7. TESTS ON BITUMEN 7.1 BITUMEN CONTENT AIM To determine the bitumen content as per ASTM 2172. APPARATUS FIG. 20 : CENTRIFUGE EXTRACTOR i) Centrifuge extractor ii) Miscellaneous - bow, filter paper, balance and commercial benzene SAMPLE Take 500g sample. 72PROCEDURE ') If the mixture is not soft enough to separate with a trowel, Place 1000g of it in a large pan and warm upto 100 C to Separate the particles of the mixture uniformly. il) Place the sample (Weight ‘A’) in the centrifuge extractor. Cover the sample with benzene, put the filter paper on it with the cover plate tightly fitted on the bowl. ili) Start the centrifuge extractor, revolving slowly and gradually increase the speed until the solvent ceases to flow from the outlet. iv) Allow the centrifuge extractor to stop. Add 200ml benzene and repeat the procedure. Repeat the procedure at least thrice, so that the extract is clear and not darker than the light straw colour and record the volume of total extract in the graduated vessel vi) Remove the filter paper from the bowl and dry in the oven at 110 + 5C. After 24hrs., take the weight of the extracted sample (Weight ‘B’). REPORTING OF RESULTS A-B Bitumen content = 100% Repeat the test thrice and average the results.7.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AIM PRINCIPLE It is the ratio of mass of an equal volume of w: temperature APPARATUS FIG. 21 : SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLES i) Specific gravity bottles of 50ml capacity ii) Water bath Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44°C, Graduation 0.2°C 74SAMPLE Take the sample (half the volume of the specific gravity bottles). PROCEDURE ') Clean, dry and weigh the specific gravity bottle alongwith the stopper (Weight 'A’). ii) Fill the specific gravity bottle with freshly boiled distilled water and insert the stopper firmly. Keep it in the water bath having a temperature of 27.0 + 1°C for not less than half an hour and weigh it (Weight ‘B') iii) Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the material (Weight 'C’) iv) Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the material and the other half with distilled water (Weight 'D’). ¥) Weigh the specific gravity bottle completely filled with the material (Weight 'E'). REPORTING OF RESULTS ; C= i) Specific gravity et (B-A)-(D-— fesidsiand semisolid) | ©) 4)-O=C) : ’ ; _E-A ii) Specific gravity SSA (Liquids) The average of the two results should be reported. qs:7.3 MARSHALL STABILITY AIM i er To determine the Marshall stability of bituminous mixture as p' ASTM D 1559. PRINCIPLE Marshall stability is the resistance to plastic flow of cnet Specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral ee - It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60°C a measured in kg. APPARATUS FIG. 22 : MARSHALL STABILITY APPARATUS i) Marshall stability apparatus ii) Balance and water bath SAMPLE From Marshall stability graph, select proportions of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler in such a way, so as to fulfill the required specification. The total weight of the mix should be 1200g. 76PROCEDURE i) ii) iii) ) v) vii) Heat the weighed aggregates and the bitumen separately upto 170 C and 163°C respectively. Mix them thoroughly, transfer the mixed material to the Compaction mould arranged on the compaction pedestal. Give 75 blows on the top side of the specimen mix with a Standard hammer (45cm, 4.86kg). Reverse the specimen and give 75 blows again. Take the mould with the specimen and cool it for a few minutes Remove the specimen from the mould by gentle pushing. Mark the specimen and cure it at room temperature, overnight. A series of specimens are prepared by a similar method with varying quantities of bitumen content, with an increment of 0.5% (3 specimens) or 1 bitumen content. Before testing of the mould, keep the mould in the water bath having a temperature of 60 C for half an hour. Check the stability of the mould on the Marshall stability apparatus. REPORTING OF RESULTS Plot % of bitumen content on the X-axis and stability in kg on the Y-axis to get maximum Marshall stability of the bitumen mix. A sample plot is given in Annexure-X. OF7.4 PENETRATION AIM To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS: 1203 - 1978 PRINCIPLE The penetration of a bituminous material is the distance in tenths of a mm, that a standard needle would penetrate vertically, into a Sample of the material under standard conditions of temperature, load and time. APPARATUS FIG. 23 : PENETROMETER i) Penetrometer ii) Water bath iii) Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44°C, Graduation 0.2°C 78SAMPLE Bitumen should be just sufficient to fill the container to a depth of at least 15mm in excess of the expected penetration. PROCEDURE i) ii) iii) ) y vi) vii) Soften the bitumen above the softening point (between 75 and 100°C). Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and water. Pour it into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in excess of the expected penetration. Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30°C for 1 ‘Zhrs. Then place it in a transfer dish in the water bath at 25.0 + 0.1°C for *Zhrs. Keep the container on the stand of the penetration apparatus. Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample. Adjust the dial reading to zero. With the help of the timer, release the needle for exactly 5 seconds. vill) Record the dial reading. ix) Repeat the above procedure thrice. REPORTING OF RESULTS The value of penetration reported should be the mean of not less than three determinations expressed in tenths of amm. 797.5 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT AIM To determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed native asphalt, cutback bitumen and blown type bitumen as per IS: 1209 - 1978. PRINCIPLE Flash Point - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes the vapours from the material to momentarily catch fire in the form of a flash under specified conditions of the test. Fire Point - The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds under specified conditions of the test. APPARATUS FIG, 24 : PENSKY - MARTENS APPARATUS 80i) Pensky-Martens apparatus ii) Thermometer- Low Range : -7 to 110°C, Graduation 0.5°C High Range : 90 to 370°C, Graduation 2c SAMPLE The sample should be just sufficient to fil the cup upto the mark given on it. PROCEDURE A) FLASH POINT i) Soften the bitumen between 75 and 100°C. Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and water. ii) Fill the cup with the material to be tested upto the filling mark. Place it on the bath. Fix the open clip. Insert the thermometer of high or low range as per requirement and also the stirrer, to stir it ili) Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature increase, recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5'C nor more than 6°C per minute. iv) Open flash point is taken as that temperature when a flash first appears at any point on the surface of the material in the cup. Take care that the bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame is not confused with the true flash, Discontinue the stirring during the application of the test flame. vy) Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time the flash occurs. 81B) FIRE POINT i) After flash point, heating should be continued at such a rate that the increase in temperature recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5°C nor more than 6 C per minute. il) The test flame should be lighted and adjusted so that it is of the size of a bead 4mm in dia. REPORTING OF RESULTS i) The flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time of the flame application that Causes a distinct flash in the interior of the cup. ii) The fire point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at which the application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn for at least 5 seconds.7.6 SOFTENING POINT AIM To determine the softening point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed native asphalt, road tar, coal tar pitch and blown type bitumen as per IS: 1205 - 1978. PRINCIPLE It is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of softening under specified condition of the test. APPARATUS FIG. 25 : RING AND BALL APPARATUS i) Ring and ball apparatus ii) Thermometer - Low Range : -2 to 80°C, Graduation 0.2°C - High Range : 30 to 200°C, Graduation 0.5°C 83PREPARATION OF SAMPLE i) The sample should be just sufficient to fill the ring. The excess sample should be cut off by a knife. ii) Heat the material between 75 and 100°C. Stir it to remove air bubbles and water, and filter it through IS Sieve 30, if necessary. ili) Heat the rings and apply glycerine. Fill the material in it and cool it for 30 minutes. iv) Remove excess material with the help of a warmed, sharp knife. PROCEDURE A) Materials of softening point below 80°C: i) Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position. ii) Fill the beaker with boiled distilled water at a temperature 5.0 + 0.5C per minute. iii) With the help of a stirrer, stir the liquid and apply heat to the beaker at a temperature of 5.0 + 0. 