SOFT SKILLS CONTENT

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Goal setting
 Start the class with a game who ever tells the number 20 is going to be the winner of the
game.
1. The condition for the game is that first person will tell the one number , the next person
can either tell the next number or plus one number. Example if the first person says 1 the
second person can either say 2 or plus one number that is, 3.

Note: Our goal is to say 20 for which 17, 14, 11 , 8 ,5,2 are our intermediate goals.

2. Goal in simple terms is nothing but anything that gives us happiness when we achieve it.
3. Examples: Goals could be anything like getting good marks in the examination, Getting a
good job, losing some weight.

 There are 3 main types of goals :

1 .Long term goals

2. Mid term goals

3. Short term goals

 Activity: Ask the students to draw a circle and find out the mid point of the circle.
 The mid point of the circle signifies our goals and the entire space of the circle
symbolizes our life.

“Our life revolves around our goal”

Facilitate the students to set their goals for the next 5 years in terms of :

1. Financial

2. Career

3. Family

4. Society

Now check them with the “SMART” concept

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic , Time specific.

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Time Management
 Do we really need time management? We are not preparing for any IAS or IPS posts so
why do we need time management?
 Give a list of activities to the students and ask them how much time they spend on these
activities each day:
1. Sleeping
2. Eating
3. Getting ready
4. College
5. Social media
6. Friends
7. Phone
 Now ask them if they have to take up any activity for which they have to pool 5 hours of
their time how will they pool it?
 Here comes the importance of the topic Time management.
 Time management is the ability to use ones time effectively and productively.

Strategies for time management:

1. Combine Activities
2. Prioritizing Skills
3. Concentrate on your strengths
4. Learn to say “NO”
5. Prepare a” To Do” lists
 Time management Matrix:

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Team Work
As a professional, you have to handle variety of works and responsibilities. Some works will
require you to work by yourself. Many works will require two or more people to work together
to successfully complete the work. You are then a part of the “Team”.

Difference between Group and Team:

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Teams always work for achieving a common purpose.

Examples: Indian cricket team, She teams .

Stages of a team :

Divide the students into teams and ask them to design a bag through this activity explain the
stages in a team.

1. Forming
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing

What makes team effective :

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 Common
Purpose

Best
Solid Relation &
Communication
Clear Roles
Results

Accepted
Leadership

Activities for Team work:

1. Tie the legs of the students and ask them to walk.

2. Ask 5 students to come draw a medium sized circle and ask them to fit in their 5 pairs of
legs into that circle.
3. Ask two students to keep walking straight on a line and after they reach a point ask them
to interchange their position at the same time without any support.

As a professional you are expected to:

1. Maintain a relationship with your Team.

2. Offer support and guidance when needed.
3. Communicate any issues or concerns to the appropriate people.
4. Play a part in developing a productive team and achieving the goals set.

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Giving Introduction
This question is asked by the HR to find out about you to decide if you are a good fit for the
job opening.

He is hoping that this question will get you talking.

Points to be told while you are introducing yourself :

Always start yourself introduction by greeting the interviewer with a smile on your face.

1. Name
2. Place
3. Qualifications ( Higher to Lower)
4. Achievements
5. Goals
6. Strengths
7. Hobbies
8. Family

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Personal Hygiene
Personal well being is a set of activities performed by an individual for upkeep of his health.

Regular routine of personal care includes washing and grooming of :

1. Hair
2. Face & Skin
3. Teeth
4. Ears
5. Hands
6. Nails
7. Feet

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Hair

 Hair is made of dead cells.

 Wash your hair regularly with shampoo.
 Rinse your hair thoroughly with water.
 Do not rub too hard.
 Wash your combs.
 Do not share your comb.
 Keep hair free of dandruff, nits & lice.

Skin and Face

 Bath or shower regularly using soap.

 Shower after exercise especially when you sweat.
 Use a mild deodorant as it decreases body odour.
 Wear clean clothes.
 Maintain healthy diet.
 Wash your face gently daily twice.

Teeth

 Brush 2 – 3 times a day.

 Brush after every meal if possible.
 Use soft bristled brush.
 Limit the intake of sugar.

Ears

 Wash your ears daily with a wash cloth.

 Do not use sharp objects to clean your ears.

