GEED 10053

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

College of Science

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 Chapter 2

LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS

OUTLINE

1. Propositions

2. Arguments

3. Sets

4. Quantifications

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LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
i. Determine and classify propositions;
ii. Apply logical connectives in operating propositions;
iii. Characterize sets and related notions
iv. Perform set operations and solve related problems
vi. Determine and classify quantifications of propositions over a set
vi. Determine and stablish validity of arguments

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D. QUANTIFICATION

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Quantifications

Propositional Function

Let U be a set and x ∈ U. A propositional function or an open sentence

p(x) is a declarative sentence that contains a variable x. We call U as the
universe of discourse.

Remark: Upon substitution of a constant c ∈ U, the propositional function

becomes a proposition.

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Quantifications

Example 1
2. Let U = { vertebrates } and
1. Let U = Z and p(x) : x + 1 > 5.
m(x) : x is a mammal.
p(3) :
m(spermwhale) :
p(6) :
m(vampirebat) :
p(−10) :
m(shark) :
p(−1) :
m(falcon) :

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Quantifications

3. Let U = R and q(x) : x 2 ≥ 0.

q(−π) : 5. Let U = { countries of the Earth }

q(0) : and c(x, y ) : x and y
come from the same continent.
 
1
q :
2 c(Thailand, Vietnam) :
4. Let U = R and r (x) : |x| < 0. c(Greece, Italy ) :
√ c(Canada, Brazil) :
r ( 2) : c(Egypt, Philippines) :
r (0) :
r (−3) :
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Quantifications

Quantification

A quantification is a statement of extent to which a propositional function

possesses a truth value over a subset of the universe of discourse U.

Types of Quantification

Let p(x) be a propositional function over a universe of discourse U.

A universal quantification of p(x) is a quantification on all elements of U.
An existential quantification of p(x) is a quantification on some elements of
U.

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Quantifications
Comparison Between the Two Quantifications

Word Quantifier Instance Instance

Quantifiers Symbol of Truth of Falsity
for all,
Universal for every, ∀ p(x) is true p(x) is false
Quantification for each, for all for at least one
for any x ∈U x ∈U
for some,
Existential at least one, ∃ p(x) is true p(x) is false
Quantification there exists for at least one for all
x ∈U x ∈U

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Quantifications
Example 2
2. The statement
1. The statement
All Asians are Filipinos.
Every song is a poem.
is a universal quantification.
is a universal quantification.
Let
Let U = { Asians }
U = {songs}
f (x) :x is a Filipino.
p(x) :x is a poem.
In symbols,
In symbols,
∀x ∈ U, f (x).
∀x ∈ U, p(x).
This is a false universal
This is a true universal quantification.
quantification.
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Quantifications
3. The statement 4. The statement
The negative of any real number is a The square of every real number is
real number. positive.
is a universal quantification. is a universal quantification.
Let Let
U =R U =R
n(x) : −x ∈ R. s(x) : x 2 > 0
Thus, Hence,
∀x ∈ R, −x ∈ R ∀x ∈ R, x 2 > 0
or ∀x ∈ U, n(x) or ∀x ∈ U, s(x)
is a true universal quantification. is a false universal quantification.
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Quantifications
6. The statement
5. The statement
There is a month in a year that starts
Some mammals are sea-dwellers.
with Z.
is an existential quantification.
is an existential quantification.
Let
Let
U = {mammals}
U = { months in a year }
s(x) :x is a sea-dweller
z(x) :x is a word that starts with Z
In symbols,
In symbols,
∃x ∈ U, s(x).
∃x ∈ U, z(x).
This is a true existential
This is a false existential
quantification.
quantification.
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Quantifications
7. The statement 8. The statement
Some rational numbers There is a counting number between
are less than 3. 3 and 4.
is an existential quantification. is an existential quantification.
Let Let
U =Q U =N
l(x) : x < 3. b(x) : 3 < x < 4
Thus, Hence,
∃x ∈ Q, x < 3 ∃x ∈ N, 3 < x < 4
or ∃x ∈ U, l(x) or ∃x ∈ U, b(x)
is a true existential quantification. is a false existential quantification.
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Quantifications

Euler Diagrams

An Euler diagram is the Venn diagram that is used to represent quantifications

of arguments.

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Quantifications

Arguments over Quantification

TYPE : Universal Affirmative

FORMULATION : All p are q.
TRUE EXAMPLE : All birds are vertebrates.
FALSE EXAMPLE : Every integer is greater than 0.

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Quantifications

Arguments over Quantification

TYPE : Universal Negative

FORMULATION : No p are q.
TRUE EXAMPLE : No real number
has a negative square.
FALSE EXAMPLE : There are no liquid
metal elements.