5c per minute. iv) Apply heat until the material softens and allow the ball to pass through the ring. vy Record the temperature at which the ball touches the bottom, which is nothing but the softening point of that material.7.7 DUCTILITY AIM To determine the ductility of distillation residue of cutback bitumen, blown type bitumen and other bituminous products as per IS: 1208 - 1978, PRINCIPLE The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the distance in cm to which it will elongate before breaking when a Standard briquette specimen of the material is pulled apart at a specified speed and a specified temperature. APPARATUS FIG. 26 : TESTING MACHINE i) Standard mould ii) Water bath ili) Testing machine iv) Thermometer - Range 0 to 44°C, Graduation 0.2°C 86PROCEDURE i) ii) ili) Completely melt the bituminous material to be tested by heating it to a temperature of 75 to 100°C above the approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid. Assemble the mould on a brass plate and in order to prevent the material under test from sticking, thoroughly coat the Surface of the plate and the interior surfaces of the sides of the mould with a mixture of equal parts of glycerine and dextrin. While filling, pour the material in a thin stream back and forth from end to end of the mould until it is more than level full. Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes and then place it in a water bath maintained at the specified temperature for 30 minutes, after which cut off the excess bitumen by means of a hot, straight-edged putty knife or spatula, so that the mould is just level full. Place the brass plate and mould with briquette specimen in the water bath and keep it at the specified temperature for about 85 to 95 minutes. Remove the briquette from the plate, detach the side pieces and the briquette immediately. Attach the rings at each end of the two clips to the pins or hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart horizontally at a uniform speed, as specified, until the briquette ruptures. Measure the distance in cm through which the clips have been pulled to produce rupture. While the test is being done, make sure that the water in the tank of the testing machine covers the specimen both above and below by at least 25mm and the temperature is maintained continuously within + 0. 5°C of the specified temperature. REPORTING OF RESULTS A normal test is one in which the material between the two clips pulls out to a point or to a thread and rupture occurs where the cross-sectional area is minimum. Report the average of three normal tests as the ductility of the sample, provided the three determinations be within + 0.5 percent of their mean value. 87ANNEXURE4 ‘Ajuo esodind uojeysnyl) 104 ae 2192) aAoge ey} Ul UAAIB seuNBY AY, :2}0N %902'0 anjea abesony %b0Z'0 = 001 x 98he %01z0 = 001 x SAEZ %802'0 = 001 x ME 00) Xe ae ‘i a-v uoyduosge J9}2/\\ 98bZ SLEZ pre (g) 6 ul ajdwes PaLp-UAAO Jo YBIE\A Lenz O8Ez 60r2 (v) 6 uy ajdwes paup-soeyins Payeinjes jo yBleny, i ‘ON UOReUUA}aq “ON’S SALVOAYOOV ASHVOS JO NOLLdYOSAV YALVM 89ANNEXURE4I ‘Ajuo esodind uojesjsniji 40) ese ejqe} eAoge ayy Ul uaaiB sainBy eyL 72J0N enjen a6eieny WES EL 0001 000s sz ov %4S°EL=001 x ose x (os98-00001) 000s or os £ 00001 000s se ov %9'Cb=001 xX ey iD (ov9e-0000+) 00s oF os z 00001 000s se or %S'E1=001 xX ———— ee mw (osge-o0001) 00s ov os ‘ (a6 Ww 5 u wu uy wu ul “oor x = 189) Joye anol SI waxes eAa1s SI 2Aa1S SI a-v ww} uo pauijes | seBseys | ajdwes | uo peurejei] yBnomy ‘on enjea uojseiqy gidwes yo 1y61=m | 40 ON | Jo 161M dweg |6ulssed ojdwes| -s SN IVA NOISVUEY SLVDSAYIOV 90AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE ANNEXURE-III Average value S.No. Net The The Aggregate weight of | fraction fraction impact aggregates | passing | retained on value in the through | 2.36mm SB ge Measure | 2.36mm | IS Sieve oA Z ing(A) | IS Sieve in g (C) in g (B) a 366 50 316 13.66% 2 350 48 S02 eet Size 13.68% Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration purpose only. 91ANNEXURE4V WATER CONTENT IN SOIL Description Determination No. No! 1 | WW 1 | Weight of empty container (W,) ing {20.12 | 20.08|20.00 2 | Weight of container + Wet soil (W,) in g]44.12 | 44.11|46.10 3. | Weight of container + Dry soil (W,) in g |41.18 | 41.16]43.01 CALCULATION: 1 | Weight of water = W,-W, 2.94 | 2.95 | 3.09 2 | Weight of solid = W.