60
35 30
ANSWERS
b' ab = 96 mm
a a'b' = 81 mm
Fig. 4.13

PROCEDURE

1. Draw the projections of the point A, its front view a' is a point 25 mm above XY
and top view a is 35 mm below XY.
2. Draw the next projector at a distance 60 mm and the front view b' is marked 30
mm below XY and the top view b is 40 mm above XY.
3. Draw the line joining their plans a and b. Draw another line joining their
elevations a' and b'.
4. Measure and point the length of ab and a'b'. Plan length and elevation length
respectively
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 4.10

PROBLEM 5
A point A is in HP and 25 mm in front of VP. Another point B is also in HP and
behind VP. The distance between their end projectors is 55 mm. Draw its
projections when the line joining their plans makes an angle of 50 0 with XY.
Also find the distance of the point B from the VP.

50°
V.P a'
X Y
H.P b'
55
25
ANSWERS
a B, 40 mm BEHIND VP

Fig. 4.14

PROCEDURE

1. Draw the projections of the point A, its front view a' is a point on XY and the top
view a is 25 mm below XY.

2. Draw the next projector at a distance of 55 mm from the first with its front view
b' marked on XY.
0
3. Through the point a draw a line inclined at 50 to XY. This will intersect the
projector of point B at b, which is the plan of point B.

4. Distance of point B from VP is obtained by measuring the distance of b from XY.

 4.11 PROJECTION OF POINTS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

1) Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference plane. Take 35
mm distance between the projectors.
P, 25 mm in front of the VP and 25 mm above the HP.
Q, 30 mm behind the VP and 30 mm above the HP.
R, 20 mm below the HP and 20 mm behind the VP.
S, 25 mm in front of the VP and 25 mm below the HP.
T, in both HP and VP.
U, 35 mm above the HP and in the VP.
V, 20 mm infront of VP and in the HP.
W, 25 mm behind the VP and in the HP.
X, 30 mm below the HP and in the VP.

2) Draw the projection of the following points A with respect to the planes of the
projections. All dimensions are marked in mm.
P, 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of VP.
Q, 20 mm behind the VP and 15 mm above HP.
R, 15 mm below the HP and 20 mm behind VP.
S, 20 mm in front of VP and 15 mm below HP.

3) A point Q is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Another point R is 50 mm

above HP and 35 mm in front of VP. The distance between end projector is 45 mm.
Draw the projections and draw the projection of lines joining Q and R.

4) A point B is 25 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Another point C is 60 mm

above HP and 40 mm in front of VP. The distance between the end projector is 50 mm.
Draw the projections of the points and also measure the length of the lines joining
their planes and elevations.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 4.12

5) Mention the position of the following points with respect to the planes of projection.
b'

d'

a' 50 e'
b
35
25 25
20
V.P c'
X Y
H.P p,p' a'

35
40 40

e
a c

6) A point A is in HP and 25 mm in front of VP. Another point B is also in HP and behind VP.
The distance between their end projector is 70mm. Draw its projections when the
line joining their plans make an angle of 450 with XY. Also find the distance of the
points A and B from the VP.
 CHAPTER 5
PROJECTION of
STRAIGHT LINES
5.1 INTRODUCTION

A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between any two points. It may
also be defined as the locus of a points moving in one direction. To draw the projection
of a straight line, its ends are considered as points and their top views and front views
are drawn and they are joined on each of the reference planes.
True length (TL) :
The actual length of the straight line is called true length (TL).
True Inclination :
The angle made by the true length of a straight line with reference plane is called
true inclination.
The angle made with the HP is usually represented by q and with the VP is
represented f.

5.2 POSITION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

A straight line may be situated in quadrants, in any one of the following

positions, with respect to the reference planes.

1. Line perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.

2. Line perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP.
3. Line parallel to both HP and VP.
4. Line inclined to HP and parallel to VP.
5. Line inclined to VP and parallel to HP.
6. Line inclined to both HP and VP.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.2

5.3 PROJECTION OF A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP AND PARALLEL TO VP

Consider a straight line AB perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Its front
view is projected on the VP and it gives the true length. Its top view is projected on HP
0
and it is a point. Now rotate the HP in clockwise direction at 90 . The obtained view is
its projection.
a'
V.P
T.L
a'

A b'
V.P
Y X Y
H.P
b'

B
X H.P
a(b) a(b)
Fig. 5.1

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the XY line.
2. Draw the front view a'b' which is a line perpendicular to XY and having true
length (TL).
3. Project the top view a(b), which is a point. The end a is visible and the invisible
end b is enclosed within bracket.

PROBLEM 1
A line CD 25 mm long is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP. Point C is 45
mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.

PROCEDURE : c'

1. The line CD is perpendicular to the HP and hence is 25

parallel to the VP. The front view will show the true length.
45
d'
2. Mark the front view c' of the end C at 45 mm above XY and
the top view c, 15 mm below xy. Draw a line c'd' of length 25 V.P o
mm perpendicular to XY to represent the front view. X Y
H.P
15
3. The top view is a point, 15 mm below XY. The end C only is c(d)
visible in the top view and thus the visible c coincides with
invisible d. Fig. 5.2
 5.3 Projection of Straight Lines

PROBLEM 2 (Exercise)
A line AB 40 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
The line is kept perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

5.4 PROJECTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR TO VP AND

PARALLEL TO HP

Consider a straight line AB

perpendicular to VP and parallel V.P b'(a')
to HP. Its top view is projected on b'(a')
the HP and it gives the true length A
of the straight line. Then front
view is projected on the VP. The B V.P
Y X Y
H.P
front view is a point. Now rotate a
the HP in clock wise direction at

T.L
0
90 . The obtained views are its X a H.P
projections. b
b
PROCEDURE : Fig. 5.3

1. Draw the XY reference line.

2. Draw the top view ab, which is a line parallel to HP and having true length (TL).
3. Project the front view b'(a'), which is a point. The end b' is visible, where as the
invisible end a' is enclosed within bracket.

PROBLEM 3
A line AB 25 mm long is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Its end A is 10
mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line.
b'(a')
PROCEDURE :

1. The line AB is perpendicular to VP and hence is parallel to 20

the HP. The top view will show the true length.
V.P o
X Y
2. Mark the top view of the end a at 10 mm below XY. Draw a H.P
10
line ab of length 25 mm perpendicular to XY to represent a
the top view.
3. The front view is a point, 20 mm above XY, The end b' only 25
is visible in the front view and thus the visible b' coincides
with invisible a'.
b
Fig. 5.4
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.4

PROBLEM 4 (Exercise)
A line CD 30 mm long is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Its end C is 5
mm in front of VP and the line is 10 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the
line.

5.5 PROJECTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP AND VP

a' T.L b'
Consider a straight line V.P
b'
AB parallel to both HP and VP.
Its front view is projected on a'
B
VP and it gives the true length
of AB. Its top view is projected A V.P
Y X Y
H.P
on HP which also gives the true
length of AB. Now rotate HP in
0
clockwise direction at 90 . The X b H.P a
T.L b
obtained views are its a
Fig. 5.5
projections.

PROCEDURE :

1. Draw the XY reference line.

2. Draw the front view a'b' which is parallel to VP and having true length.
3. Project the top view ab, which is parallel to HP and having true length.

PROBLEM 5
A line AB 60 mm long has its end A, 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
The line is kept parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections.

PROCEDURE : a' b'

1. Draw a reference line XY. 20

V.P
2. Mark a point a', 20 mm above HP, and X Y
H.P
a 30 mm in front of VP.
3. From a' draw a horizontal line 60 mm 30
long line a'b' in front view.
4. Similarly from point a draw a 60 mm a
b
long horizontal line ab. Line ab is the 60
top view. Fig. 5.6
 5.5 Projection of Straight Lines

PROBLEM 6 (Exercise)
A line CD 30 mm long is parallel to both the planes. The line is 40 mm above HP
and 25 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.

5.6 PROJECTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE INCLINED TO HP AND PARALLEL TO VP

Consider a straight line AB b'

V.P ew
parallel to VP and inclined at an n t Vi
Fro
b' a'
angle to the HP. Its front view is
V.P θ
projected on the VP, which gives X Y
θ B H.P
the true length of the straight
Y
line AB. Its top view ab is a'
projected on the HP, which gives θ a b
Top View
the line of reduced length. Now
A
rotate the HP in clock-wise X b H.P
direction at 90o. The obtained a
view is its projection. Fig. 5.7

PROCEDURE :

1. Draw the XY reference line.

2. Draw the front view a'b' (with inclination to the HP) on the VP; which gives the
true length.
3. Project the top view ab on the HP, which gives reduced length.

PROBLEM 7
A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
o
The line is kept inclined at 40 to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projection.

V.P
PROCEDURE :
b'
B
1. Since the line AB is parallel to
VP, its front view will give the 40° b'

true length. Y H.P

a' 60
A b
2. Draw the front view a' of end 'A'
a 40°
20 mm above the XY and its top
a'
X
view a 30 mm below the XY plane. 20
V.P
X Y
3. Draw the front view a'b' 60 mm H.P
0
long at an angle 40 inclined to Fig. 5.8 30

the XY line.
a b
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.6

4. Project the top view ab below XY line from the front view by means of dropping
vertical straight line from its both ends a'b'.
5. Draw the top view parallel to the XY line connecting a & b. The top view gives
reduced length.
PROBLEM 8 (Exercise)
A line PQ 40 mm long is parallel to VP and inclined at an angle of 300 to HP. The
lower end P is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Draw the projection of
the line.
5.7 PROJECTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE INCLINED TO VP AND PARALLEL TO HP

Consider a straight line AB

parallel to HP and inclined at an a' b'
V.P
angle f to the VP. Its top view is
projected on the HP, which gives V.P
b' X Y
the true length of the straight H.P f
line AB. Its front view is a' Y
projected on the VP, which gives f B a
the line of reduced length. Now A b
X b H.P
rotate the HP in clockwise a
direction at 900. The obtained
view is its projection. Fig. 5.9
PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the XY reference line.
2. Draw the top view ab (with inclination to the VP) on the HP; which gives the true
length.
3. Project the front view a'b' on the VP, which gives reduced length.
a' b'
PROBLEM 9
A line AB 50 mm long has its end A 20 mm above 20

HP and 20mm in front of VP. The line is inclined V.P

X Y
H.P
at 400 to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its
20
projection.
PROCEDURE : a 40°
0
1. Since the line AB is inclined at 40 parallel to VP,
its top view gives its true length.
50
2. Mark the front view of end A, a' 20 mm above the
XY and top view a 20 mm below the XY line.
Fig. 5.10 b
 5.7 Projection of Straight Lines

3. Draw the top view ab of length 50 mm at an angle 40o inclined to the XY line.
4. Project the top view from the two ends of the ab and draw the front view a'b'
parallel to the XY line.
PROBLEM 10 (Exercise)
A line MN measuring 60 mm has one of its extremities 25 mm in front of VP and
0
15 mm above HP. It is parallel to HP and inclined at the angle of 45 to VP. Draw
its projections.

APPARENT INCLINATION :
The angle made by the front view with the HP is the apparent inclination of FV
and is denoted by ‘a’.
Similarly the angle made by the top view with the VP is ‘b’.
5.8 PROJECTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP AND VP

Consider a straight line AB which is inclined at an angle of q with horizontal

plane and ‘f’ with vertical plane. From the above conclusion it is clear that as the
straight line is inclined to both the plane, the top and front view do not show true
length and true inclinations.