Hands

 First, wet your hands and apply liquid or soap.

 Next rub your hands.
 Continue for 10 – 15 seconds.
 Rinse well.
 Wash your hands before and after every meal.

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Nails

 Maintain short and clean nails.

Feet

 Wash your feet every time after coming from out.

 Change socks.
 Avoid walking bare foot in public area.

Avoid bad practices

 Avoid practices such as smoking and drinking.

 Scratching your head in public.
 Wetting fingers.
 Avoid junk food.

“ Eat Healthy and Stay Fit”

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Grooming and Appearance
There is a belief that your ” outer you “ reflects your “inner you”. If you look untidy, it is
presumed that you will untidy work. This is not necessarily true , but a common perception.

Grooming : The things you do make your appearance neat and clean.

 Important for creating a good image.

 Your appearance conveys the message that you are confident, presentable and ambitious.
 Helps building self confidence.

Hair &
Face

Jewellary
Dressing well &
Groomed accessory

Personal
care

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Hair

Men Women
Hair length above the ears Neatly tied hair
No spikes or styling for interview No flicks falling on to the face
Neatly combed hair Fancy clips and rubber bands to be avoided
Moustache and beard trimmed

Face

Men Women
Wash your face neatly Slight make up in natural tone
No chapped lips, use a lip balm Lipstick color should compliment individual

Accessory and jewellary

Men Women
Handkerchief Earring only a small stud, no danglings
Watch( not to flashy and sporty) No fancy rings , anklets
Wallet Watch

Personal care

 Take a shower.
 Brush your teeth.
 Use a mild deodorant.
 Use a mouth fresher before getting in.
 Wear neat and clean clothes.

Dressing

Men Women
Dark trouser with light shirt( vice versa) Wear cotton dress
Belt and shoes of same color Always prefer wearing light colored dress
Polished shoes Wear a comfortable dress
Shirt neatly ironed Neatly ironed

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Personality Development
Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

Every individual has his own characteristic of behaving, responding to emotions and looking at
world. No two individuals are similar. You might like to party on the other hand your friend may
love to sit and read a book.

Here comes the role of personality, What an individual sees in his childhood days and most
importantly in growing days forms his personality.

Determinants of personality :

 Heridity
 Environment
 Situation
 Culture
 Family and social background

There are 8 types of personality they are

 Introversion – Extroversion
 Sensing – Intution
 Thinking- Feeling
 Judging- Percieving

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Resume Drafting
All of us have the habit of watching movies, before the release of the movie the unit releases
trailers which creates an interest in the mind of audience about the movie similarly our
Resume is the trailer that we are sending to the interviewer to create an interest in us.

Tell the students difference between

1. Bio data 2. CV 3. Resume 4. Profile and 5. Portfolio.

Contents in our Resume

1. Name
2. Email ID
3. Phone Number
4. Address

The First four points together are referred to us communication details, which are very
important as they are the only source through which the company can in touch with us.

5. Career Objective
Our career objective should not exceed more than 3 lines. Career objective should focus
on:
 Position we are applying
 Our skills for that position
 In the next 3 years how I want to see myself in that position.
6. Qualifications

S.NO Qualification University/ Year of study Percentage

Institute

7. Technical Skills/ Qualification

If you are mentioning it as Qualification you should hold a certificate as a proof.

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8. Project Details
 Project Title
 Team size
 Duration
 My role
 Project description

9. Achievements
10. Personal skills
The strengths that will help you to perform better in your job.
11. Personal Profile / Details:
 Gender
 Fathers name
 Date of birth
 Hobbies
 Marital status
 Nationality

Declaration

( To state that above mentioned information is true)

Date : Signature:

Place:

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Interview Skills

An interview is a structured meeting between you and an employer.

Interview is a two way street and never one way, first you select the company then nyou are
giving the chance for the company to interview you.