-W, 21.06 | 21.08 [23.01 3 Ww, 13.96 | 13.99|13.43 Water content w= x 100% ‘Average value 13.79% Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration purpose only. 92Water content (%)ANNEXURE-VI SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL 'S. |Descri No. tion Determination No. ry Ww] om |1_|Temperature in °c 31 | a1 | 31 2 |Weight of bottle (W,) in g 18.57| 18.50) 18.62 3. |Weight of bottle + Dry soil (W,) in g 28.57| 28.50| 28.62 4 |Weight of bottle + Soil + Water (W,) ing | 90.88| 90.20] 91.02 5 |Weight of bottle + Water (W,) in g 84.74) 84.00] 84.63 CALCULATION: ef . w,-W, 4 |Specific gravity G = —_* *___ 2.59| 2.63] 2.62 (W,-W,) - (W.-W.) | 2 |Average G (at 31°C) 2.61 3 |Corrected G (at 27°C), ea Gx Ratative density of water at room temperature '=Gx 2, Relative density of water at 27°C 0.995369 = 2.61 = 2.6069, say 2.61 *°9,996542 x Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration purpose only. 94ANNEXURE-VII RELATIVE DENSITY OF WATER Na eam pee Ss. Temperature Relative lensity No. (C) density 1 4 1.000000 | 22 25 0.997074 2 5 0.999992 | 23 26 0.996813 3 6 0.999968 | 24 27 0.996542 4 7 0.999930 | 25 28 0.996262 5 8 0.999876 | 26 29 0.995974 6 9 0.999809 | 27 30 0.995676 {4 40 0.999728 | 28 31 0.995369 8 1 0.999633 | 29 32 0.995054 9 12 0.999525 | 30 33 0.994731 40 13 0.999404 | 31 34 0.994399 11 14 0.999271 | 32 35 0.994059 12 15 0.999127 | 33 36 0.993712 13 16 0.998970 | 4 37 0.993357 14 7 0.998802 | 35 38 0.992994 15 18 0.998623 | 36 39 0.992623 16 19 0.998433 | 37 40 0.992246 47 20 0.998232 | 38 4 0.99186 18 2 0.998021 | 39 42 0.99147 19 2 0.997799 | 40 43 0.99107 20 23 0.997567 | 41 44 0.99066 a 24 0.997326 | 42 45 0.99024 95IN-SITU DRY DENSITY oF soiL S.| Description ANNEXURE-VIII eS BY CORE CUTTER METHOD Determi real | | | Internal dia. of core cutter inmm | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 | Internal height of core cutter in mm 129.75 | 129.75 | 129.75 3 | Volume of cutter (V) in cc 1019.05] 1019.05| 1019.05 | 4 | Weight of core cutter (W.) ing 1130 | 1130 | 1130 5 | Weight of core cutter + Soil (W,) ing} 3120 | 3122 3119 1 6 | Weight of soil (W,-W,) ing 1990 | 1992 1989 | W.-W, 7 | Bulk density of soil Y= a gcc} 1.95 | 4.95 1.95 | 8 | Moisture content (w) in % 17-75 | 17.76 | 17.73 p 1007 density of soil y, = g/cc | 1.66 1.66 1.66 9 | Dry density Gone Average value 1.66g/cc Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration purpose only. 96ANNEXURE-X IN-SITU DRY DENSITY oF SOIL BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD Calibration of @pparatus S.No.| Description Determination 1 Mean weight of sand in cone 450 (of pouring cylinder) (W,) in g 3 Volume of calibrating container 980 (V) in ml 3 | Weight of sand + Cylinder, 11040 before pouring (W,) ing 4 Mean weight of sand + Cylinder, 9120 after pouring (W,) ing 5) Weight of sand to fill calibrating 1470 container (W, = W,- W,- W,) ing 6 Bulk density of sand 3 Y= We X 1000kg/m* 1500kg/m’ | s JANNEXURE-IX (contd.) Measurement of soil density a Observation and calculations Determination No. E ! u MI 1 \Weight of wet soil from the hole 2310 | 2400 | 2280 (W,) ing 2 \Weight of sand + Cylinder, 11040 11042 | 11037 before pouring (W,) ing 3 | Weight of sand + Cylinder, 8840 8752 8882 after pouring (W,) ing 4 | Weight of sand in the hole 1750 1840 1705 (W, = W, - W,-W,) ing | 5 | Bulk density 1980 1956.5 | 2005.8 %= we x, kg/m pw, * % 6 |Water content (w) in % 18.48 18.81 | 19.26 7 \Dry density 1671.17 | 1646.75 | 1681.87 1007, ‘ 1, = 00+ w §o Dry density (Average value) 1667kg/m® Note: The figures given in the above tables are for illustration purpose only. 98UST OF SUPPLIE EQUIPMEN iG AIMIL Ltd. Malhotra House, Walchand Hirachand Marg, Opp. to G.P.O. Fort, Mumbai - 400 001. OF MATERIAL TESTING TS ALONGWITH THEIR ADDRESSES Testwell Scientific Instrument Pvt. Ltd. 5, Nand Dham, Ground Floor, Plot No. 270, Sion Cementary Road, Sion (W) - 400 022. Utile Equipments 13, Jal Tarang, Prabhat Road, Lane No.1, Pune - 411 004 Lawerence & Mayo (India) Pvt. Ltd. 3, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune - 411 001. Laxmi Sales & Agencies 84, Pannalal Nagar, Amaravati - 444 605. Commander Agencies 1466, Sadashiv Peth, Pune - 411 030. M/s Rout Scientific & General Traders 17/B, Ashiwini Society, Behind Hotel Monali, Wakadewadi, Pune - 411 005. DYEGLO 820/7, Shee-Krishna Kunj, Bhandarkar Institute Road, Pune - 411 004,