TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SCOPE

2.0 LOCATION

3.0 TYPE OF UPS SYSTEM

4.0 INVERTERS

5.0 STATIC TRANSFER SWITCHES

6.0 AC INPUT POWER REQUIREMENTS

7.0 UPS BATTERIES

8.0 TRANSIENTS

9.0 SIZING OF UPS SYSTEMS

10.0 BRANCH CIRCUIT PROTECTION

11.0 BYPASS TRANSFORMERS

12.0 UPS GROUNDING

13.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

TESP10305R0/MAS Date of Approval: July 15, 2007 PAGE NO. 2 OF 9

TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

1.0 SCOPE

This Transmission Engineering Standard defines the technical requirements for

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems to supply power to computers, on-line data
processors, process controllers and other critical loads use in SEC to prevent costly
interruptions of the systems.

UPS shall provide continuous power with minimum irregularities to a critical load and for a
definite period of time if external power sources are interrupted.

2.0 LOCATION

UPS is normally mounted indoor for the ambient conditions as specified in 01-TMSS-01.

3.0 TYPE OF UPS SYSTEM

The type and configuration of UPS and the subject of discussion is as shown in 46-TMSS-
03. UPS shall be either naturally cooled or force cooled as required.

3.1 Engine-Generator set coupled with UPS should consider the following during the
design stage:

3.1.1 Sufficient delay period to prevent nuisance starts of the Engine-Generator

shall be set. An outage of 30 seconds from the alternate power source is
reasonable, unless field experience dictates otherwise.

3.1.2 Additional time if necessary to complete an orderly shutdown if the Engine-

Generator set fails to start.

4.0 INVERTERS

4.1 The primary types of UPS inverters are as follows:

a. Ferro-Resonant Inverters use several self contained inductances (linear

chokes, saturating choke and saturating transformers) and capacitor to
convert the square wave into a sine wave. Output impedance is very high and
consequently regulation is poor. An inherent disadvantage of Ferro-resonant
inverter is the phase shift between the input and output voltage and current. A
slight phase shift occurs at light loads but increases to 90º lagging at full
load. Consequently, an inverter that is synchronized to the alternate power
source will receive a sync pulse when the inverter output voltage is crossing
the zero axis. This disadvantage can be offset by elaborate sync control
circuits in single-phase inverters, but causes three-phase voltages to be
unequally displaced from their normal 120º phase separation. If the load in a
three-phase inverter is reasonably balanced, then three phase separation can
be obtained. However, if the line current is unbalanced, then large phase

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

shifts that increase with the load will occur. As a result, the line-to-neutral
voltages may be extremely unbalanced: a 30º phase unbalance will cause
line-to-line voltages 220, 180 and 245Vac for a line-to-neutral voltage of
127Vac. Ferro-resonant inverters will not supply three-phase delta loads and
require that loads be connected line-to-neutral, or be four-wire, wye type
loads. The standard three-phase Ferro-resonant inverters are not permitted for
use in SEC systems. Exception: Inverters utilizing the Scott-T
Transformation technique do not exhibit the above phase shift problems and
are acceptable.

b. Tuned Trap Inverters use large filter networks to filter out unwanted third,
fifth and seventh harmonics of 60 Hz. Output impedance is very high.

c. Step Wave Inverters create a simulated sine wave from multi level square
waves by summing the result of three square waves that are displaced 60º and
use relatively small filters to remove higher level harmonics.

d. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or (Pulse Duration Modulation) uses a

series of 1.2 kHz pulses (200th harmonic of 60Hz) that are narrow at the
beginning of each half cycle, increase in width at 90º; and then become
narrower at the zero crossing, to create a half of sine wave. These pulses are
used to gate two Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) bridges, one for the
positive and the other for the negative half of the sine wave. The 1.2 kHz
output filter is small and consequently the output impedance is less than other
types of inverters. Very close voltage regulation is possible with this type of
inverters.

4.2 The DC input connections to inverters are fused to protect the Silicon Controlled
Rectifiers (SCR's) from over currents that result from insufficient battery voltages.
Sub-clause 4.3 explains that the function of the commutating capacitor is to shut off
SCR's at the end of a gating pulse. Failure to shut off the conducting SCR's at the
time the other SCR's are gated on will cause both battery busses in the inverter to
short circuit unless the commutating capacitor is charged to the minimum voltage of
the inverter. Insufficient battery voltage will not shut off the conducting SCR's, yet
the charge on the capacitor is sufficient to melt the fuse on the input to the inverter.

A dead battery can remain undetected for the reason that the battery charger output
voltage, in parallel with the battery will mask the dead battery. The charger normally
supplies all the DC power to the inverter. When the AC power source fails, the DC
input drops because of the dead battery, the fuses operate to protect the SCR's and
the inverter will fail to supply the AC critical loads. Proper battery installation and
maintenance is very essential to assure of uninterrupted power supply from UPS.