The projection of a line is drawn by fixing the loci of the ends and top and front
view lengths. To fix the loci of the ends the line is made parallel to a plane in any one of
the views. When the line is parallel to VP, loci of the both ends in front view can be
fixed. When the line is made parallel to HP, loci of both the ends in top view can be
located. The projection of line is completed with top view and front view lengths, as
shown in figure.
V.P

b' b'
Vie w
iew
Y Front
ntV a a' α
Fro B
a' V.P
A X Y
H.P
b H.P a
X β
a Top View b To
p
Vi
ew

b
Fig. 5.11 (a) Fig. 5.11 (b)
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.8

b' b'1
Locus of B is front view

Preliminary Front View

FV
True Length Line

L
T Apparent inclination
α
θ
True inclination (with HP)
a' Locus of A is front view
b'2

Y XY Reference line
X
b1
a Locus of A is top view
f True inclination (with VP)
β
Apparent inclination
TV TL
Preliminary Top View
true length line
Locus of B is top view
b b2

Fig. 5.11 (c)

Final front view and top view are making an angle of ‘a’ and ‘b’ with X-Y. These
angles are called apparent angles of inclination and they are always greater than true
inclination of the line with HP and VP.
Steps involved in the projection of straight line
1. Fix the given end and fix the loci of the other end.
2. By using angle ‘q’ and true length fix the locus of the other end in the front view.
By using angle ‘f’ and true length fix the locus of the end in the top view.
3. To get final view, rotate parallel view upto locus of the tilted end in that view.

5.9 TRACES OF A STRAIGHT LINE

The point of intersection of a straight line with a plane, when the line is extended
is known as “Traces” of a straight line, trace of a straight line is a point. When the
intersecting point is on the horizontal plane, it is called Horizontal Trace (HT) and
when the intersecting point is on the vertical plane, it is called Vertical Trace (VT).
When a straight line is parallel to a plane, no trace is possible.
 5.9 Projection of Straight Lines

5.10 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE LOCATION OF TRACES

For Horizontal Trace
I. Extend front view to meet the X-Y at h'.
ii. Perpendicular drawn at h' and top view is produced to meet at HorizontalTrace (HT).

b'

b' a' θ
B h'
X Y
Y
a'
H.T a b
h' A b
X HT a

Fig. 5.12

For Vertical Trace

I. Extend top view to meet the X-Y at v.
ii. Perpendicular drawn at v and front view is produced to meet at Vertical Trace (VT).

V.T l' m'

m'
V.T Y X Y
v
l' l f
L
M

m
X v l m

Fig. 5.13

5.11 DETERMINATION OF TRUE LENGTH AND TRUEINCLINATION

FROM PROJECTION
From the final projections of the straight lines, the true length and the true
inclination are determined with two methods. They are
1. Rotating line method
2. Rotating Trapezoidal plane method
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.10

SOLVED PROBLEM
LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP AND VP
PROBLEM 1
A straight line PQ of 75 mm long is inclined at 300 to the HP and 450 to the VP. The
end P is 15 mm infront of VP and 20 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the
line. (June 2009, Jan. 2012, 2014)
q' q' Locus of q'
1
PROCEDURE :
h
1. Draw the reference line XY gt
l en
and locate p' at a distance 20 ue
Tr
mm above XY and locate p at a
distance 15 mm below XY. p' θ = 30° Locus of p'
q'2
2. Through p' draw a line of 20
length 75 mm inclined at an V.P
X Y
0
angle of 30 to XY. Mark the H.P
15
end of the straight line as q1' Locus of p
p q'1
draw the locus through p, p' f = 45°
Tr
and q' parallel to XY. ue
le
ng
3. Draw the projectors from q1' vertically th
downwards to the locus of p. Now pq1 is
the reduced top view of 300 inclined line
to HP. Locus of q
q q2
4. Through p draw a line of length 75 mm
0
inclined at an angle of 45 to XY. Mark Fig. 5.14
the end of line as q2 and draw the locus of
q2.
5. Draw the projector from q2 vertically upwards to the locus of p'. p'q'2 is the
o
reduced front view length of 45 inclination with VP.
6. Draw an arc with p as centre and pq1 as radius to meet the locus of q2 at q.
7. Draw an arc with p' as centre and p'q'2 as radius to meet the locus of q'1 at q'.
8. Join p' and q'. It gives the elevation of the line PQ. To get the apparent
inclination with HP (a) measure the angle between p'q' and XY.

9. Join p and q. It gives the plan of the line PQ. To get the apparent inclination with
VP, (b) measure the angle between pq and XY.
 5.11 Projection of Straight Lines

PROBLEM 2
A line AB 75 mm long has its end A in both HP and VP. The line is kept inclined at
450 to HP and 300 to VP. Draw its projections. (MKU, Apr.94)

PROCEDURE :

1. Draw a XY line.

2. Mark the projections of end A b' b'1 Locus of b'

by considering it as a point.
Its FV a' and TV a are marked 75
as same point on XY line.

3. As true length is of length

o
75 mm and inclined at 45 to
HP. Draw line a'b'1 and hence
draw the locus of b'1 in FV. V.P a' 45° b'2 Locus of a'
X Y
H.P a 30° b1 Locus of a
4. Similarly, it is given that true
0
length is inclined at 30 to VP
and hence draw true length
ab2 and hence draw locus of b2
Locus of b
in TV. 75
b b2
5. Now project b'1 on XY line and
name point as b1. Similarly
project b2 on XY line and Fig. 5.15
name point as b'2.

6. Draw an arc with a' as centre and a'b'2 as radius, till arc cuts locus of b'1 at b'.
Now, a'b' is front view of line AB.

7. Draw an arc with a as centre and ab1, as radius till arc cuts locus of b2 at b. Now,
ab is the top view of line AB.

PROBLEM 3
0 0
A line AB 70 mm long is inclined at an angle of 45 to HP and 30 to VP. The end A
is in VP and 20 mm above HP. Draw its projections and mark the traces.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.12

PROCEDURE :
b' b'2 Locus of b'
1. Draw the reference line XY.
70
2. Mark a' 20 mm above XY and
a on XY. Through a' draw the
locus of a'.

3. Through a' draw a line 45°

0 a' Locus of a'
inclined at 45 to XY
and mark the true HT VT b'1
20
length of 70 mm and
V.P v Locus of a
locate b2'. Draw the X Y
H.P h' a b2
locus of b' through b2'. 30°

4. Draw a line inclined at

0
30 to XY through a.
Mark the true length Locus of b
70
and locate b1. Draw b b1
Fig. 5.16
locus of b through b1.

5. From b2', draw a vertical line till the locus of a and mark it as b2 and then draw
an arc with a as centre and ab2 as radius which would intersect the locus of b and
mark it as b. Join ab which gives top view of line AB.

6. Similarly from b1, draw a vertical line till the locus of a' and mark it as b1' draw
an arc with a' as centre and a'b1' as radius to intersect the locus of b' and mark it
as b'. Join a'b', which gives front view of the AB.

7. Extend the front view a'b' upto XY and mark the point as h' and draw a
perpendicular line to intersect the top view ab to obtain HT. Similarly do for VT.

PROBLEM 4
A straight line 85 mm long has one end 15 mm infront of VP and 10 mm above HP,
while the other end is 50 mm infront of VP and 45 mm above HP. Draw the plan and
elevation of the line. Determine the inclinations of the line to HP and VP. (May 2015)

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference line XY and locate points a' and a at a distance of 10 mm
above and 15 mm below XY line. Draw the locus through a' and a.
2. Draw locus of b' at 45 mm above XY line and locus of b at 50 mm below XY.
 5.13 Projection of Straight Lines

3. Take the true length of the line, 85 mm as radius and a' as centre, cut an arc on
the locus of b'1 at b'1. Project b'1 vertically downwards to cut the locus of a at b1.
4. Draw an arc with true length of line, 80 mm as radius with a as centre, to cut the
locus of b at b2. Project b2 vertically upwards to cut the locus of a at b'2.
5. Draw an arc of radius a'b'2 with centre a', to cut the locus of b' at b'.
6. Draw an arc of radius ab1 with centre a, to cut the locus of b at b.
7. Join a and b, ab is the plan of line AB.
8. Join a' and b', a'b' is the elevation of line AB.
9. Measure the angles a, b (apparent inclination) and q, f (True Inclinations) as
shown in the fig.5.17.
b' b'1 Locus of b'

45
α
10 a' θ b'2 Locus of a'
V.P
X Y
H.P
15
b1 Locus of a
a f
β

50

85

Locus of b
Fig. 5.17
b b2

PROBLEM 5
A line AB of 75 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm infront of VP and 20 mm above
HP the other end is 20 mm infront of VP and is above HP. The top view of the line
is 55 mm long. Draw the front view.

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference line XY and locate a' and a at a distance of 20 mm above and
60 mm below XY line respectively. Draw the locas through a' and a.
2. Draw the locus of b in top view 20 mm below and parallel to XY line.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.14

3. Mark the top view length (55 b' b'1 Locus of b'
mm) below XY line on the locus
of a and mark b1. Draw 75
vertical projector through b1. TL

4. From a' cut an arc with true

length (75 mm) as radius and a' Locus of a'
locate b'1 on the projector b'2
drawn from b1. Draw an arc of 20
top view length 55 mm with a X V.P Y
as centre to cut the locus at b. H.P
20
Join the points a, b and the b Locus of b
length ab is called as top view. b2
60
5. Project b vertically upwards to TL
meet the locus of b1' at b'.
Locus of a
6. Join a' and b', a'b' gives the a b1
55
required elevation of the line
Fig. 5.18
AB.
PROBLEM 6
A line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above HP, and 20 mm
infront of VP. The other end is 15 mm above HP and infront of VP. The front view
of the line is 60 mm long. Draw the top view. (AU, Apr.85)

60
PROCEDURE : Locus of a' b'1 Front View Length a'

1. Draw the reference line XY and locate

a' and a at a distance of 60 mm above TL
and 20 mm below XY line respectively. 60

2. Mark the front view length 60 mm Locus of b' b'2

b'
above XY line on the locus of a' and V.P 15
mark b'1. X Y
H.P
20
3. Draw the locus of other end at b' Locus of a a
distance of 15 mm above and parallel b2
f = 41°
to XY.
L
T
4. Project b'1 vertically downwards and
cut it with an arc of true length 80 mm 80
with a as centre and mark it as b1. Locus of b
b1 b
Fig. 5.19
 5.15 Projection of Straight Lines

5. Draw an arc of radius a'b'1 with a' as centre to cut the locus at b'.
6. Project b' vertically downward to cut the locus of b at b.
7. Join a and b, ab gives the required plan of AB.
PROBLEM 7
A line PQ 60 mm long has its end P, 15 mm above HP. and 20 mm infront of VP.
Its top view and front view measures 50 mm and 40 mm respectively. Draw its
projections and determine its true inclinations with HP and VP. (Jan. 2011)

PROCEDURE : q' q'1

60 Locus of q'
1. Draw the reference line
XY and locate p' and p at a TL
distance of 15 mm above
and 20 mm below XY line p' θ q'2 Locus of p'
respectively. Draw the
locus of p and p'.
15 40
V.P
2. Mark q1 at a distance of 50 X Y
H.P
mm (top view length) from 20 50
p on the locus of p and Locus of p
draw an arc with p' as p q1
centre and 60 mm (TL) as f
radius.
3. Project q 1 vertically True inclinations, TL
upwards and cut the arc θf = 34°
= 48°
at q'1. Join p' and q'1, and Locus of q
draw the locus of q', Fig. 5.20 q q2
through q'1.
4. Mark q'2 on the locus of p' at a distance of 40 mm (front view length) and draw an
arc with p as centre and 60 mm as radius.
5. Project q'2 vertically downwards and cut the arc at q2. Join p and q2, and draw
the locus of q through q2.
6. With p' as centre and p'q'2 as radius, cut an arc on the locus of q' to mark q'. Join p'
and q'. p'q' is the required elevation of line PQ.
7. With p as centre and pq1 as radius, cut an arc on the locus of q to mark q. Join p
and q, pq is the required plan of line PQ.
8. Angle between p'q'1 and XY line is the true inclination of PQ with HP. Angle
between pq2 and XY line is the true inclination of PQ with VP.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.16

PROBLEM 8
A line AB has its end A 15 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of VP. The end B is 60 mm
0
above HP and the line is inclined at 30 to HP. The distance between the end projectors
of the line is 55 mm. Draw the projections and find its inclination with VP. (Dec.2011)

PROCEDURE : b' b'1 Locus of b'

1. Draw the reference line TL

XY and locate a' and a at a
distance of 15 mm above
60
and 20 mm below XY θ
a' b'2 Locus of a'
respectively. Draw the
locus of a' and a.
V.P 15
X Y
2. Draw the vertical H.P
20
projector at a distance of Locus of a
55 mm (distance between a b1
f
end projectors) from a and
draw the locus of other
TL
end b' at a distance of 60 True inclinations
mm above XY line. This with f = 38°
locus will meet the
55 Locus of b
projector at point b'. Join
a' and b', a'b' is the b b2
required elevation of AB. Fig. 5.21
o
3. Draw a line inclined at an angle of 30 to XY from a' to cut the locus of b' at b'1.
Join a' and b'1 which gives true length of the line AB.
4. Project b1' vertically downwards to cut the locus of a at b1.