Types of Interview :

 Telephonic interview
 One to One
 Panel
 On site interview
 Skype

There are 3 stages in an interview they are:

 Pre interview stage

 During the interview
 Post interview

Let’s discuss each stage now in detail

Pre Interview stage : The preparatory stage of an interview

 Do the research about the company

 Know your skills, strengths & career goals
 Ensure all the required documents are ready( resume, photographs & stationary)

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  Reach the interview venue atleast 30 minutes prior

Greeting and introduction :

Only one chance to make a good impression so greet the interviewer

 With a smile
 With confidence
 Always maintain eye contact

Dressing :

Men Women
Dark trouser with light shirt( vice versa) Wear cotton dress
Belt and shoes of same color Always prefer wearing light colored dress
Polished shoes Wear a comfortable dress
Shirt neatly ironed Neatly ironed
Wear a watch, Carry a handkerchief Wear watch, Avoid anklets and long earrings

During Interview :

The different types of questions that can be asked are :

1. Standard or Resume based questions

 Tell me about yourself
 What are your strengths?
 Why should I hire you?

2. Behavioral Questions:
Questions related to behavior as past behavior provides clues for future behavior.
 Example: Have you ever lied?
Strategies During an interview :
 Be prepared to talk about yourself and your experience.
 Master the art of story telling
 Provide concrete examples of your strength.
 Avoid fillers like Umm, ahh.
 Think before speaking
 Remain calm and relaxed.

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Post Interview :

 Follow up – Thank the interviewer, Ask good questions.

 Request a business card
 Inquire about next steps in the process
 Take some time after the interview and review your performance.

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Assertiveness
 It is about self confidence.
 It means having a positive attitude towards yourself and others.

Test for Assertiveness :

Answer the following questions with a ” yes” or ” no”

1. Can you express negative feelings without abusing?

2. Can you compliment others achievements?
3. Do you have confidence to ask what is rightfully yours?
4. Can you accept criticism?
5. Are you comfortable in accepting compliments?
6. Can you comfortably carry on conversation with others?
7. Do you ask for assistance when you need it?

A “ Yes” to the questions indicates an assertive approach.

Why assertiveness is important?

 Assertiveness helps in achieving individual and shared goals.

Lack of assertiveness leads to

 Depression
 Frustration
 Temper
 Stress
 Relationship where you do not share

Benefits of being assertive

 Makes you feel better

 Propels your career
 Reduces stress
 Better relation with others

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Types of behavior

1. Passive
 Cannot express opinions
 Feels used
 Difficult to refuse others requests
 Makes compromises
2. Aggressive
 Argues with others
 Frequently angry
 Finds fault with others
 Unaware of others feelings
3. Assertive
 Able to express feelings
 Converse well with people
 Aware of needs and desires of others
 Gently refuse request

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Motivation
Motivation is a word derived from the word ‘Motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or
drives within an individual.

It is a process of stimulating people to accomplish their goals.

In the work goal context factors motivating people to work are :

 Desire for money

 Success
 Job satisfaction
 Recognition
 Team work

The process of motivation consists of 3 stages :

 Felt need or desire

 A stimulus which needs to be aroused
 When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals.

Always it is not possible for others to motivate us thus one has to be self motivating

Self motivation : Self-motivation is a power that drives us to keep moving ahead. It encourages
continuous learning and success, whatever be the scenario. Self-motivation is a primary means of
realizing our goals and progressing. It is basically related to our inventiveness in setting dynamic
goals for ourselves, and our faith that we possess the required skills and competencies for
achieving those challenging goals.

Tips for self motivation :

 Communicate and talk with others to get motivated

 Remain optimistic
 Discover your interest area
 Encourage learning
 Break your bigger goals into smaller goals.

Note for instructor play some motivational videos in the class to the students to inspire and
motivate them better as a audio visual would have a long lasting effect in their head.

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Attitude
“Attitude is a small thing that creates a big difference”

Attitude is an experience of favor or disfavor towards a person, place, thing or event.

Attitude is the nothing but how react to a particular situation.

Attitude is developed based on 3 factors:

 Environmental shock factors

 Self adjustment
 Unexplained downturns

Attitude adjustment scale :

Please rate your current attitude. R ead the statement and put the number where you feel you
belong. If you put a score of 5 your attitude does not need any improvement in this area. If you
put a score of 1, you are saying your attitude is at its worst. Be honest.