4.3 SCR bridges are arranged in the form of an "H", with an SCR in each leg and the
load connected to the "bar". Both upper legs are connected to the positive DC bus;
the lower legs are connected to the negative bus. A commutating capacitor is in
parallel with the load. By gating on the upper left and lower right SCR's in the "H",
the current flows through the load and charges the commutating capacitor. At the end
of first pulse, the commutating capacitor discharges to shut off the conducting set of

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

SCR's and at the same time the upper right and lower let SCR's are gated on for the
duration of the second pulse. Again the commuting capacitor discharges to shut off
the conducting set of SCR's. The increasing and decreasing duration of gating pulses
forms the half sine wave of a Pulse Duration Modulation wave form. A second SCR
bridge forms the negative half cycle.

4.4 Inverters using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) logic that is controlled by 1.2 kHz
internal oscillators are susceptible to false signals being injected into the logic
circuits from walkie-talkie radios. Operation of such radios should be prohibited for
a distance of 3 m from enclosed inverter cabinets.

4.5 A large DC input filter should be specified for large inverters that share a UPS
battery with DC loads to offset the self inductance of large battery cables, and to
filter out radio-frequency noise produced by voltage transients being induced on DC
cables.

4.6 Cables to the cabinet housing the inverter and the static switch should be run in
separate rigid steel conduit, one each for the DC input, the AC output and the AC
input from the secondary of the alternate source.

4.7 Air shall flow from the bottom to the top of the enclosure. One meter of free air
space is required above both the battery charger and the inverter/static switch
enclosures to provide air circulation. Conduit entrances should not penetrate the top
of the enclosures to interfere with air flow.

5.0 STATIC TRANSFER SWITCHES

The functions of static transfer switches are specified in SEC Transmission Material
Standard Specification for Uninterruptible Power System (UPS 5 kVA Through 100 kVA),
46-TMSS-03.

5.1 Commutation Methods

Static Transfer Switches consist of two SCR interrupter circuits. The output of the
switch is connected to the critical load. The determination of which SCR conducts to
deliver power to the load is made by gating pulses which are derived from a control
circuit with a predetermined program.

5.2 Static Transfer Switches require a manual bypass mode to switch the critical load to
the alternate source in order to perform periodic maintenance on the inverter. A
manual bypass switch shall also be provided and installed in accordance with 46-
TMSS-03.

6.0 AC INPUT POWER REQUIREMENTS

UPS system input power requirements shall be per 46-TMSS-03.

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

6.1 The alternate source shall be switched to an AC power source (either indirectly to a
back-up power line or engine- generator set) which is capable of delivering power to
the critical load in event of a malfunction of the inverter, or if over current is
demanded by a fault in the critical load.

7.0 UPS BATTERIES

UPS battery requirements are defined in SEC Transmission Material Standard Specifications
for Storage Batteries, 46-TMSS-01 and 46-TMSS-04 for Lead-Acid or 46-TMSS-06 for
Nickel Cadmium.

7.1 The discharge requirements for UPS batteries require a high performance battery,
one that will deliver the required current for two hours or otherwise as specified in
the Project Technical Specification.

7.2 UPS batteries should be dedicated and not be connected to DC loads other than a
UPS inverter in order to fully protect the critical AC load.

7.3 DC voltage ranges for UPS Systems are described as inverter windows. The
minimum voltages are determined by the final volts per cell which is 1.75 volts per
cell for lead-acid batteries and 1.10 volts per cell for Nickel-Cadmium batteries.

7.4 Nickel Cadmium cells for use in UPS batteries offer the following advantages over
lead acid batteries:

a) Nickel Cadmium batteries are less severely affected by high temperatures.

b) They do not discharge corrosive fumes, but do give off H2 gas when
charging.

7.5 Battery cables length should be short as possible and sized for voltage drop of less
than 1%. Positive and negative battery cables should always be run in the same rigid
steel conduit.

8.0 TRANSIENTS

Inverters are power supplies with regulated outputs, but are susceptible to power line
disturbances, and their output voltages will change as a result of abrupt changes in the
critical load.

8.1 Inverters will generate a voltage rise when a significant portion of the load is
removed and a voltage dip when a heavy load is applied. Ringing sound can follow
the abrupt rise or fall of voltage, which are oscillations on the sinusoidal wave form.

The allowable voltage rise or drop in voltage shall be assumed to appear on the crest
of the sine wave.

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

For example, a 5% over voltage on a sine wave with a form factor of 2 from a
127V ac inverter with ± 1% regulation is as follows:

1.05 * 1.414 * 127V (rms) * 1.01 = 190 V peak to zero.

8.2 UPS shall be provided with surge suppressors for protection against transients in the
DC and AC control and power circuits. This protection shall be built into
equipment without any special external connection. Calculation for transients
and along with surge suppressor details shall be submitted for SEC review.