5. Draw an arc of radius ab1 with a as centre to cut the projector at b. Join a and b,
ab is the required plan of AB.
6. Draw an arc of radius a'b' with a' as centre to cut the locus of a' at b'2. Project b'2
vertically downwards to cut the locus of b at b2. Join a and b2, ab2 gives the line of
true length having true inclination to VP.

PROBLEM 9
End A of the line AB is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of VP. The other end
is 50 mm above HP and 65 mm infront of VP. The distance between the end
projector is 50 mm. Draw the projection and find true inclinations and true
length by the rotating plane method. (Jan. 2011, Dec. 2016)
 5.17 Projection of Straight Lines

b' b'1 Locus of b'

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference
line XY and locate a' TL
and a at a distance of θ 50
a' b'2 Locus of a'
15 mm above and 20
mm respectively. 15
Draw the locus of a V.P
X Y
and a'. H.P
20 50
2. To locate the other b1 Locus of a
end, draw the locus of a
f
b' and b at a distance 65
of 50 mm above and TL
65 mm below XY
respectively.
3. Draw the vertical projector of other end Locus of b
at a distance of 50 mm (distance between b b2
Fig. 5.22
end projectors), from a which cuts locus of
b' at b' and locus of b at b. True Length , TL = 76mm
True inclinations,
4. Join a' and b', a'b' is the elevation of AB. q = 27°
Join a and b, ab is the plan of AB. f = 36°

5. To get the true length, draw an arc of radius a'b' with a' as centre to cut the locus
of a' at b'2 project b2 vertically downwards to cut the locus of b at b2.
6. Join a and b2, ab2 is the true length and having true inclination with VP.
7. Draw an arc of radius ab with a as centre to cut the locus of a at b1. Project b1
vertically upwards to cut the locus of b' at b'1.
8. Join a' and b1', a'b1' is the true length and having true inclination with HP.

PROBLEM 10
The distance between end projectors passing through the end points is 50 mm, the
end A is 20 mm above HP and 15 mm infront of VP and the end B is 45 mm
infront of VP. The line AB is 65 mm long in front view. Draw the projections and
find its true inclinations by rotating plane method. (May 2009, Jan. 2010)
PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference line XY and locate a' and a at a distance of 20 mm above XY
and 15 mm below XY respectively. Draw the locus of a and a'.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.18

2. To locate the other end, draw the locus of b

at a distance of 45 mm below XY. b' b'1 Locus of b'

3. Draw the projector

vertically at a distance 65
of 50 mm from a to cut TL
the locus of b at b.
4. Join a and b, ab is the θ
Locus of a'
plan of AB.
a' b'2
5. Draw an arc of 20
radius 65 mm V.P
X Y
(front view length) H.P
with a' as centre to 15 50 b1 Locus of a
cut the vertical a
projector at b'. f 45
TL
6. Join a' and b', a'b' is the elevation of AB.
7. Draw an arc of radius a'b' with a' as centre to Locus of b
cut the locus of a' at b'2. Project b'2 vertically b b2
downwards to cut the locus of b at b2.
8. Join a and b2, ab2 is true the length of 72 mm True Length , TL = 72mm
True inclinations,
and true inclination to VP f=25°. q = 35°
f = 25°
9. Draw an arc of radius ab with a as centre to
cut the locus of a at b1. Project b1 vertically Fig. 5.23
upwards to cut the locus of b'1 at b'1.
10. Join a' and b'1, a'b'1 is true length and true inclination to HP q=35°.

PROBLEM 11
The plan (top view) of a line PQ makes an angle of 300 with the horizontal and
having a length of 90 mm. The end Q is in the HP and P is in the VP and 65 mm
above the HP. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and true
inclination with the HP and VP. Also show its traces.
PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference line XY. Since, the end p is on the VP, locate p on the XY line
in top view and p' at a distance of 65 mm above XY. Join p and p' which is the end
projector.
2. Draw a line inclined at an angle of 30o to XY from p of length 90 mm (top view
length) and mark q on it. Join p and q, pq is the plan of the line PQ. Draw locus of
q through q.
 5.19 Projection of Straight Lines

3. Since Q is on HP, p'2 p' V.T Locus of p'

Project q vertically
upwards to cut XY
on q'. Join p' and q'
which is the
elevation of line PQ. TL 65
4. Draw an arc of
radius p'q' with q' as
centre to cut XY on V.P p p θ h' Locus of q'
1
p1. Join p1 and q, p1q X p' Locus of p
H.P 1
v 30° q'
is the true length To
and gives true pV
iew
inclination to VP. TL Le
ng
th
5. Draw an arc of radius pq
Locus of q f H.T
with q as centre to cut the p
2
q
locus of q at P2. Project P2
vertically upwards to cut 90
the locus of p' at p'2. Join p'2
True inclinations Fig. 5.24
and q' which is the true f = 24°
length and give a true q = 36°
inclination to HP. TL = 111 mm

6. Since P and Q are on the VP and HP respectively. p' and q are the required VT
and HT respectively.

PROBLEM 12
The mid point of a line AB is of 80 mm long, which is 30 mm above HP and 45 mm
infront of VP. It is inclined at 300 to HP and 500 to VP. Draw the projection.

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference line XY and locate the mid point m' and m at a distance of 30
mm above HP and 45 mm below XY line respectively. Through m' and m draw
locus.
0
2. Draw a line a'1b'1 through m' as mid point with true inclination of 30 to XY and
true length of 80 mm, and draw the locus through a'1 and b'1.
3. Similarly draw a line a2b2 through m as mid point with true inclination of 500 to
XY and true length of 80 mm and draw the locus through a2 and b2.
4. Draw the vertical projectors through a'1, b'1, a2 and b2.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.20

5. The projectors from a2 and b' b'1 Locus of b'

b2 meet at a'2 and b'2 80
respectively on the locus of m' 30° b'2 Locus of m'
m' and the projectors from a'2
TL
a'1 and b'1 meet at a1 and b1
30 Locus of a'
respectively on locus of m. a'1 a'
V.P
6. Now, draw an arc with m' X H.P Y
as centre and m'a'2 as a2 a Locus of a
radius to cut on the locus of
45
a' at a'. Similarly, draw an
arc m' as centre and m'b'2
50° b1 Locus of m
as radius to cut on the locus a1 m
of b' at b'. Join a'b' which is
the elevation of the line AB.
7. Above procedure is followed to get a and b and Locus of b
join ab, which is plan of line AB. b b2
Fig. 5.25
PROBLEM 13
The end A of a line AB is 10 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. The line is
0 0
30 to HP and front view is 45 with XY line. The top view is 60 mm long. Complete
the two views. Find the true length and inclination with VP. Locate the traces.
(MU, Apr.94)

PROCEDURE : b' b'2 Locus of b'

1. Draw reference line XY.

2. Mark a' of 20 mm above XY
45°
and a of 10 mm below XY. 30° b'1
HT a' Locus of a'
Through a' draw the locus
VT
of a' and through a, draw 20 60
locus of a. V.P
X v Y
H.P 10 h
3. Through a' draw a line Locus of a
o a b2
inclined at 45 to XY. Draw f
another line inclined at 30o
to XY. f=44°
True length=
4. Measure 60 mm on locus of a and mark b2 and 68mm
draw a vertical line, from b2 to intersect the line
o Locus of b
drawn of a' at 30 , at b2'. Draw the locus of b'
b b1
through b'2. Fig. 5.26
 5.21 Projection of Straight Lines

5. The line drawn form a' at an angle 45o (front view inclination), cut the locus of b' at b'.
6. Draw an arc with a as centre and ab2 (60 mm) radius to obtain b. Draw locus of b.
7. With a'b' as radius draw an arc from a' till locus of a', and mark b'1 project
vertically from b'1 to the locus of b get b1. Join ab1.
8. Extend the TV to get v, draw a perpendicular to intersect the FV. Mark as VT.
9. Similarly do for FV and finally HT is obtained.

PROBLEM 14
The end A of a line AB is of 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP. This line is
o o
inclined at 30 to HP. Its top view is 60 mm long and 45 in XY. Draw the projections.
Locate the traces. Find true length and inclination with VP. (MU, Apr.2000)

PROCEDURE :
b' b'1 Locus of b'
1. Draw reference line XY.
2. Locate a' 20 mm above XY TL
line and a 25 mm below XY
and draw the locus of a' a' 30° b'2 Locus of a'
and the locus of a.
20
3. Through a draw a line V.P vh
X Y
H.P VT HT
0
inclined at 45 to XY line
and locate b by marking 25
top view of length 60 mm Locus of a
on it. a f b1
β=45°
4. Through b draw the locus
TL
of b.
60
5. Now ab represents top
view. Locus of b
True Length=70mm
True inclinations, f = 39° b b2
6. Through a' draw a line
inclined at 300 to HP. Fig. 5.27
7. Rotate ab about the centre a and mark b1 on the locus of a.
8. The vertical projector from b1 and the 300 line drawn through a' will intersect at
b1' above XY line.

9. Join a'b1' which represents the true length in front view.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.22

10. Now through b1' draw the locus of b'.

11. Project b vertically upwards and locate b' the locus of b'.
12. Join a'b', which represents front view.
13. Rotate a'b' about a' and mark b'2 on locus of a'.
14. Project b'2 vertically downwards and mark b2 on locus of b.
15. Join ab2 which represents the true length and inclination f is the true
inclination with XY line.

To draw traces
16. Extend front view will intersect XY line at h. Perpendicular drawn through and
extension of top view will intersect at Horizontal Trace (HT).
17. Extend top view will intersect XY line at v. Perpendicular drawn through v and
the extension of front view will intersect at Vertical Trace (VT).