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 High ( Positive) Low
(Negative)
If I were to guess, my feeling is that my boss 5 4 3 2 1
would currently rate my attitude as a :
Given the same chance , my co-workers and 5 4 3 2 1
family would rate my attitude as a :
Realistically, I would rate my current attitude 5 4 3 2 1
as a :
In dealing with others, I would rate my 5 4 3 2 1
effectiveness a :
My current creativity level is a : 5 4 3 2 1

I would give my sense of humor a rating as a : 5 4 3 2 1

The patience & sensitivity I show towards 5 4 3 2 1

others deserves a :
When it comes to allowing little things to 5 4 3 2 1
bother me , I deserve a :
Based upon the number of compliments I 5 4 3 2 1
received lately, I deserve a :
I would rate my enthusiasm towards my job 5 4 3 2 1
and life during the past few weeks as a:

Total =

After you total the score, see the following for your results.

 A score of 45 or over is signal that your attitude is in tune and no adjustments seem
necessary.
 A score between 36 and 456 indicates that minor adjustments may help.
 A score between 25 and 35 suggests a major adjustment.
 If you rated yourself below 25, a complete overhaul may be required.

Note this scoring system is not professional psychological indicator. It is simply meant to get you
thinking whether your attitude may need some adjustment.

Choose your attitude :

Your choice of attitude can decide the outcome of your life. Positive attitude helps to cope easily
with daily life.

If you are positive , you will be focused on good things, happy thoughts and successful
outcomes.
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If you maintain a negative attitude you will be focusing on negative bad things , sad things and
unsuccessful outcomes.

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Presentation skills
Imagine that you are going for a party how would you like to get ready?
Would you prefer going to the party in the same way like you come you to the college?
The answer is definitely no because we want to present our self in a certain way.

So the present our self is very important.

An effective presentation would involve the following :

 An appropriate body language
 Voice
 Content that we are talking

Body Language :

Body language counts for 55% of our presentations. Even before we talk a lot of
things are communicated through our body language.

For example : Your dads friend comes home you suddenly get up and get into your
room and close the door. Now what does this indicate you are verbally not telling
anything but your body language communicates a lot.

Eye contact

Facial Body Gestures

expressions
Language

Posture

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Voice : Your voice plays an important role in drawing your audience attention towards you.

 Audibility
 Pace
 Clarity
 Intonation

Content :

For any given topic you have to include the following points in your content.

 An introduction to the topic

 Main body of the topic
 A conclusion

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Effective communication skills
Start the class with the game passing message, Ask 6 students to come out and tell a message in
one of the student’s ear and that message has to be passed by that student to others and now
finally ask the last student to tell what he has heard.

Note give a slightly difficult statements for the students

And the students can tell the sentence only once.

The outcome of this activity is to show how communication usually fails in a organization and
the barriers to communication.

Activity 2 :

Ask students to divide themselves into pairs, give students some random shapes to draw now one
student gives directions and the patner has to just listen to the instructions and follow.

Explain them now the importance of effective communication and basically what is
communication .

Communication is the process of exchanging

 Information
 Ideas
 Thoughts
 Feelings
 Emotions

Through

 Speech
 Signals
 Behavior
 Writing

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Process of communication :

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Types of communication :

1. Verbal
2. Non Verbal

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Barriers for communication :

There are many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the
communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you
therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding.
Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and
concise message.

Finally end the class by explaining the importance of effective communication for their
career.

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Problem solving
A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and
overcome is called a problem.

Problem is a state of mind , Resolution is the state when the problem is completely resolved.
Solution bridges the gap between problem and resolution.

Activity : A group of 4 professionals go for a trekking named A , B, C and D. They are lost
in the final stage. They find a village near by, if they want to reach that village they have to
cross a bridge they have a lantern but that can operate only for 15 minutes.

The respective speeds of A, B, C, D are A- 1 minute , B- 2minutes,C- 4minutes and D- 8

minutes.

In which combination is it possible for all of them to cross the bridge in 15 minutes.

Note : The bridge can carry only 2 people at a time.

Types of Problems encountered at work place :

1. Problems are bound in every workplace due to various reasons due to various issues such
as the need to :
 Collaborate and work with various types of people
 Meet targets and deadlines
 Work within norms and culture of the organization
2. There are specific problems which are common to every place because work places are
human institutions and human beings are same every where.
 Communication problems
 Attitude problems
 Interpersonal challenges between superior and subordinate or among
subordinates.
 Ethical problems
 Poor performance

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Problem solving cycle :

Activity : Give a case study to the students and ask them to come up with solutions.