8.3 Transient voltages from power line disturbances should be absorbed by the UPS
battery charger.

9.0 SIZING OF UPS SYSTEM

The components that comprise the critical loads require analysis to determine both the power
factors and the in-rush currents. Table-1 lists some equipment in critical loads;
manufacturers of equipment in critical loads shall be consulted for specific data.

TABLE-1 POWER FACTOR AND IN-RUSH CURRENTS FOR TYPICAL CRITICAL LOADS

TYPE OF EQUIPMENT POWER FACTOR IN-RUSH % DURATION

Induction Motor or engine-generator set 0.75 500 to 800 1 to 20 Seconds

Computer Central Processor Unit 0.85 to 0.9 600 to 1000 2 to 6 Cycles

1 to 30
Computer Peripherals 0.8 500 to 800
Seconds

Process Instruments and Controls 0.85 300 to 500 2 to 6 Cycles

Fluorescent Lights (corrected type) 0.95 300 to 600 1 Cycle

Incandescent Lights 1.0 600 to 1500 2 to 6 Cycles

Regulated dc Power Supply for Battery

0.6 to 0.8 600 to 1000 2 to 6 Cycles
Charges

Unregulated dc Power Supply 0.9 600 to 1000 2 to 6 Cycles

Transformer Same as Load 1000 1 Cycle

Magnetic Line Regulators (Auto

0.6,0.8 200 to 300 1 Cycle
Transformer )

Ferro-resonant Type Line Regulators

0.5 Lead to 0.5 Lag 600 to 1000 1 to 3 Cycles
(CVT)

Solenoids, Relays and Contactors 0.5 1000 2 to 3 Cycles

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

9.1 The power factor of the combined critical load is an essential information for the
UPS manufacturer, because the inverter must supply the reactive power required by
the load. Whereas, rotating equipment supplies the reactive component of power
from energy stored in magnetic fields, static inverters commutating energy from
inductors and capacitors.

9.2 UPS systems as described in 46-TMSS-03, use a static switch to transfer to the
alternate source to supply the over current demands to the critical load; the over
current demands include in-rush currents. However, when the UPS system is not
provided with bypass source, each parallel inverter shall be sized to deliver the entire
in-rush load.

9.2.1 The circuit breaker for the primary of the alternate source transformer shall be
sized and coordinated with the branch circuit fuses to deliver the total in- rush
current for required number of cycles. However, operators at the critical load
should be required to turn off equipment after a power blackout and use
prescribed turn-on procedure to limit the current demand on the utility power
source.

9.3 The sum of the kVA's in the critical loads should be increased by the following
growth factors to allow for future expansion:

SIZE OF CRITICAL LOAD GROWTH FACTOR

Under 50 KVA 1.25

Over 50 KVA 1.10

9.4 Detailed efficiency calculation for the UPS shall be submitted for SEC review. UPS
efficiency at 100%, 50% and 25% load shall be minimum 85%, 80% and 70%
respectively with the load power factor between 0.8 and 1.0 lagging.

10.0 BRANCH CIRCUIT PROTECTION

A separate over current device is required for each part of the critical load so that a fault in
one will not affect the inverter, the static switch, or other portions of the critical load. The
minimum clearing time of the molded case branch circuit breaker is 10 ms, and the entire
UPS output might remain near zero until the fault is cleared. If the inverter is forced to
deliver the fault current, it will limit the current causing the voltage to drop. Fast acting
fuses are necessary to clear a branch circuit fault within the time allowed for the static
switch to transfer to the alternate source so that sufficient current is available to clear the
fault.

10.1 Branch circuits shall be protected by fuses with high interrupting capability. In the
event of branch circuit fault, the static switch will transfer to the alternate source
where the available fault current is limited only by the impedance of the alternate
source transformer and the available current on the LV ac bus.

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.05, Rev. 0

10.2 Detailed short circuit calculation for the co-ordination of short circuit current in the
UPS distribution system and for the UPS along with fuse, MCCB characteristics
curve to prove the co-ordination of various components during fault shall be
submitted for SEC review.

10.3 Branch circuit fuses shall be selected for the in- rush currents and required times listed
in Table-1.

11.0 BYPASS TRANSFORMERS

Where bypass transformers are installed with UPS Systems to function as the alternate
source, these transformers shall have a total harmonic distortion of less than 5% of the peak
amplitude of the fundamental frequency.

12.0 UPS GROUNDING

UPS grounding shall be carried out per IEEE 1100.

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference – 2004 "Is My UPS System
Co-ordinated".

2. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery Vol. 17, No.1 February 2002 "Analysis of a
Static Transfer Switch with respect to Transfer Time".

3. IEEE 1100 (2005) – Powering and Grounding Electronic Equipment.

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