PROBLEM 15
0
The top view of a line is 75 mm long and is inclined at 45 to XY line. The length of
the front view is 65 mm. The end A is 20 mm above HP and 10 mm infront of VP.
Draw the projections and find its true inclinations, and locate traces. (May 2011)
PROCEDURE :
b' b'1 Locus of b'
1. Draw reference line XY and mark a' 20 mm
above XY line and a 10 mm below XY line. 65

2. Through a draw locus of a

and through a' draw locus α
a' θ b'2 Locus of a'
of a'. HT
VT
3. Through a draw a line 20
inclined at 45o to XY X V.P Y
line and mark point b, H.P h v
10
at 75 mm to represent b1 Locus of a
top view. a f
β=45°
4. Through b draw the locus of b.
5. From b, project a vertical projector 75
upwards.
6. Take a' as centre and radius equal to 65 mm, Locus of b
b b2
cut an arc on the vertical projector at b'.
Fig. 5.28
 5.23 Projection of Straight Lines

7. Join a'b' which represents front view and draw locus of b' in the front view
through b'.
To find true length and true inclinations with HP and VP
8. Rotate a'b' about a' and mark b'2 on the locus of a'.
9. Project b'2 downwards and locate b2 on the locus of b in TV. Join ab2 which is the
true length and angle f represents the true inclination with VP.
10. Similarly, rotate ab about a and locate b1 on the locus of a. Project b1 vertically
upwards and locate b'1 on the locus of b'. Join a'b'1 which is true length and angle
the true inclination with HP.
To mark HT
11. Extend front view, so that it intersects the reference line XY at h.
12. Through h, draw a line perpendicular to XY line.
13. Extend top view. It intersect perpendicular through h which gives horizontal
trace (HT).

To mark VT
14. Extend top view, so that it intersects the reference line at v.
15. Through v, draw a line perpendicular to XY line.
16. Extend front view. It intersect the perpendicular through v which will intersect
at vertical trace (VT).

PROBLEM 16
The line AB has its end A in HP and 40 mm infront of VP. Its front view is
inclined at 500 to XY and has length of 70 mm. The other end B is in VP. Draw its
projection.

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the XY reference line.
2. Mark a' on XY line and 'a' 40 mm below the reference XY line.
3. Draw the front view a'b' at the angle of 500 to the reference line. Cut an arc for
70 mm and name the point as b'. Draw the locus of b' by drawing a line through b'
parallel to XY line. The locus of b and a' is the XY line itself. The locus of a is
40 mm below the XY line.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.24

4. Draw the vertical b' b'1 Locus of b'

projector from b' on to
the XY line mark it as b.
Join ab which gives top
view. Using a'b' as 70

radius draw an arc upto

the locus of b and mark
the point as b2'. Join ab2' 50°
to get true length in top X V.P θ b b'2 Locus of a'
Y
view. The angle of H.P a' b 2 Locus of b
inclination f can be
measured. 40

5. With ab as radius draw an arc

f
till locus of a and mark the Locus of a
point as b1. Draw the a b1
projection from b1 to locus of b'
and mark the point as b'1. Join
Fig. 5.29
a'b'1. This is the true length in
FV which makes an angle q
with XY line.

PROBLEM 17
A line AB has its end A of 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. The other end
B is 45 mm above HP and 40 mm infront of VP. The distance between the end
projections is 60 mm. Draw its projections, also find the True length and true
inclinations of line with HP and VP and mark the traces. [Use Trapezoidal method]

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw a reference line XY.
2. Mark a' 20 mm above XY and draw the locus of a' and a 25 mm below XY and then
draw the locus of a.
3. Draw the locus of B in both front view and top view at 45 mm and 40 mm from XY
respectively.
4. Draw the projector for the end B at a distance of 60 mm from a-a' which cuts locus
of b' at b' and locus of b at b.
5. Join a'b' (FV) and ab (TV). Draw perpendicular lines to the top view of ab
through a and b.
 5.25 Projection of Straight Lines

B2
6. Measure the
distance of a' and TL
b' from XY and
A2 b' Locus of b'
m a r k t h i s
distance on the
perpendicular 45 Locus of a'
line drawn from a f a'
20
and b to get A1 X V.P Y
and B1. Join A1B1 H.P HT 60
25
and extend it as a 40 Locus of a
VT
well as ab to get θ
b Locus of b
HT of the line.
A1B1 will give the A1
TL
true length in top
view. Fig. 5.30

7. Measure the distance of a and b from XY and mark this B1

value on the perpendicular line drawn from a',b' to
obtain points A2,B2. Join A2B2. Extend A2B2 and a'b' to
get VT. A2,B2 gives true length infront view.
8. Find the angle between A2B2 and a'b' ; A1B1 and ab for the true inclinations.

PROBLEM 18
A line AB has one of its ends as 60 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The
other end is 15 mm above HP and 45 mm in front of VP. The FV is 65 mm long.
Draw its projections and find TL, true inclinations and traces. [Use trapezoidal
plane method].

PROCEDURE :
1. Draw the reference line XY.
2. Mark a' of 60mm above XY and a of 20 mm below XY. Draw the locus of a' and a.
3. Draw the locus of b' in FV, 15 mm above XY and locus of b in TV, 45 mm below
XY.
4. The front view is 65 mm long. With a as centre and with length of 65 mm cut an
arc on locus of b' in FV to get b'. Join a'b'. Project b' vertically drawn to get b. Join
ab which gives top view.
5. Draw a vertical projection (perpendicular) to a'b' passing through a' and b'.
Measure the distance of a and b from XY line and mark it on the vertical
projection to get A2 and B2. Join A2B2. Extend A2B2 and a'b' to get VT.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.26

VT

A2
f
Locus of a'
6. Draw perpendicular line to ab a'
B2
passing through a and b. 65
Measure the distance of a' and 60
b' from XY line and mark it on Locus of b'
the projection to get A1 and b'
V.P 15
B1. Join A1B1. Extend A1 B1 X Y
and ab to get HT (f q). H.P
20
a Locus of a
7. Measure the true inclination 45
and the true length (A2B2 =
b Locus of b
A1 B1 ) .
θ HT
B1
A1 Fig. 5.31

ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS

b' b'2
PROBLEM 19
35
A straight line AB of 50 mm length has
50
its end point A 15mm above the HP and
a' 37°
the end B 20 mm in front of the VP. The
b'1
top view of the line is 40 mm long and the 15
elevation is 35 mm long. Draw the V.P
X Y
projections of the line and find the true H.P
inclinations of the line with VP and the 20

HP. (QPC: 57020-MAY-JUN 2014) b b1

40
50

46°

b2
a
Fig. 5.32
 5.27 Projection of Straight Lines

70 q' q'1 Locus of q'

PROBLEM 20 a

The end P of a line PQ, 70 mm

long is 15 mm above the HP p' 21° 40 Locus of p'
and 20 mm in front of the VP.
Q is 40 mm above the HP. q'2
15
The top view of the line is V.P
X Y
inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw H.P
the projections of the line and 20
find its true inclination with Locus of p
the VP and the HP. p q1
45°
41°
(QPC: 57410-MAY-JUN 2016)

Locus of q
Fig. 5.33 c d
q q2

PROBLEM 21
70
The distance between the 40
V.T
projectors through the VT
and the HT of a line PQ is 70 q' Locus of q'
mm and that between the q'1
projectors through the ends
is 40 mm. The VT is 45 mm 45 θ
p' q'2 Locus of p'
above the HP and the HT is
30 mm in front of the VP. P 15
h'
is 15 mm above the HP. X V.P v
Y
Draw the front and top H.P q Locus of q
q2
views of the line. Also find
the true length and the true 30 f Locus of p
inclinations of the line with p q1
the HP and the VP.
H.T
(QPC: 27271-NOV-DEC 2015)
Fig. 5.34
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.28

PROBLEM 22
A room is 4.8m × 4.2 m × 3.6 m high. Determine graphically, the distance between a top
corner and the bottom corner diagonally opposite to it. (QPC: 80504-NOV-DEC 2016)

D C
a'(d') b'(c') c'1 Locus of c'
B
DL A

DL
3.6m
S R 3.6m
V.P
X Y
H.P p'(s') q'(r')
4.2m P Q
d(s) c(r) 4.8m

4.2m
Front View

c1
a(p) ANSWER
4.8m
DL - Diagonal Length 7.3m
Scale 1:1000
Fig. 5.35

b' b'1 Locus of b'

PROBLEM 23 65

The front view of a line AB α=45°

90 mm long is incline at 45° a' θ b'2 Locus of a'
to XY line. The front view
V.P 15 b1
measures 65 mm long. Locus of a
X Y
Point A is located 15 mm H.P a
above H.P. and is in V.P. f
β
Draw the projections and θ = 30°
find its true inclinations. f = 42°
(QPC: 51007-JAN 2012) β = 55°
90
Locus of b
b b2
Fig. 5.36
 5.29 Projection of Straight Lines

b' b'1 Locus of b'

TL
PROBLEM 24 50

The top view of a 75 mm long α

line AB measures 65 mm V.P a' θ b'2 Locus of a'
while the length of its front X Y
H.P 12 65
view is 50 mm. Its one end A Locus of a
is in H.P. and 12 mm in front a f b1
of the V.P. Draw the β a = 48°
projections of AB and TL θ = 30°
determine its inclinations f = 48°
with the H.P. and the V.P. β = 59°
(QPC: 11737-JAN 2013) 75

Locus of b
b b'2
Fig. 5.37

q' q'1 Locus of q'

80
PROBLEM 25
TL
One end P of line PQ, 80 mm
long is 10 mm above HP and
p' 40° q'2
15 mm in front of VP. The Locus of p'
line is inclined at 40° to HP V.P 10
X Y
andthe top view of the line is H.P 15
making 50° with VP. Draw q1 Locus of p
the projections of the line p
and find its true inclination f=36°
50° f = 36°
with the VP.
TL
(QPC:97080-NOV-DEC 2014)
80 Locus of q
q q2

Fig. 5.38
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.30

70 b' b'1 Locus of b'

PROBLEM 26
a' 30° θ b'2 Locus of a'
The front view of the line AB of
20 45
length 70 mm is inclined at 30° V.P
to XY line and measures 45 X Y
H.P
mm. The end A is 20 mm above
25
HP and 25 mm in from of VP. b1 Locus of a
Draw the projections of the line
a
and find the inclinations with f
HP and VP. θ = 19°
(QPC: 97081-NOV-DEC 2014)
f = 50°
70

b Locus of b
b2
Fig. 5.39

VT
b2
Locus of b'
b'
PROBLEM 27 θ
a2 100
80
The projections on the XY line
of the horizontal and vertical Locus of a'
traces of a straight line AB in a'
the first quadrant are 120 mm 30
apart. The vertical traceis 100
X V.P Y
mm above XY and horizontal H.P h' V
trace 50 mm in front of XY line. b
The points A and B are 30 mm 50
a
and 80 mm above the θ = 19°
horizontal plane respectively. f f = 39°
Draw the projections. HT
a1
(QPC: 21465-MAY 2013)
b1
120

Fig. 5.40
 5.31 Projection of Straight Lines

b' b'1 Locus of b'

50

PROBLEM 28
a' 30°
b'2 Locus of a'
A straight line AB 50 mm long
has its end A 10 mm above HP 10
V.P
X Y
and end B 50 mm in front of H.P
VP. Draw the projection of the
line AB if it is inclined at 30° to a b1 Locus of a
HP and 45° to VP. QPC:
45°
(37004-JAN 2014)
50

50
Fig. 5.41 Locus of b
b b2
PROBLEM 29
The point A of a line AB is in HP and 60 mm in front of VP. The point B is in VP and 40 mm
above HP. The distance between projectors is 70 mm. Draw the projections of the line,
find the true length, inclinations and locate its traces. (QPC: 54018-JAN 2018)

VT
70 b' b'2 Locus of b'