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Quantifications

Arguments over Quantification

TYPE : Existential Affirmative

FORMULATION : Some p are q.
TRUE EXAMPLE : Some Filipino writers have
literary works in English.
FALSE EXAMPLE : There is a counting number
less than 0.

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Quantifications

Arguments over Quantification

TYPE : Existential Negative

FORMULATION : Some p are not q.
TRUE EXAMPLE : At least one Senator of the
Philippines is not a
former House Representative.
FALSE EXAMPLE : There are PUP students who
graduated with two bachelor
degrees in 2020.

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Quantifications

Evaluating Validity of Arguments using Euler Diagrams

1. Draw an Euler Diagram based on the premises.
2. The argument is invalid if there is a way to draw the diagram that makes the
conclusion false.
3. The argument is valid if the diagram cannot be drawn to make the conclusion
false.
4. If the premises are insufficient to determine the location of an element or a set
mentioned in the conclusion, then the argument is invalid.

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Quantifications

Example 3
Determine the validity of the argument

Every bird is a vertebrate.

Parrots are birds.
∴ Parrots are vertebrates.

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Quantifications

Example 3
Determine the validity of the argument

Every bird is a vertebrate.

Parrots are birds.
∴ Parrots are vertebrates.

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Quantifications

Example 3
Determine the validity of the argument

Every bird is a vertebrate.

Parrots are birds.
∴ Parrots are vertebrates.

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Quantifications

Example 3
Determine the validity of the argument

Every bird is a vertebrate.

Parrots are birds.
∴ Parrots are vertebrates.

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 Quantifications

Example 3
Determine the validity of the argument

Every bird is a vertebrate.

Parrots are birds.
∴ Parrots are vertebrates.

∴ The argument is valid.

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Quantifications

Example 4
Determine the validity of the argument

Some juices have antioxidants.

Citrus X is a juice.
∴ Citrus X has antioxidants.

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Quantifications

Example 4
Determine the validity of the argument

Some juices have antioxidants.

Citrus X is a juice.
∴ Citrus X has antioxidants.

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Quantifications
Example 4
Determine the validity of the argument

Some juices have antioxidants.

Citrus X is a juice.
∴ Citrus X has antioxidants.

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 Quantifications
Example 4
Determine the validity of the argument

Some juices have antioxidants.

Citrus X is a juice.
∴ Citrus X has antioxidants.

∴ The argument is invalid.

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Quantifications

Example 5
Determine the validity of the argument

Some singers are composers.

No composer is a dancer.
Melody is a singer-composer.
∴ Melody is not a dancer.

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Quantifications

Example 5
Determine the validity of the argument

Some singers are composers.

No composer is a dancer.
Melody is a singer-composer.
∴ Melody is not a dancer.

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Quantifications

Example 5
Determine the validity of the argument

Some singers are composers.

No composer is a dancer.
Melody is a singer-composer.
∴ Melody is not a dancer.

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Quantifications

Example 5
Determine the validity of the argument

Some singers are composers.

No composer is a dancer.
Melody is a singer-composer.
∴ Melody is not a dancer.

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 Quantifications

Example 5
Determine the validity of the argument

Some singers are composers.

No composer is a dancer.
Melody is a singer-composer.
∴ Melody is not a dancer.

∴ The argument is valid.

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Quantifications

Example 6
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi.

Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

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Quantifications

Example 6
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi.

Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

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Quantifications

Example 6
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi.

Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

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Quantifications

Example 6
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi.

Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

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Quantifications

Example 6
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi.

Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

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 Quantifications

Example 6
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi.

Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

∴ The argument is valid.

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Quantifications

Example 7
Determine the validity of the argument

Some dietitians are overweight.

No gym trainers are overweight.
∴ No gym trainers are dietitians.

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Quantifications

Example 7
Determine the validity of the argument

Some dietitians are overweight.

No gym trainers are overweight.
∴ No gym trainers are dietitians.

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Quantifications

Example 7
Determine the validity of the argument

Some dietitians are overweight.

No gym trainers are overweight.
∴ No gym trainers are dietitians.

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Quantifications

Example 7
Determine the validity of the argument

Some dietitians are overweight.

No gym trainers are overweight.
∴ No gym trainers are dietitians.

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 Quantifications

Example 7
Determine the validity of the argument

Some dietitians are overweight.

No gym trainers are overweight.
∴ No gym trainers are dietitians.

∴ The argument is invalid.

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Quantifications

Example 8
Determine the validity of the argument

Every tabloid is a newspaper.

No magazine is a newspaper.
∴ There are some magazines that
are tabloids.

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Quantifications

Example 8
Determine the validity of the argument

Every tabloid is a newspaper.

No magazine is a newspaper.
∴ There are some magazines that
are tabloids.

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Quantifications

Example 8
Determine the validity of the argument

Every tabloid is a newspaper.