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Stress Management
This is an exciting, challenging yet stressful occupation. The long hours, a fluctuating economy,
unpredictable changes makes life stressful. Therefore , any situation that may occur either at
work or in your personal life that places extra demands on you, or pose threats can push you into
danger zone if you don’t learn to handle them properly.

Stress is defined as “ The effect on you, because of some particular changes or events in your
life”

Common causes of stress are :

1. Causes of stress at home

 Death or illness of a family member
 Children’s disobedience and low performance in education
 Financial problems in raising our standard of living

2. Causes of stress at home

 To meet our demands of job
 Relationship with colleagues
 Work pressures
 Meeting deadlines
 Working on public holidays

3. Negative self talk

 Criticism
 Pessimistic attitude
 Over analyzing

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Symptoms of stress

Tips for Stress management

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Empathy
What is Empathy?

 Empathy is the skill of reflecting back to another person the emotions he or she is
expressing so that he or she feels heard and understood.

 Empathy involves listening to others, understanding them, and communicating this

understanding to them. –Egan 1994

 Empathy is the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings that are being
experienced by another. –Rogers 1959

 Really listening to another person is empathy.

 Getting into the skin of another person. Understanding their world view, their
perspectives, their challenges and joys.

 More than just sympathy, it’s the quality which understands the needs of others. How the
feelings of others impacts their perceptions.

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 Why is it important

 Empathy has always been important: relationships with business colleagues, family and
friends cease to be functional when we cease to ‘feel with’ them

 As the world becomes increasingly connected the old structures are shifting. A
collaboration based, peer to peer society is emerging in which we can no longer escape
the consequences that our words and deeds have on others. Empathy is vital in such a
social environment.

 “Empathy will be like literacy was in the 1300s. Without it, one will be marginalized and
unable to function professionally.”
Bill Drayton, Social Entrepreneur

Verbal and Non-Verbal Encouragers- these communicate to the person that:

 I am listening (ex: eye contact, nodding of the head, smiling)

 I want to listen (ex: you are not checking your watch ever 5 minutes or rolling
your eyes, sighing, etc)
 I want to understand more about your experience (ex: asking related and relevant
questions to collect more information…such as “can you tell me more about that”
or “I am curious about…”)

What is Empathetic Listening?

Empathic listening is when one listens with the intent to understand how the speaker feels
in addition to understanding his or her ideas
Showing empathy involves identifying with a person’s emotions and situation; even if not
in agreement with them

Why do we use empathic listening?

 To show an interest in the other person

 To support another in their attempts to rectify a situation
 Empathic listening is therapeutic in itself
 It leads to an increase in another’s satisfaction of you
 To discover another’s needs and concerns
Steps for Empathic Listening:

 1. Listen carefully to the speaker’s messages, both verbal and nonverbal

 2. Display an open, caring posture
 3. Consider the speaker’s emotional state

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 4. Calmly reflect back to what you perceive the speaker’s feelings and meaning to be

Empathic Listening Tips:

• Be interested in the speaker

• Have good eye contact and body language
• Minimize distractions
• Invite the speaker to expand on his or her thoughts
• Respond in a tone that is appropriate for the situation

Barriers to Empathic Listening:

 Cultural Differences
 Gender
 Not viewing the other individual as an equal
 Your preconceived ideas and beliefs
Your uncomfortableness with another’s emotions

What are the Benefits of Empathetic Listening?

• Empathic listening is typically an effective technique to use in emotional situations,

problem resolution, or if there is a conflict which requires attention.
• The goal is to enable the listener to share emotions free from judgment or criticism.

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 Financial education
Financial literacy is the ability to understand how money works in the world, and
how someone manages to earn or make it.

The Importance of Financial Education

Financial literacy helps individuals become self-sufficient so that they can achieve
financial stability.

 Financial education is on the agenda again.

 You probably know the sales pitch customers who know about financial
concepts, products and transactions will find it easier to build the skills
needed to function well in the financial marketplace.

Why financial education is important?

 Financial literacy is a core life skill for participating in modern society.

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 Children are growing up in an increasingly complex world where they will
eventually need to take charge of their own financial future.

