POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Introduction

Jaser A. Saed
Department of Electrical Engineering

Power Distribution Grid

Simple Power System

Every power system has three major components

generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and frequency

transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect conductor

load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Complications

No ideal voltage sources exist Loads are seldom constant Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance and flow limitations Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not work if any component fails

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Overview of the electricity infrastructure.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Generation

One of the essential components of power systems is the three phase AC generator known as synchronous generator or alternator.

Todays systems use AC generators with rotating rectifiers, known as brushless excitation systems. The generator excitation system maintains generator voltage and controls the reactive power flow.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Generation

There are two major control loops with which most large generators are equipped. The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) loop controls the magnitude of the terminal voltage. The Automatic Load-Frequency Control (ALFC) loop regulates the megawatt output and frequency(speed) of the generator. In a power plant, the size of generators can vary from 50 MW to 1500 MW.
Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Generation
The source of the mechanical power , commonly know as the prime mover, may be hydraulic turbines at waterfalls Steam turbines (65%) whose energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel. Gas turbines Occasionally internal combustion engines burning oil.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Generation

Steam turbines operate at relatively high speeds of 3600 or 1800 rpm. In a power station several generators are operated in parallel in the power grid to provide the total power needed. They are connected at a common point called a bus.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Notation - Power

Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy Power Units Watts = voltage x current for dc (W) kW 1 x 103 Watt MW 1 x 106 Watt GW 1 x 109 Watt Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW ( about 3 kW per person) In Gaza (140 MW)
Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Notation - Energy
Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system Energy Units Joule = 1 Watt-second (J) kWh Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J) Btu 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh.

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This is Generator for CWLPs Coal Plant

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A nuclear power plant, France

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Sources of Energy - US
Hydro 2.6% Nuclear 8.1% Natural Gas 22.9% Other 3.5% Petroleum 39.8%

Coal 23.1%

Total Annual US Energy Expenditures are about $900 Billion

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Generation Sources in US
Renewable Nuclear 0.2% 21.0% Petroleum 3.4% Hydroeletric 9.5% Gas 9.6%
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Coal 56.3%

Natural Gas Prices to 2007

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Transmission and Sub-transmission

The insulation requirements and other practical design problems limit the generated voltage to low values, usually 30 kV. Thus, step-up transformers are used for transmission of power. At the receiving end of the transmission lines stepdown transformers are used to reduce the voltage to suitable values for distribution or utilization. In modern utility system, the power may undergo four or five transformation between generator and ultimate user. Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Transmission Substation
The three-phase power leaves the generator and enters a transmission substation at the power plant. This substation uses large transformers to convert the generator's voltage (which is at the thousands of volts level) up to extremely high voltages for long-distance transmission on the transmission grid.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Transmission Line

Transmission line parameters Transmission line models Short line model (Less than 80 km) Medium line model (above 80km and below 250 km) Long line model (for lines 250 km and longer)

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Standard transmission voltages are established in the united States by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Transmission voltages lines operating more than 60 kV are standardized at 69 kV,115 kV, 138kV, 161 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 500 kV, and 765 kV line-toline.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Transmission voltages [30-230]kV-High Voltage(HV) Transmission voltages [230-765]kV- Extra-HighVoltage(EHV) Transmission voltages [765-1500]kV-Ultra-High Voltage(UHV)

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Sub-transmission

The portion of the transmission system that connects the high voltage substation through stepdown transformers to the distribution substations are called the sub transmission network Typically, the subtransmission voltage level ranges from (69 to 138) kV. Some large industrial customers may be served from the sub-transmission system. Capacitors banks and reactor banks are usually installed in the substations for maintaining the transmission line voltage. Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Sub-transmission
The place where the conversion from "transmission" to "distribution" occurs is in a sub-tran. A power substation typically does two or three things: It has transformers that step transmission voltages (in the tens or hundreds of thousands of volts range) down to distribution voltages (typically less than 10,000 volts).

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

It has a "bus" that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions. It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines can be disconnected from the substation when necessary.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

A typical small substation

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The transmission lines entering the substation and passing through the switch tower
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The switch tower and the main transformer

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The forming and breaking of an arc as a high-votlage disconnect switch (500 kV switch) is opened to shut down a power line. Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

230 kV 3-phase TL switch

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Goals of Power System Operation

Supply load (users) with electricity at

specified voltage (USA,120 ac volts),(Rest, 200-240) specified frequency(USA, 60 Hz)(Rest, 50 Hz) with minimum cost (usually)

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Loads
Loads of power systems are divided into: Industrial Commercial Residential Very large industrial loads may be served from the transmission system. Large industrial loads are served directly from the sub-transmission network. Small industrial loads are served from the primary distribution network.
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Major Impediments

The magnitude of loads varies throughout the day, and the power must be available to consumers on demand.

The greatest value of load during a 24-hr period is called the peak or maximum demand.
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Load Factor: is the ratio of average load over a designated (certain) period of time to the peak load occurring in that period. Load factor may be given for a day, a month, or a year.

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Example Yearly Electric Load

25000 20000
MW Load

15000 10000 5000 0

1 1035 1552 2069 2586 3103 3620 4137 4654 5171 5688 6205 6722 7239 7756 8273 518

Hour of Year

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

In West Bank the peak is 228.438 MW. In Gaza the peak is 92.92 MW Total Annual Energy in WB=890 GWh/year

Todays typical system load factors are in the range of 55 to 70 percent.

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Power System Protection

Power System Protection Basic Components 1.Voltage transformers and current transformers: To monitor and give accurate feedback about the healthiness of a system. 2. Relays: To convert the signals from the monitoring devices, and give instructions to open a circuit under faulty conditions or to give alarms when the equipment being protected, is approaching towards possible destruction.
Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

3. Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream equipment being protected. 4. Circuit breakers: These are used to make circuits carrying enormous currents, and also to break the circuit carrying the fault currents for a few cycles based on feedback from the relays. 5. DC batteries: These give uninterrupted power source to the relays and breakers that is independent of the main power source being protected.
Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University

Overview of Electrical Energy in West Bank

Eng. Jaser Sa'ed, Birzeit University