No magazine is a newspaper.
∴ There are some magazines that
are tabloids.

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Quantifications

Example 8
Determine the validity of the argument

Every tabloid is a newspaper.

No magazine is a newspaper.
∴ There are some magazines that
are tabloids.

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 Quantifications

Example 8
Determine the validity of the argument

Every tabloid is a newspaper.

No magazine is a newspaper.
∴ There are some magazines that
are tabloids.

∴ The argument is invalid.

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Quantifications
Negation of a Quantification

1. Negation of a Universal Quantification

∼ (∀x ∈ U, p(x)) ⇔ (∃x ∈ U, ∼ p(x))

Not all x ∈ U satisfies p(x) ⇔ Some x ∈ U do not satisfy p(x)

2. Negation of an Existential Quantification

∼ (∃ ∈ U, p(x)) ⇔ (∀x ∈ U, ∼ p(x))

No x ∈ U satisfies p(x) ⇔ Every x ∈ U do not satisfy p(x)

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Quantifications
Example 9
1. The quantification
Every real number has a square greater than or equal to 0
can be expressed in symbols as
∀x ∈ R, x 2 ≥ 0.
Its negation when written in symbols is
∃x ∈ R, x 2 < 0.
Thus, its negated form is
Some real numbers have squares less than 0
or
Some real numbers have negative squares.
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Quantifications

2. The quantification
All sea dwellers are fish.

Its negation is
Some sea dwellers are not fish.

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Quantifications

3. The quantification
At least one plant does not bear a flower.

Its negation is
Each plant bears a flower.

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Quantifications

4. The quantification
There exists a rock that can fly high.

Its negation is
Every rock can’t fly high
or
No rock can fly high.

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Quantifications

5. The quantification
No superhero is a billionaire

is the same with

Every superhero is not a billionaire.

Its negation is
Some superheroes are billionaires.

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Quantifications

Evaluating Validity of Arguments using Euler Diagrams

1. Draw an Euler Diagram based on the premises.
2. The argument is invalid if there is a way to draw the diagram that makes the
conclusion false.
3. The argument is valid if the diagram cannot be drawn to make the conclusion
false.
4. If the premises are insufficient to determine the location of an element or a set
mentioned in the conclusion, then the argument is invalid.

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Quantifications

Evaluating Validity of Arguments using Euler Diagrams

1. Draw an Euler Diagram based on the premises.
2. Draw an Euler Diagram based on the negation of the conclusion.
3. If the Euler Diagram of the negated conclusion fits in the Euler Diagram of the
premises, then it is invalid.
4. If the Euler Diagram of the negated conclusion does not fit in the Euler
Diagram of the premises, then it is valid.

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Quantifications

Example 10
Determine the validity of the argument
The negation of the conclusion is

Every bird is a vertebrate. Parrots are not vertebrates.

Parrots are birds.
∴ Parrots are vertebrates.

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Quantifications

∴ The argument is valid.

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Quantifications

Example 11
Determine the validity of the argument

The negation of the conclusion is

Some juices have antioxidants.
Citrus X is a juice. Citrus X has no antioxidants.

∴ Citrus X has antioxidants.

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Quantifications

∴ The argument is invalid.

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Quantifications

Example 12
Determine the validity of the argument

Some singers are composers. The negation of the conclusion is

No composer is a dancer. Melody is a dancer.
Melody is a singer-composer.
∴ Melody is not a dancer.

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Quantifications

∴ The argument is valid.

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Quantifications

Example 13
Determine the validity of the argument

All squares are rhombi. The negation of the conclusion is

Every rhombus is a parallelogram. Some squares are not quadrilaterals.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
∴ All squares are quadrilaterals.

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Quantifications

∴ The argument is valid.

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Example 14
Determine the validity of the argument

The conclusion is the same with

Some dietitians are overweight.
No gym trainers are overweight. Every gym trainer is not a dietitian.
∴ No gym trainers are dietitians. Its negation is

Some gym trainers are dietitians.

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Quantifications

∴ The argument is invalid.

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Quantifications

Example 15
Determine the validity of the argument

The negation of the conclusion is

Every tabloid is a newspaper.
No magazine is a newspaper. Every magazine is not a tabloid.
∴ There are some magazines that
It is the same with
are tabloids.
No magazine is a tabloid.

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Quantifications

∴ The argument is invalid.

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References

1. Angel, A.R., Abbott, C.D. & Runde, D.C. (2012). A Survey of

Mathematics with Applications. Pearson Education Inc.
2. Lippman, D. (2017). Math in Society. Pierce College Ft Steilacoom
3. Rosen, K.. (2012). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. McGraw Hill
4. Smith, K.J. (1998). Nature of Mathematics. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company
5. Statzkow, R. & Bradshaw, R. (1995). The Mathematical Palette. Saunders
College Publishing

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