 As young adults learning to live independently they will need to know how
to budget and make wise financial choices for everyday living.
 Poor financial decisions can have a long-lasting impact on individuals, their
families and society.
 The causes of the recent financial crisis were complex, but the lack of
financial literacy was certainly one of the aggravating factors leading to ill-
informed decisions on mortgage loans.
 Financial education can make a difference.
 It can empower and equip young people with the knowledge, skills and
confidence to take charge of their lives and build a more secure future for
themselves and their families.

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ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine -
1) An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic banking outlet, which
allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a
branch representative or teller.
2) Anyone with a credit card or debit card can access most atm.
3) There are two primary types of atm’s. Basic units allow customers to
withdraw cash and receive reports of their account balances only.
4) The more complex machines accept deposits, facilitate line of credit
payments and report account information.

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Use of ATMs-

1) Cash Withdrawal and Balance Enquiry- In spite of a number of innovative

services being made available at many ATMs, cash withdrawal stills
remains the most accessed service at ATMs.

2) Cash /Cheque Deposit-

 Due to the strong cash culture in India, cash deposits are most likely
higher than in other markets, especially cash deposits made by
commercial customers such as retail shopkeepers and those whose
work involves substantial travelling.
 A high cash withdrawal rate results in higher ATM servicing costs due
to frequent cash replenishment requirements.
Recent developments in ATM technology have made it possible to recycle
cash in ATMs.

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 3) Most utilities have inadequate infrastructure for receiving bill payments
resulting in long queues at collection centers.
Hence, bill payment at ATMs has achieved noticeable acceptance by
bank customers.

Most banks provide this service through bi-lateral arrangements with

bill-payment service providers. ATM users register their water,
electricity and telephone utility accounts with banks, check their dues at
ATMs, approve bill payments that are debited to their bank accounts
and receive printed receipts for the transactions.

4) Sale of Paper Based Products

ATMs are ideally suited to sell paper-based products and services such
as tickets, wireless phone recharge cards, financial products, etc.
The screen interface allows browsing and customization, access to bank
accounts facilitate payments and printing capabilities produce the actual
product/service.

How to use the ATM Machine

To use the ATM Machine;

• Visit any ATM Machine outlet close to you
• Insert your bank ATM card, debit card or credit into the ATM Machine
• Enter a Personal Identification Number (PIN), a secret password that you create.
• Then select the banking service you require (deposit, withdrawal, transfer
funds, account inquiry, etc.)
• Follow the instructions on screen displayed to complete your transaction .

DEBIT CARD-Debit cards offer the convenience of a credit but work in a different
way. Debit cards draw money directly from your checking account when you
make the purchase.

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They do this by placing a hold on the amount of the purchase.

Advantages of a Debit Card

 Easy to obtain. Once you open an account most institutions will issue
you a debit card upon request.
 Convenience. Purchases can be made using a chip-enabled terminal
or by swiping the card rather than filling out a paper check.
 Safety. You don't have to carry cash or a checkbook.
 Readily accepted. When out of town (or out of the country), debit
cards are usually widely accepted (make sure to tell your financial
institution you’re leaving your city to not have an interruption in service).

Disadvantages of a Debit Card

 No grace period. Unlike a credit card, a debit card uses funds directly
from your checking account. A credit card allows you to borrow funds on
credit, leaving disposable cash in your account.
 Check book balancing. Balancing your account may be difficult unless
you record every debit card transaction.

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  Less protection. Most financial institutions will try and protect their
customer from debit card fraud.

CREDIT CARD- A credit card is a card that allows you to borrow money in small
amounts at local merchants. You use the card to make your basic transactions.

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 Advantages and disadvantages-

Advantages Disadvantages
Convenience--Credit cards can save you time Overuse--Revolving credit makes it easy to
and trouble--no searching for an ATM or spend beyond your means.
keeping cash on-hand.
Record keeping--Credit card statements can Paperwork--You'll need to save your receipts
help you track your expenses. Some cards and check them against your statement each
even provide year-end summaries that really month. This is a good way to ensure that you
help out at tax time. haven't been overcharged.
Low-cost loans--You can use revolving credit High-cost fees--Your purchase will suddenly
to save today (e.g., at a one-day sale), when become much more expensive if you carry a
available cash is a week away. balance or miss a payment.
Instant cash--Cash advances are quick and Unexpected fees--Typically, you'll pay
convenient, putting cash in your hand when between 2 and 4 percent just to get the cash
you need it. advance; also cash advances usually carry high
interest rates.