40
70
23°
V.P a' b b1,b'1 Locus of a'
X Y
H.P Locus of b

60
100

37°

Locus of a Fig. 5.42

HT b2
a
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.32

PROBLEM 30 128
t' t'2 Locus of t'
A straight line ST has its 100
end S, 10 mm in front of m' Locus of m'
the VP and nearer to it.
20°
The mid point M of the t 1' Locus of s'
40
line is 50 mm in front of s'
the VP and 40 mm above V.P
X Y
the HP. The front and H.P 10 s
top views measure 100 t2 Locus of s
mm and 120 mm 50
respectively. Draw the 39°
projections of the line. Locus of m
Also find its true length m
120
and true inclinations
with the reference 128
planes. Locus of t
Ans :- t t1
(QPC: 54010-JAN 2018) True Length is 128mm
Inclined to HP is 20°
Inclined to VP is 39° Fig. 5.43

PROBLEM 31
A straight line AB has its end A 15 mm above the HP and 10 mm in front of the VP. The other
end B is 25 mm in front of the VP. The VT is 10 mm above the HP. Draw the projections of the
line if the distance between end projectors is 25 mm and find its true length and true angles
of inclinations with the HP and the VP. Locate the HT. (QPC: 52635-NOV-DEC 2017)

30 b' b'2
HT
a' 14°
b'1
VT
20
15
10
V.P
X Y
H.P h' v
10 25

Ans:- a b2
25
θ = 14° to HP 30°
f = 30° to VP
TL = 30 mm
HT = 20 mm behind VP b b1 Fig. 5.44
 5.33 Projection of Straight Lines
VT
PROBLEM 32

The distance between the end

projectors of a line PQ is 70 mm and q'2
the projectors through the traces q'
are 110 mm apart. The end P of the
line is 10 mm above the HP. If the
top view and the front view of the
line make 30 ° and 60 ° respectively 146
with the reference line, draw the
projections of the line. Determine
the true length of the line and the
56°
angle of inclination with HP and 60°
VP. Locate the traces too. p' q'1
V.P 10 v
(QPC: 50650-NOV-DEC 2017) X Y
H.P h' 70 30°
110 q
q1
Ans:-
TL = 146 mm p 16°
q = 56° q2
HT
f = 16° 146
Fig. 5.45

PROBLEM 33 q'1 Locus of p'

p'
The projections of a line measures 36°
80 mm in the top view and 70 mm 99
70
in the front view. The mid point of m'
the line is 45 mm in front of VP and
35 mm above HP. One end is 10 35
mm in front of VP and nearer to it. q'2 Locus of q'
The other end is nearer to HP. V.P q'
X Y
Draw the projections of the line. H.P p 10
Find the true length and true q 2 Locus of p
inclinations. 45
45°
(QPC: P-1713-JAN 2010)
m
Ans: 80
TL = 99 mm
q = 36° Locus of q
f = 45° Fig. 5.46 q q1
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 5.34

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

1) A line AB 80mm long has its end A on both HP and VP and inclined at 30o to HP and 45o to
VP. Draw its projections.

2) A line AB is parallel to the VP. The end A is 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm infront of the
VP. The end B is 60 mm above the HP. The distance between the end projectors is 60 mm.
Find the true length and the inclination of the line with HP.
o
3) A line RS 70 mm long has its end R in VP and S in the HP. The line is inclined at 30 to HP
o
and 60 to VP. Draw its projections.

4) A line BC, 85 mm long has its end B, 25mm above the HP and 20 mm infront of VP. The
line is inclined at 50o to the HP and 30o to the VP. Draw the projections of the line.

5) A line has its end P 15 mm above HP and 10 mm infront of VP. The other end Q is 55 mm
above HP and the line is inclined at 30o to HP. The distance between the end projectors is
50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and determine the true length of the line and its
true inclinations with HP and VP.

6) The top view of the line PQ, is 75 mm long measures 50 mm. The end P is 50mm infront
of VP and 15 mm above HP. The end Q is 15 mm infront of VP and above HP. Draw the
projection of the line PQ and find the true inclinations with HP and VP.

7) A line AB, 60 mm long has its end A, 30 mm above the HP and 15 mm infront of the VP.
The end B is 50 mm above the HP and 45 mm infront of VP. Draw the projection of the
line and find its true inclination.

8) A line PQ, of 70 mm long has its end P, 20 mm above the HP and 15 mm infront of the VP.
o o
It is inclined at 40 to the VP and 50 to the HP. Draw its projections.

9) The mid-point of a straight line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of VP. The line
o o
measures 80 mm long and inclined at 30 to HP and 45 to VP. Draw its projections.

10) A line 75 mm long has its one end in the HP and the other end in the VP. Its top view and
front view measures 70 mm and 60 mm respectively. Draw the projections and find the
true inclinations.

11) A straight line CD measures 65 mm. The end C is in VP and 60mm above HP. The front
view measures 45 mm and end D is 35 mm above HP. Draw the projection and find the
true inclination.

12) One end of the line A is 5mm above HP and 15 mm infront of VP. Its front view and top
o
view measures 50 mm and 65 mm respectively. The front view is inclined at 50 . Draw
the projections and find true length and inclinations.
 CHAPTER 6

PROJECTION
OF PLANES
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The geometrical elements of structure are points, lines and surfaces or planes.
Points are the basic elements of lines and lines are the basic elements of surfaces or
planes. Lines are generated by a moving point. Similarly surfaces are generated by
moving lines.
Planes : A plane is a flat surface generated by a straight line moving along two
parallel or intersecting straight lines. A plane has no boundary and it extends to
infinity in all directions. A plane figure is a part of a plane limited by boundary lines. It
has no thickness. It may be of any two dimensions, i.e., length and breadth and has no
thickness. It may be of any shape such as circular or any polygon-regular or irregular.
C C C D
B

B D
B E

A D A E A F
(i) Square (ii) Pentagon (iii) Hexagon (iii) Circle

B B B C

A C A C A D
(vi) Equilateral triangle (vi) Right angle triangle (vii) Rectangal

Fig. 6.1
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.2

A plane may be represented by

1. Three points not lying on a straight line.
2. A straight line and a point not on the line.
3. Two parallel lines.
4. Two intersecting lines.
5. Its traces.

6.2 TYPES OF PLANES

Planes can be broadly classified as

1. Perpendicular planes
2. Oblique planes

Perpendicular planes are those planes which are perpendicular to one or both
the reference planes i.e., HP and VP.
These planes can be

a) Perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP.

b) Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.

c) Perpendicular to both HP and VP.

d) Perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP. These planes are called

Auxiliary Vertical Planes (AVP).

e) Perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP. These planes are called

Auxiliary Inclined Planes (AIP).

Oblique Planes : The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes
i.e., HP and VP when the planes are extended.
 6.3 Projection of Planes

6.3 POSITIONS OF A PLANE

S.No Position of Plane Front View Top View

1. Plane perpendicular to The front view is the The top view shows the
HP and parallel to VP. line parallel to xy. true shape of the plane.
Coincides with VT.

2. Plane perpendicular to The front view shows The top view is the line
VP and parallel to HP the true shape of the parallel to xy and
plane coincides with H.T.

Plane perpendicular to The front view is a line The top view is a line ^r
3.
both HP and VP ^r to xy and coincides to xy and coincides with
with VT. H.T.
4.
Plane ^r to VP and The front view is a line The top view shows
inclined to HP. (q°) (AIP) inclined at q° to xy and reduced shape of the
5. coincides with VT. plane.

Plane ^r to HP and The F.V shows reduced The T.V is a line

0
6. inclined to VP. (f) (AVP). shape of the plane inclined at f to xy and
coincides with H.T.

Plane inclined to both HP The F.V shows reduced The T.V shows reduced
and VP. (Oblique plane) shape of the plane shape of the plane.

6.4 TRACES
The lines along which a plane meets the reference plane, called as traces of the
plane.
A plane may be extended if necessary to meet the reference plane to obtain its
traces.
Horizontal trace (H.T) :
The line along with a plane meets the HP which is known as horizontal trace
(H. T) of the plane.
Vertical Trace (V.T) :
The line along with a plane meets the VP, which is known as vertical trace (V. T)
of the plane.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.4

6.5 PROJECTION OF A PLANE WITH ITS SURFACE

PERPENDICULAR TO HP AND PARALLEL TO VP
Consider a square plane PQRS having its surfaces perpendicular to HP and
parallel to VP as in fig.6.2.
Procedure :
p' s'
1. Its top view is the line ps V.P
which coincides with
s'
the H.T. of the plane.
p' q' r'
The corners Q and R are
r' S
represented by q and r Y
X
V.P
Y
within bracket since q' P H.P

they are invisible. R

Q s(r)
2. Since the surface is X HT H.P
p(q)
parallel to VP, we will p(q) HT s(r)
get the square (true
Fig. 6.2
shape and size) in the
front view No V.T.

6.6 PROJECTION OF A PLANE WITH ITS SURFACE

PERPENDICULAR TO VP AND PARALLEL TO HP
Consider a square plane PQRS having its surfaces perpendicular to VP and
parallel to HP as in fig.6.3.
Procedure :
1. The front view of the V.P p'(q') VT s'(r')
square plane is r's'
VT R
straight line which p'q'
S
coincides with the Q
Y V.P
V.T. of the plane. X Y
P H.P
r
2. The top view gives a q r
square pqrs (true s
X q H.P
shape and size) since
the plane is parallel p
p s
to the H.P. there is no
Fig. 6.3
H.T.
 6.5 Projection of Planes

6.7 PROJECTIONS OF A PLANE WITH ITS SURFACE

PERPENDICULAR TO BOTH HP AND VP
Consider a square plane PQRS having its surface perpendicular to both HP and
VP.
Procedure :
1. Its front view is line s'r'. The V.P
s'(p')
opposite corners are enclosed p's'
in the brackets, since they are P
VT
VT
invisible. Y r'(q')
q'r' V.P
X Y
2. Its top view is line ps and the S H.P
Q
p(q)
other corner q and r are R
enclosed within brackets, X pq
H.P HT
since they are invisible. HT
s(r)
rs
3. Its has both H.T and V.T. Fig.6.4

6.8 PROJECTION OF A PLANE WITH ITS SURFACE INCLINED

TO HP AND PERPENDICULAR TO VP
Consider a square plane ABCD perpendicular to VP and inclined at an angle to
the HP.

Procedure :
V.P
1. The front view a'd' is a d'(c')
straight line inclined at c'd'
VT
an angle “q” to xy. The C
a'(b') θ
corner b'c' are enclosed VT Y
D
within bracket, since a'b' θ X
V.P θ
Y
they are invisible. H.P
B b c
2. Its top view gives a H.P
X
HT

b d
rectangle abcd. A
HT a d
a
3. The V.T. is inclined at
an angle to XY and H.T Fig.6.5
is perpendicular to XY.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.6

6.9 PROJECTION OF A PLANE INCLINED TO VP AND

PERPENDICULAR TO HP
Consider a square plane ABCD perpendicular to HP and inclined at an angle to
VP as in fig.6.6
Procedure : V.P
d' c' d'
1. Its top view is drawn
c'
first. It gives a straight C D

VT
line cd inclined at “q” to
VT
Y
b' a'
xy. ab are enclosed in B A b'
V.P
brackets, since they are X Y
φ H.P φ
invisible.
b'c' P c(b)
X
HT a'd' H.
2. Project the front view
HT
from the top view. It Fig. 6.6
gives a rectangle a'b'c'd'. d(a)

3. Its vertical trace is perpendicular to XY and H.T. is inclined at XY.

6.10 SURFACE OF THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO

H.P AND PARALLEL TO V.P
Problem 1 :
A square plane of side 40 mm has its surface which is parallel to VP and
perpendicular to HP. Draw its projections when one of the sides is inclined at
30o to HP.
d'
Procedure : 40

1. Since the square plane is parallel to VP its

a'
front view gives the true shape and size.
c'
2. Draw the square of side 40 mm inclined at
o
30 to the xy plane. It gives the true shape b'
and size. 30°
V.P Y
3. Project the corners of the front view X
H.P
vertically downwards and draw the top view
parallel to xy plane. Since the corner b is
a (b) d c
invisible, it comes inside the brackets.
Fig. 6.7
 6.7 Projection of Planes

Problem 2 :
A rectangle ABCD of size 40 x 25 has the corner A, of 10 mm above HP and
15 mm infront of VP. All the sides of the rectangle are equally inclined to HP
and parallel to VP. Draw the projection of the lamina. (AU, May 2008)

Procedure : c'
25
1. Since the plane is parallel to VP, the
40
true shape and size will be obtained
in the front view. b'

2. Draw the rectangle a'b'c'd' of 40mm x d'

o
25 mm dimension inclined at 45 to
the xy as shown in fig.
a' 45°
3. Project the front view, which is 10
V.P Y
X
vertically downwards and draw the H.P
15
top view parallel to the xy, 15 mm
below the xy. (a) c b
d
Fig.6.8
Problem 3 :
o o
A 45 set square rests on the ground at 90 corner in such a way that the two
side of length 40 mm each containing the corner are equally inclined to the
ground. Its HT is parallel and 25 mm below xy. Draw its top and front views.

p' q'
Procedure :

1. Since the HT of the set square is

NO VT
parallel to the VP. The front view gives 40
45° 45°
the true shape and size. The front view X V.P Y
is drawn by tilting the corners equally H.P r'
inclined to the XY as shown in the 25
figure.
2. Project the front view vertically p HT (r) q
downwards and obtain the top view 25 Top view
mm below the xy and parallel to xy.
The HT coincides with the top view. Fig.6.9
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.8

SURFACE OF THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR

TO V.P AND PARALLEL TO H.P

Problem 4 :
A square lamina of side 35 mm is parallel to the HP with one of its sides
o
inclined at 30 to the VP. The lamina is of 20 mm above the HP. Draw its top
and front views and show its traces.

Procedure : p' q' VT (s') r'

1. Since the square lamina is parallel to HP its
20
top view gives the true shape and size. V.P
X Y
H.P 30°
2. Draw the square pqrs of side 35mm below the
xy plane as one of the sides where PS inclined s
at 30° to XY. It is the top view.
p
3. Project all the corner and draw the front view
p'r' parallel to the xy plane and 20 mm above r
the xy plane. Since the corner s is invisible s' is
35
inside the brackets.
Fig. 6.10 q

SURFACE OF THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR

TO BOTH H.P & V.P

Problem 5 :
A square plate of side 40 mm has its surface perpendicular to both HP and VP.
One of the sides of the plate is inclined at 30o to HP. Draw its projections.

Procedure :
1. Since the plane is perpendicular to both HP and VP, the true shape and size will
be obtained in the side view only.
2. Draw the side view of the plane inclined at 30o to the xy plane as shown in the fig.
3. Draw the vertical reference plane x1y1 as shown in the figure.

4. Project the corner vertically as well as horizontally as shown in the figure.

 6.9 Projection of Planes
X1
d''
5. Obtain the front view d'b' as shown in the d'
figure. The corner a' is brought inside the a'' 40
(a')
bracket.
c'
6. Project the front view vertically and side c''

view horizontally to obtain the top view. b' b''

The side view is projected from xy plane to 30°
V.P
x1y1 plane by drawing 45o inclined lines. X
H.P
Y
45°

(b)

c
Fig. 6.11
Y1

SURFACE OF THE PLANE INCLINED TO H.P &

PERPENDICULAR TO V.P

Problem 6 :
A rectangular lamina PQRS of the size 60 × 30 mm is perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 45o to HP. Draw its projections and obtain the traces. (AU, Jan.2006).

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view as rectangle in the size of 60 mm x 30 mm q' (r ')
1 1
such that one of its longer sides will be parallel to xy plane.
2. Obtain the front view by projecting corners of the top view
vertically upwards.
45°
3. Obtain the final front view V.P p'(s') q'(r')
X Y
p1'q1' by drawing it at 45o H.P p'(s')
1 1
s r s1
inclined with xy. r1

4. Draw the top view p1, q1, r1, s1 30

by projecting the final front
view and initial top view as p q p q1
60 1
shown in the figure.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.10

Problem 7 :

A pentagonal plate of side 30 mm is placed with one side on HP and the surface
inclined at 50o to HP perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.

Procedure : c'1

1. Draw the top view of the

pentagon assuming that the b'(d'
1 1
)
pentagon is lying on the
50°
ground with one of its sides V.P a'(e') b'(d') c' a'(e')
1 1
X Y
perpendicular to xy. Project its H.P
d d1
corners and draw its top view
e e1
as shown in figure. abcde is the
top view and a'c' is the front
view. 30 c1
c

2. The front view is tilted so that a1

o
a
the surface is inclined at 50 to
b b1
the ground. Thus the new
front view a1'c1' is drawn. Fig.6.13
a1'c1' is the final front view.

3. Project the final front view vertically downwards and obtain the top view
a1b1c1d1e1 as shown in the figure. a1b1c1d1e1 is the required final top view.

Problem 8 :
o
A circular lamina of diameter 50 mm lies in a plane inclined at 45 to the HP
and perpendicular to VP. Draw its front view and top view.

Procedure :

1. Draw the top view assuming the circular lamina that is lying on the ground.
Divide the circle into eight equal divisions as shown in the fig. Project the top
view vertically upwards to obtain the front view on the xy plane.

2. Tilt the front view at 45o to the xy, 11', 51' is the final front view.
 6.11 Projection of Planes

3. Project the final front 5'1

view vertically 41'(61')
downwards and top 3'(7')
1 1
view horizontally right 2 1'(8 1') 45°
and obtain the final top V.P 1' 2'(8') 3'(7') 4'(6') 5' 1'1
view from the X Y
H.P
intersecting points.
7 71
The final top view
8 6 81 61
obtained is an ellipse.

Ø50 1 51
5 11

2 4 21 41
3 31
Fig. 6.14

SURFACE OF THE PLANE INCLINED

TO V.P & PERPENDICULAR TO H.P

Problem 9 :
Draw the projections of the hexagonal plate of side 30 mm lying on the VP with
its surface inclined at 45o to the VP.
f' f 1'
Procedure :
a' e' e'1
1. Draw the front view with a'1
a'b'c'd'e'f' assuming that 30
the hexagon is lying on
the VP such that one of its d'
d'1
b' b'1
sides is perpendicular to
XY. Project the top view c' c'1
V.P
X Y
ac from the front view. H.P a(b) f(c) e(d) a1(b1)
45°
o f1(c1)
2. Tilt the top view at an angle of 45 with xy and
obtain the final top view a1e1. Project the final top
e1(d1)
view vertically upwards and final front view
horizontal right to obtain the final front view
Fig. 6.15
a1'b1'c1'd1'e1'f1' by joining the intersecting points.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.12

Problem 10 :
Hexagonal plane of 30 mm side has a corner at 20 mm from VP and 50mm from
HP. Its surface is inclined at 45o to VP perpendicular to HP. Draw the
projections of the plane. (AU, May.2008)
b' c' b'1 c'1
Procedure :
30
1. Draw the front view a'b'c'd'e'f' a' a'1
d'1
assuming that the hexagon is d'
parallel to the VP and one of its
sides is parallel to XY. 50
f' f 1' e'1
e'
2. Obtain the top view ad by
projecting the front view X V.P Y
vertically downwards and H.P
20
45°
draw the top view “ad” 20 mm a1
a b(f ) c(e) d
infront of the xy plane as
b1(f1)
shown in the figure. Fig. 6.16

3. Tilt the top view (surface) at 45o to the xy and obtain the final c1(e1)
top view. Project the final top view vertically upwards and d1
front view horizontaly right and obtain the final front view
from the intersecting points a1'b1'c1'd1'e1'f1'.

Problem 11 :
0
A circular lamina diameter 50 mm lies in a plane inclined at 40 to VP and
perpendicular to HP. Draw its front view and top view. (AU, Jan.2006)

Procedure :
1. The circular lamina is first assumed to the perpendicular of HP and the circle of
radius 25 mm is drawn as the front view. Divide the circle into 8 equal parts for
our convenience. Project the front view vertically downwards and obtain the top
view ae.
2. Tilt the top view ae at 400 to the xy and transfer the dimensions of the division
point whatever we got in the top view to obtain the final top view a1e1.
3. Project the final top view vertically upwards and front view horizontally right
and obtain the final front view a1'g1'e1'c1' from the intersecting points. The final
front view obtained is an ellipse.
 6.13 Projection of Planes

Ø50
c' c'1
b' d' b'1 d'1

e' a'1
a' e'1

h' f' h'1 f 1'

g' g'1
V.P
X Y
H.P
a1 40°
b1(h1)
a b(h) c(g) d(f ) e
c1(g1)

Fig. 6.17 d1(f1)

e1

Problem 12 :
Draw the projections of a
circle of 60mm diameter,
Ø60
resting on VP on a point on
c' c'1
the circumference. The
o b' d' b'1 d'1
plane is inclined at 45 to

VT
VP and perpendicular to
HP. The centre of the plane a' e'
e'1
is 40mm above HP. Also a'1
locate its traces
40
(AU, Nov. 07, May,08) h' f' h'1 f 1'
g' g'1
V.P
X
H.P a b(h) c(g) d(f) e e1 Y
45° d1(f1)

c1(g1)
The procedure is same as the previous problem.
b1(h1)
a1

Fig. 6.18
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.14

SURFACE OF THE PLANE INCLINED

TO BOTH H.P & V.P

Problem 13 :
A square lamina PQRS of side 40 mm rests on the ground with corner P in such a
o o
way the diagonal PR is inclined at 45 to the HP and apparently inclined at 30
to the VP. Draw its projections. (AU, June 2005, May 2010)

r'1 r 2'

q'1(s'1) s'2
q'2
p'1 45° p'2
V.P p' q'(s') r'
Y
X
H.P
30°
s2
s s1
r2

P r1 p
r p 2
1
q2
40
q q1

Fig.6.19
Procedure :
1. Draw the square pqrs in the top view, assuming, it is lying on the HP with the
diagonal parallel to XY. Project the corners p and r vertically upwards to obtain
the front view p'r'. Draw the front view over the XY plane.
2. Draw the new front view p'r' inclined at 45o with xy.
3. Now drop vertical straight lines form the new front view and project horizontal
straight line parallel to the xy from the top view. Obtain the new top view
p1q1r1s1 from the intersections points of these projected lines.
o
4. Draw the final top view as the diagonal p2r2 as inclined at 30 to xy. obtain the
final front view by projecting the final top view.
 6.15 Projection of Planes

Problem 14 :
A rectangular plate 70 x 40mm has one of its shorter edges in the VP inclined at 40o to
the HP. Draw its top view if its front view is square of side 40 mm. (Dec.2010, May 16)
Procedure :
1. Draw the front view p'q'r's' as a rectangle of the size 40 mm x 70 mm assuming
the plane is parallel to VP. Draw its top view on the xy plane.
p'
70 2
40
p' q' p'1 q'1
s'2
q'
2
40

r' s'1 r'1 r'2

s' p(s )
40°
p2
V.P 1 1 s2
X Y
H.P p(s) q(r)

q (r ) r2 q2
1 1

Fig. 6.20
2. Draw the new front view p1'q1'r1's1' as a square of the side 40mm. Project its
corners vertically downwards and obtain the new top view p1q1.
3. Obtain the final front view by tilting the square p1'q1'r1's1' to an angle of 40o to
the xy plane as shown in the figure.
4. Project the corners of the final front view vertically downwards and obtain the
top view as shown in the figure.