Loans- Written or oral agreement for a temporary transfer of a property

(usually cash) from its owner (the lender) to a borrower who promises to return it
according to the terms of the agreement, usually with interest for its use.

If the loan is repayable on the demand of the lender, it is called a demand loan. If
repayable in equal monthly payments, it is an installment loan.

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 If repayable in lump sum on the loan's maturity (expiration) date, it is a time loan.
A written promise to repay the loan is called a promissory note.

Advantages of loan

Loans are advantageous for people because they offer:

 Flexibility: The loans after getting approved can be used for any purpose. The
loans are mush flexible if taken from friends or relatives.
 Quick and Fast: The loans generally take an hour to approve or disapprove. If
your loan amount is sanctioned then you will receive the amount within few
hours.
 Live savers: These loans make you out from critical situations and you can easily
get money during emergency, if you have the guarantee equal or more to the
amount you borrow.

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 Disadvantages of loan

 The loan is a long term debt. It means that you have to pay it for long period of
time. You have to pay monthly installments. You have to cut out your salary or
savings and pay the loan. Failing to pay the loan amount on time can cause
harm to your assured assets.
 You can face trouble if you miss the installment of loan by paying the penalties
and might have to undergo with some legal issues. Most of your assets coming
under loan guarantee can be seized.
 Most of the times, it happens that you are not allowed to pay complete
payment at one go, even if you have it. In this case you unnecessary pay the
interest to the lender for long term.
 The rate of interest is quite high on the principle amount and it cannot be
borrowed by everyone.

Online shopping-
The process of searching for and purchasing goods and services over
the Internet through the use of a web browser is referred to
as online shopping.

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The main allure of online shopping is that consumers may find and
purchase items they need (which are then shipped to their front door)
without ever needing to leave the house.

How does it work?

 You’ll need a credit or debit card and a secure password. This is something
you can make up, something unique to you and something nobody should
be able to guess.
 Online shopping is easy. Go to the site on which you want to shop. Click on
the item you want, click “add to basket” and then stop.
 Enter your credit or debit card details. There will often be a few random
characters on a display and you’ll be asked to enter those too. This is called
‘Captcha’, and it’s a way of making sure you’re a real person, not a piece of
software designed to defraud.
 So, you enter your details, complete your purchase and wait for your goods
to arrive.

Advantages and disadvantages-

1) Incredible convenience: In comparison to a brick and mortar store with fixed

hours, online shoppers can choose any time of the day or night to get on the
Web and shop. This is especially useful for moms with small children, people
that are home-bound, or simply in times of inclement weather; not to mention
if you just need to get the item within a certain amount of time and want the
absolute most convenient way to go about procuring it.

2) Price comparisons: When you visit a store, you most likely have to settle for
whatever price the vendor has placed on a particular item. Not so with online
shopping - you have the ability to compare prices from hundreds of different
vendors (see The Top Nine Comparison Shopping Sites). In addition, many
online stores want to keep you as a customer, and offer deep discounts if you

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 sign up for their newsletter; this is a good way to keep apprised of upcoming
sales you wouldn't have otherwise known about.

3) Infinite choice: Shelf space in a brick and mortar store is limited, which means
that your variety of goods is limited. Not so with an online store - the choices
are overwhelmingly abundant. Plus, if you don't see what you want in one
store online, you can simply move on to the next one - as the consumer,
you've got the power to do that.
4) Easy access to consumer reviews: It's easy to access consumer reviews for
pretty much any product you can think of online, which makes for more
informed purchases. Not sure you're up to buying something? Simply look at
the reviews from other consumers; you'll be able to make a much more
informed decision.
5) No pressure sales: We've all been awkwardly propositioned by eager
salespeople. You don't have to put up with that online at all. Again, you are
completely in charge of the experience.