Problem 15 :
A rectangular plate of side 50 x 25 mm is resting on its shorter side on HP and inclined
o o
at 30 to VP. Its surface is inclined at 60 to HP. Draw its projections. (Jan.12, May '15)
Procedure :
1. Draw the rectangle abcd in the top view, assuming it to be lying on the HP with
its side parallel to xy plane. Project the corners vertically upwards to obtain the
front view. Draw the front view a'b' on the xy plane.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.16

b1'(c1') b'2 c'2

60°
V.P a'(d') b'(c')
X Y
H.P a1'(d 1') a'2 d'2 30°

d2
d c d1 c1
a2
25 c2

a b a1 b1 b2
50

Fig. 6.21
2. Draw the new front view a1'c1' inclined at 60o to the xy.
3. Now drop the vertical straight lines from the new front view and project
horizontal straight line parallel to the xy from the top view. Obtain the new top
view a1b1c1d1.
o
4. Tilt the shorter side of rectangle a1d1 inclined at 30 to the xy and project the
corners of rectangle upwards to obtain the final front view. a2b2c2d2 is the
required top view and a2'b2'c2'd2' is the required front view.
Problem 16 :
A rectangular lamina of size 60 mm x 30 mm is seen as a square in the top view,
when it rests on one of its edges on HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw the
projections of the lamina and find the true inclination of its surface with HP.
Draw the front view of the lamina when the edge about which it is tilted, is
o
inclined at 45 to VP. (AU, Dec.2004, 2014)

Procedure:
1. Draw the rectangle abcd as top view, with the longer edge parallel to xy line.
Project the corners vertically upwards to obtain the front view which lies on the
xy line.
2. Redraw the top view as square of side 30mm project the side a1d1 in the front
view as a1'd1' on xy line. Redraw the front view a1'b1'c1'd1' inclined at angle “q”
to H.P and the distance equal to a'b'c'd'.
 6.17 Projection of Planes

b'(c'1 ) b2' c 2'

1

60

60°
a'(d') b'(c') a2' d 2'
V.P
X Y
H.P d1 a'(d'
1 1
)
d c c1 45°
d2

30
a2 c2

a b a1 b1
60
30
Fig. 6.22 b2

3. Tilt the side a1d1 of the top view at angle 45° to xy and obtain the final top view
a2b2c2d2.
4. Now project final top view vertically upwards to get the final front view
a2'b2'c2'd2'.

Problem 17 :
An equilateral triangular plate PQR has 50mm sides. It rests on the ground at
o
the edge PQ making an angle of 45 with the VP. The other edges PR and QR
have the length of 40mm each in the top view. Draw the projections of the plane
and find its inclination with the HP.

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view of equilateral triangle, pqr, such that one of its side pq is
perpendicular to xy, with all sides of the triangle measuring 50mm.
2. Project the top view to get a front view which is a straight line lying on xy line.
3. Redraw the top view such that the sides q1r1 and p1r1 are equal to 40mm.
4. Project the side p1q1 in front view as p1'q1' on xy line. Since the top view p1q1r1 is
smaller than pqr the front view surface is inclined at “q” to H.P.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.18

r'1 r'2

(p')q' r'
θ p'
V.P 2
Y
X (p')q' q'2
H.P 1 1 p2
p p 45°
1

40

50 r1
r
q2
r2
40
q q1

Fig. 6.23

5. Tilt the side of p1q1 of new top view at angle of 45° to xy and obtain the final top
view p2q2r2.

6. Project the final top view vertically upwards and front view horizontally right to
get the final front view p2'q2'r2'.

Problem 18 :
An equilateral triangle PQR of side 60 mm is placed so that the side PQ will be
resting on the HP and inclined at 40O to the VP. The difference in height between
R and P is 30 mm. Draw the projections of the triangle.

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view pqr, of equilateral triangle, such that one of its sides pq is
perpendicular to xy, with all sides of the triangle measuring 60mm.
2. Project the corners vertically upwards and obtain the front view to p'q'r' lying on
the xy line.
3. Lift the corner r', 30mm above xy line to obtain the new front view, p1'q1'r1'. Now,
project the new front view vertically downwards and obtain the new top view
p1q1r1.
 6.19 Projection of Planes

r'1 r'2

30
V.P (p')q' r' θ
X Y
H.P (p')q' q'2 p'2
p p 1 1 40° p
1 2

60 r r1
q2

q r2
q1

Fig. 6.24

4. Tilt the side of new top view at 40° to xy line and obtain the final top view. Project
the corners p2q2r2 vertically upwards to get the final front view p2'q2'r2'.

Problem 19 :

A triangle PQR has sides PQ = 70mm, QR = 55mm and PR = 40mm. The side
PQ is in the VP and inclined at 30o to the HP. Its surface is inclined at 45o to the
VP. Draw the top and front views of the triangle.

Procedure :
1. Draw the front view p'q'r' assuming that the triangle is lying on the VP and
longer edge is perpendicular to xy. Project the front view vertically downwards
and draw the top view pr on the xy plane.
o
2. Tilt the top view at 45 to the xy and obtain the new top view pr1. Project the new
top view vertically upwards and obtain the new front view p'q'r1'.
o
3. Tilt the longer edge of new front view inclined at 30 to xy and obtain the final
front view p2'q2'r2'. Project the final front view vertically downwards and new
top view horizontally right. Obtain the final top view from the intersecting
points.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.20

p' p'
1
40

r'
r'1 p'2
70

60
q'2
r'2
q'1
V.P q' 30°
X Y
H.P p(q) r p(q ) 45° q2 p
1 1 2

r1 r2

Fig.6.25
Problem 20 :
A pentagon of side 30 mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the side
containing the corners being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to
o
the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30 to the VP and is parallel to the HP.
o
The surface of the pentagon make 45 with the ground. Draw the top and front
views of the pentagon. (May, 2009, 2014)

(p')q'
1
q'2 p'2
1

(t 1')r'1
t'2
45°
r'2
V.P (p')q' (t')r' s' s'1
X s'2 Y
H.P 30°

p
t1 2
t
p p1
q2 t2

30 s1
s
r2 s2
q q1
r r1

Fig. 6.26
 6.21 Projection of Planes

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view pqrst assuming that the pentagon is lying on the ground.
Project the top view and obtain the front view q's' on the xy.
2. Since the pentagon is resting on its corner, lift the side q1'(p1') to an angle 45o to
the xy. Project and obtain the new front view p1's1'. Project the new front view
vertically downwards and top view horizontally right and obtain the new top
view p1q1r1s1t1.
3. Tilt the side of the final top view at an angle 30o to the xy and obtain the final top
view. Obtain the final front view from the intersecting point of the projectors
from the final top view for a new front view.

Problem 21 :
A regular pentagonal lamina of 30mm sides has one edge in HP and inclined at
an angle of 30o to VP. Draw its projections when its surface is inclined at 45o
to HP. (AU, Jan 2005, 2011)
d'1 d'2
(c1')e'1 e'2
c'2
(a'1)b'1 45°
V.P (a')b' (e')c' d'
Y
X a'2 b'2
H.P
30°
e e1 e2
a a1 d2

30 d1 c2
d a2

b b1 b2
c c1

Fig. 6.27
The procedure is same as the previous problem.

Problem 22 :
A regular hexagon of 25 mm side has its one edge on HP. The surface of the
lamina is perpendicular to VP and inclined at 40o to HP. Draw the three views
of the plane and locate the traces. (AU, May 2008 – AN)
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.22

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view first, and then draw the hexagon abcdef of side 25 mm
assuming that it is lying on the ground such that one of its sides is perpendicular
to xy.
2. Project the top view vertically upwards and obtain the front view a'c' on the xy.
3. Tilt the front view a'c' 40o above the xy and obtain the final front view a1'c1'.
Y1
c'(d'
1 1
) d'' c''

b'(e')
1 1 e'' b''
40°
V.P a'(f ') b'(e') c'(d') a'(f
1 1
') p
X Y
H.P f '' a''
e e1

f d f1
d1
25
a1
a c c1

b q
b1
X1

Fig. 6.28

4. Project the final front view vertically downwards and top view horizontally right
and obtain the final top view a1b1c1d1e1f1 from the intersecting points.

5. Draw one vertical reference plane x1y1. Project the final top and final front views
horizontally on the x1y1 plane. The projections of the final top view is diverted to
o
xy plane by drawing a line pq inclined at an angle 45 to the xy. Finally the left
side view is drawn.
Problem 23 :
Draw the projections of a hexagon of side 30 mm having one of its sides in HP and
inclined at 65o to VP and the surface inclined at 35o to HP. (Jan 2005, 2012, 2013)
Procedure :
1. Draw the top view abcdef assuming that the hexagon is lying on the ground with
one of its side perpendicular to xy.
 6.23 Projection of Planes

2. Project the corners abcdef vertically upwards and draw the front view on the xy
plane. a'c' is the front view.
c'(d'
1 1
) d'2 c'2

b'(e'
1 1)
e'2
35° b'2
V.P a'(f ') b'(e') c'(d') a'(f
1 1') f2 Y
X a'2 e 2
H.P 65°
e e1 d2

f d f1 d1 f2 c2
30

c1 a2
a c a1 b2

b b1

Fig. 6.29
3. Draw the new front view a'c' inclined at 35o to the xy. Project its corners,
vertically downwards and obtain the new top view a1b1c1d1e1f1.
4. Tilt the side of the new top view at 65o to the xy and obtain the final top view
a2b2c2d2e2f2.
5. Project the final top view vertically upwards and project the new front view
horizontally right and obtain the final front view a2'b2'c2'd2'e2'f2'.

Problem 24 :
Draw the projections of a hexagon of side 30mm having one of its sides in VP
and inclined at 40o to HP and the surface inclined at 35o to the VP. (May 2013)

Procedure :
1. Draw the front view 1'2'3'4'5'6' assuming that the hexagon lying on the VP such
that one of its sides is perpendicular to xy. Project the top view 1,3 from the front
view as shown in the figure.
o
2. Draw the new top view 1131 from the top view ae inclined at 35 to the xy. Project
the new top view vertically upwards and obtain the new front view
11'21'31'41'51'61'.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.24

3. Tilt the side of the new front view inclined at 40o to the xy. Project the final front
view vertically downwards and new top view horizontally right. 12 22 32 42 52 62
obtain the final top view from the intersecting points.

5' 5'1 6'2

6' 4' 6'1 4'1 5'2
1'2
30
4'2
1' 3' 1'1 3'1 2'2

2' 2'1 3'2

40°
V.P 62
X 12 Y
H.P 6(1) 5(2) 4(3) 61(11) 35° 52
51(21) 22
41(31) 32 42

Fig. 6.30
Problem 25 :
Draw the projections of a circular thin plane of diameter 50 mm resting on the
o
ground on a point A on the circumference, its plane inclined at 45 to HP and
o
plan of the diameter AB making 30 with VP.