Disadvantages-

Let's look at a few that might deter some customers from buying goods online:

1) You can't try things on. If you're buying a clothing item, you don't have
the ability to feel the material, try it on, and see how it's made. Unless
you know your measurements and are familiar with the brand of
clothing offered, this could end up being a bad experience. Of course,
most stores online make it very easy for you to return your item; in
addition, most stores post detailed measurement and fabric information
so these kinds of situations occur less often

2) You can't talk to someone immediately. If you have a question about

what you're looking at, you probably will have to wait at least 24 hours
to get a question answered (however, many sites have "instant chat"
enabled that take care of this issue).

3) Privacy and security: Privacy and security are legitimate concerns for
any online shopper, but there are precautions you can take to make sure
your transaction is a safe one.
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NET BANKING:

Net banking mean nothing but doing all your bank transactions online using internet.

SOME USES OF NET BANKING:

 Transfer money to other accounts,

 View balances,
 Add beneficiary,
 Order draft,
 Order a cheque book,
 Pay income tax,
 Get TDS certificate,
 Invest in Mutual Funds etc.

But, cannot do cash deposit, locker, cheque clearing.

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HOW TO USE:

 You can either visit bank and fill out an application for Internet Banking, visit nearest ATM to
Activate your Internet Banking and lastly use your ATM cum Debit Card to authenticate Internet
Banking.
 It is free in most of the Banks
 You will get user name and password.
 Log in to the website of the bank
 Log in to your account using the user name and password
 Create transaction password
 Change login password as you like
 Start using it

Phishing:
Phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card
details (and, indirectly, money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an
electronic communication.

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Phishing is a cybercrime in which people are contacted by

 email
 telephone
 text message

by someone posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into giving away sensitive data such as
personally identifiable information, banking and credit card details, and passwords and steal money
from banks or from credit cards .

The information is then used to access important accounts and can result in identity theft and financial
loss.

TYPES OF PHISING :
1. DECEPTIVE PHISHING---The most common type of phishing scam, deceptive phishing refers to
any attack by which fraudsters impersonate a legitimate company and attempt to steal people’s
personal information or login credentials.
2. SPEAR PHISHING---------in spear phishing scams, fraudsters customize their attack emails with
the target’s name, position, company, work phone number and other information in an attempt
to trick the recipient into believing that they have a connection with the sender.

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 3. CEO FRAUD
4. PHARMING-----------A method of attack which stems from domain name system (DNS) cache
poisoning. Under a DNS cache poisoning attack, a pharmer targets a DNS server and changes the
IP address associated with an alphabetical website name. That means an attacker can redirect
users to a malicious website of their choice even if the victims entered in the correct website
name.
5. DROPBOX PHISHING------Millions of people use Dropbox every day to back up, access and share
their files. Attackers try to capitalize on the platform’s popularity by targeting users with
phishing emails.
6. GOOGLE DOCS PHISHING---Fraudsters could choose to target Google Drive similar to the way
they might prey upon Dropbox users.

HOW TO PREVENT PHISING:

1. Change your password regularly

2. Do not use public computers to login
3. Do not share your details with anyone
4. Keep checking your savings account regularly
5. Always use licensed anti-virus software
6. Disconnect the internet connection when not in use
7. Type your internet banking URL

OPENING A BANK ACCOUNT:

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You can open a bank account in any bank as long as you have the eligibility to open an account

ELIGIBILITY TO OPEN ACCOUNT:

 Should be 18 years old, If less than 18 years old your parents are required to sign some forms.
 Should have valid identification and be willing to share basic information about yourself.
 Should have at least the minimum amount of money for opening account---varies from bank to
bank .

The documents required to open a bank account in India are:

 Proof of identity (passport, Aadhar card , Driver License ,Voter card )

 Proof of address (telephone bill or electricity bill)
 PAN card (income tax card)
 Photograph.

Process for Opening a account:

 Step 1: Choose a Bank

 Step 2:Visit the Bank Branch or Website
 Step 3: Choose the Product You Want – eg: Saving account
 Step 4: Provide Your Information ---- your personal information like date of birth ,address and
full name and also Govt.ID
 Step 5 : Deposit some money -----Minimum amount
 Step 6: Agree to Terms--------by signing to agree to terms
 Step 7: Print, Sign, and Mail (If Applicable)---This is done only if you have chosen website to
open an account
 Step 8: Congratulate Yourself! ----You are a proud owner of a Bank account.

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Then, the bank will mail anything needed for the account such as checkbooks and debit cards to your
mailing account.

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