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view with, a circle of radius 25 mm. Divide the circle into 12 equal
points. Draw projectors from these points to meet XY at 1' …7' which gives the
front view
2. Tilt the front view keeping the point a1' by touching the XY, inclined at an angle
45o to XY.
3. Draw projectors from the tilted front view and horizontal lines from the top view
to meet at points a1, 21, …121.
4. Draw a smooth curve along these points to get the new top view.
o
5. Tilt this top view so that the line a1b1 makes an angle of 30 to XY.
6. Draw projectors from this tilted top view 11, 21, ..121 and lines parallel to XY
from the front view a'…b' to meet at points a1', 21', ..121'.
 6.25 Projection of Planes

b'1 b'2
Tilted Surface

End A about 4'(10' 10'2

1 1)
Which the circle 4'2
is tilted 45°
V.P a' 4'(10') b' a'1
X a2 Y
H.P

10 101 102
11 9
12 8 b2
a1
Ø50 a b1 30°
b a2
2 6
42
3 5
4 41

Fig. 6.31
7. Draw a smooth curve in free hand along these points to get the final front view.
Problem 26 :
A circular plate of diameter 70 mm has the end P of the diameter PQ in the HP
o
and the plate is inclined at 40 to the HP. Draw its projections when
(i) The diameter PQ appears to be inclined at 45° to the VP in the top view
o
(ii) the diameter PQ makes 45 with the VP.

Procedure :
1. Draw the top view, a circle below XY. Project the front view with its diameter p'q'
on XY.
2. Tilt the elevation so that the p'q' in the front view is inclined at 40o to XY, with p1'
on XY.
3. Draw the second top view which is an ellipse.
o
4. Draw the new top view so that p1q1 is inclined at 45 to the VP. Thus the ellipse
p1r1q1s1 is redrawn in the tilted position as the ellipse p2r2q2s2 with p1q1 inclined
at 45o to XY.
 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.26

q'1 q'2 q'2

Tilted Surface
End P about s'2
Which the circle r'(s' ) r'2 r'2
1 1 s'2
is tilted 3' 4'
p' 40°
V.P p' r'(s') q' 1
1' 2'
X Y
H.P p' p'
2 2
s s1
s2 p
p 4 2
2 2 45°
s2
p1 α
q1 1
Ø70 p q 45°
3 r2
q2
r2 q2 q3
r r1

Circle of Ø 70 Projections after Final projections using Constructions to find

Projections in tilting the circle apparent inclination apparent inclination given
simple position about p with the V.P the true inclination with the V.P

Fig. 6.32
5. Draw front view (p2', q2' ….) corresponding to this position.
6. To draw the views when the diameter makes 45o with the VP. When the diameter
o
PQ is inclined at 45 to the VP, besides being inclined to HP, its top view p2q2 will
be apparently inclined at an angle greater than 45o to XY.
7. To obtain this apparent inclination, draw any line p2q3 at an angle of 45o to XY
with the length p2q3 equal to the diameter of the circle (70 mm). Draw a
horizontal line through q3 to represent the locus of the end Q in the top view.
With centre p2 and radius equal to p1q1 (The length of PQ in the top view) draw
an arc meeting the locus of the end Q at q2. Join p2q2. The angle made by p2q2
with XY is obviously greater than the true inclination. In this position of p2q2,
the top view is redrawn around p2q2. The front view is projected from this ellipse
in the usual manner.
 6.27 Projection of Planes

ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 27
A circular plate of 60 mm diameter has hexagonal hole of 20 mm sides centrally punched.
Draw the projections of the lamina resting on the HP with its surface inclined at 30° to the HP
and the diameter through the point on which the lamina rests on HP is inclined at 50° to VP.
Any two parallel sides of the hexagonal hole are perpendicular to the diameter of the circular plate
passing through the point on which it rests. Draw the projections. (QPC: 22116-APR-MAY 2011)
e' e'2
s'(r') d'2
s'2 f 2'
d'(f ')
q'(t') c'2 r'2 t'2
p'(u') c'(g')30° q'2 u' g'2
2
V.P a' b'(h') c'(g') d'(f ') b'2 p'2
X b'(h') h'2
H.P p'(u') q'(t') s'(r') e' a' a'2
g g1 50°
h2
h t f h1 t1 f1 a2 u2 g2
t2
u s u1 s1
p f2
e a1 b2 2
a e1
20
s2
p r p r1 q2
1
q q1 d1 c2 r2 e2
b d b1
c c1 d2

Ø60 Fig. 6.33

PROBLEM 28
A hexagonal lamina of 30 mm side rests on one of its corners on the HP. The diagonal
passing through this corner is inclined at 45° to the HP. Draw three view of the lamina.
(QPC: 21465-MAY 2013)

d'1 d'2
c'1(e'1) e'2
c'2
b'1(f 1') 45° b'2
V.P a' b'(f ') c'(e') d' a'1 f 2'
X Y
H.P a'2
e f1 e1 45°
f

a a1
d d1
30
Fig. 6.34
b c b1 c1
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.28

PROBLEM 29
An isosceles triangular plate ABC has its base edge AB 60 mm long and on the ground inclined
at 30° to VP. The length of the altitude of the plate is 80 mm. The plate is placed so that the
edge AC lies in a plane perpendicular to both the HP and VP. Draw the projections of the plate
and find out the angles of inclination of the plate with the HP and VP.
(QPC: 57020-MAY-JUN 2014)

c' c'

49°
V.P b'(a') c' b' a'
X Y
H.P b'(a') 30°
a a
a

b
60
c c

60 c
b b
80 Fig. 6.35
PROBLEM 30
A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter is resting on VP on one of its circumference point such
that the surface is 40° inclined to VP. Draw the projections of a lamina if the diagonal passing
through the point on which it is resting is making 50° with HP. (QPC: 37004-JAN 2014)
4' 4'
3' 5' 3' 5' 5' 6'
2' 6' 2' 6' 4' b'

b' 3' 8'

Ø60 a' b'
a'
2' 9'
12' 8' 12' 8'
a' 10'
11' 9' 11' 9'
10' 10' 12' 11'

50°
H.P a a Y
X 2 12
V.P a 3(9) 4(10) 5(11) b 2(12)
11
3
is tilted 3(11) 40°
10
Which the circle 4(10) 4
End A about 9
5(9) 5
Fig. 6.36 Tilted Surface 6(8) 6 8
b b
 6.29 Projection of Planes

PROBLEM 31
A hexagonal lamina of side 30 mm is resting on the HP such that one of its corners touches
the HP and the VP. Draw the projections when its surface makes 30° with the HP and 60°
with the VP. (QPC: 27271-NOV-DEC 2015)

d'1 d'2
c'1(e'1 ) c'2 e'2
b'1 (f1') b'2
V.P a' b'(f ') c'(e') d' a'1 a'2 f 2'
X Y
H.P 30° a2
b2 f2
f e f1 e1

c2 e2
d d1
a a1
d2

b c b1 c1
30
Fig. 6.37

PROBLEM 32
An equilateral triangle ABC of side 70 mm is so placed that the side AB is parallel of HP and
inclined at 40º to VP. The difference in height between C and A is 30mm. Draw the
Projections of the triangle. (QPC: 80504-NOV-DEC 2016)
c'1 c'2

30

b'(a') θ
V.P c'
X Y
H.P (a'1)b'1 b'2 a'2
a 40°
a1
a2

70 c c1
b2
c2

b b1
Fig. 6.38
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.30

PROBLEM 33
A triangular plane has sides 75 mm, 70 mm and 65 mm in length. Its top view is a right
angled triangle ABC with angle ACB right angle and 75 mm long side AB inclined at 60° to
the XY line. Draw the projections of the plane and angle ACB right angle and find its angles
with the HP. (QPC: 52635-NOV-DEC 2017)

c'1 c'1

46°
b'(a') c' b'(a') b'
X a' Y

a a a
65
60°

c 90°
c1
75 75
c1

70
b
b b
Fig. 6.39
PROBLEM 34
A regular pentagon with 25 mm side is resting on one of its sides on the HP with that side
parallel to and 25 mm in front of the VP. It is tilted about that side such that its highest
corner rests on the VP. Draw the projections of the pentagon. (QPC: 50650-NOV-DEC 2017)

X1
d''1 d'1

d'' d'
e'1 c'1
c''(e'')
1 1

c''(e'') e' c'

49°
b'(a')
X Y
25 a' d b'
e c
25

e1 a d1 b c1 Fig. 6.40
Y1 25
 6.31 Projection of Planes

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

1. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25 mm sides lies with one of its edges on HP such
that the surface of the lamina is inclined to HP at 60° The edge on which it rests is
inclined to VP at 60°. Draw its projections.
2. A Triangular plane figure of sides 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners, such
that the surface of the lamina makes an angle of 60° with HP. If the side opposite to the
corner on which the lamina rests makes an angle of 30° with VP. Draw the top and
front views in this position.
3. A triangular lamina of 25 mm sides rests on one of its corners on VP such that the
median passing through the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to
VP. Draw its projections.
4. A square lamina of 40 mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 30° to
HP and the side on which it rests makes 45° to VP. Draw its projections.
5. A square plate of 30 mm sides rests on HP such that one of the diagonals is inclined at
30° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw its projections.
6. A rectangular lamina of sides 20 mm X 30 mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges.
The lamina is tilted about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to
HP at 45° The edge on which it rests is inclined at 30° to VP. Draw its projections of the
lamina.
7. Draw the projections of a regular pentagon of 40 mm side, having its surface inclined
at 30° to the HP and a side parallel to the HP and inclined at an angle of 60° to the VP.
8. A pentagon of sides 30mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the sides
containing the corners being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to the
corner on which it rests is inclined at 30° to the VP and is parallel to the HP. The surface
of the pentagon makes 10° with the ground. Draw the top and front views of the
pentagon.
9. A regular pentagon of 30mm side is resting on one of its edges on HP which is inclined
at 45degrees to VP. Its surface is inclined at 30° to HP. Draw its projections.
10. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its sides such that the
surface makes an angle of 60° with HP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 45° to
VP. Draw its projections.
11. Pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners such that
the plane surface makes an angle of 60° with HP. The two of the edges containing the
corner on which the lamina rests make equal inclinations with HP. When the edge
opposite to the corner makes an angle of 45° with VP and nearer to the observer. Draw
the top and front views of the plane lamina in this position.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS 6.32

12. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25 mm is placed on one of its corners on HP such
that the perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the corners on which the
lamina rests is inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw the top and front views of the
lamina.
13. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25 mm is placed on one of its corners on VP such
that the surface makes an angle 30° with VP and perpendicular bisector of the edge
passing through the corner on which the lamina rests is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw the
top and front views of the lamina.
14. A regular hexagon of 40 mm side has a corner in the HP. Its surface is inclined at 45° to
the HP and the top view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP makes
an angle of 60° with the VP. Draw its projections.
15. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm side, having one of its sides in the
H.P. and inclined at 60° to the V.P., and its surface making an angle of 45° with H.P.
16. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes
45° to HP and side on which it rests makes 30° to VP. Draw its projections.
17. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes
45° to HP and the diagonal passing through the corner on which it rests is inclined at
30° to VP. Draw its projections.
18. A hexagonal lamina of sides 30 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners in VP and its
surface inclined at an angle of 30° with VP. The diagonal passing through that corner
which is in VP is inclined at an angle 45° to HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
19. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests on HP such that one of its diameter is
inclined at 30° to VP and 45° to HP. Draw its top and front views in this position
20. Draw the projections of a circular plate of negligible thickness of 50 mm diameter
resting on HP on a point A on the circumference, with its plane inclined at 45° to HP
and the top view of the diameter passing through the resting point makes 60° with VP.
21. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter is standing with one of its points on the rim on HP
and the lamina inclined at 45° to HP. The diameter at right angle to the diameter
which is passing through the point on which the lamina rests is parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.
22. A circular lamina inclined to the VP appears in the front view as an ellipse of major axis
30mm & minor axis 15 mm. The major axis is parallel to both HP and VP. One end of
the minor axis is in both the HP and VP. Draw the projections of the lamina and
determine the inclination of the lamina with the VP.