AUDIO-AMPLIFIER

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 2023/2024

Electronics and Communications

Department

Course Name: Analog Electronics

Course Code: ELC 1408

Team members ID:

Abdelrahman Saeed Sayed 13240068

Andrew Beshay Moussa 13240172

Abdelrahman Mohamed Abdelnaby 13240070

Belal Magdy EL-Hagary 13240072

Abdullah Ayman Mohamed 13240035

Zyad Mohammed Hazem 13240048

Asmaa Abozaid Abdelfattah 13240021

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CONTENTS

Section 1: Abstract: ....................................................................................................... 4

Section 2: circuit diagram and analysis. .......................................................................... 5
2.1 audio preamplifier analysis ................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Dc analysis. ................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Ac analysis................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Push-Pull power amp analysis ............................................................................. 11
2.2.1 DC analysis and power measurement. ........................................................... 11
Section 3: Simulation. .............................................................................................. 12
3.1 Circuit Schematic ........................................................................................... 12
3.2.1 Output waveform and gain. ........................................................................... 13
3.2.2 effect of the variable resistor on the gain ........................................................ 14
3.3 voice Output. .................................................................................................. 15
3.4 PCB LAYOUT. .................................................................................................. 16
Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 18

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SECTION 1: ABSTRACT:

Audio amplifiers play a pivotal role in Electronics and Communication Engineering, serving
as fundamental components in various systems, from personal audio devices to complex
communication networks. This abstract presents a comprehensive overview of the
importance of audio amplifiers in this field.

Firstly, audio amplifiers are indispensable in enhancing the quality and fidelity of audio
signals, ensuring optimal reproduction of sound across a wide range of frequencies. In
consumer electronics, such as smartphones, home entertainment systems, and portable
music players, audio amplifiers empower users to experience immersive audio
experiences with clarity and precision.

Moreover, in communication systems, audio amplifiers serve critical functions in signal

processing and transmission. They amplify weak audio signals from microphones,
enabling clear communication in telecommunication networks, public address systems,
and broadcasting stations. Additionally, audio amplifiers are integral in modulating and
demodulating audio signals, facilitating efficient transmission over various mediums like
radio waves, optical fibers, and satellite links.

Furthermore, advancements in audio amplifier technology have led to innovations in

Electronics and Communication Engineering. Class-D amplifiers, for instance, offer higher
efficiency and compactness, making them ideal for portable devices and energy-efficient
applications. Digital signal processing (DSP) techniques integrated into amplifiers enable
sophisticated audio processing, including equalization, compression, and noise reduction,
enhancing overall system performance.

In addition to Class-D amplifiers, Class-AB audio amplifiers represent another significant

advancement in amplifier technology. Class-AB amplifiers combine the efficiency of
Class-B amplifiers with the linearity of Class-A amplifiers, striking a balance between
power consumption and audio fidelity. They are commonly used in high-fidelity audio
systems, automotive audio applications, and professional audio equipment, where both
efficiency and audio quality are paramount.

In conclusion, the importance of audio amplifiers in Electronics and Communication

Engineering cannot be overstated. Their role in enhancing audio quality, enabling clear
communication, and driving technological innovations underscores their significance in
diverse applications. As the field continues to evolve, audio amplifiers, including both
Class-D and Class-AB variants, will remain indispensable components, driving
advancements in audio technology and communication systems.

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SECTION 2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ANALYSIS.

Figure 1: PA system block diagram.

A Public Address (PA) system is a sound reinforcement setup designed to

amplify and distribute audio signals to a large audience within a defined area. It
typically consists of microphones, amplifiers, speakers, and signal processing
equipment, all interconnected to facilitate clear and effective communication
or entertainment.

Applications of PA systems include:

1. Public Venues: PA systems are commonly used in public venues such as

stadiums, arenas, theaters, and auditoriums to amplify announcements,
music, and other audio content for large audiences.

2. Commercial Buildings: PA systems are installed in commercial buildings,

offices, malls, and airports to provide announcements, paging, and emergency
evacuation instructions to audiences.

3. Educational Institutions: PA systems are utilized in schools, colleges, and

universities for morning announcements, emergency alerts, and broadcasting
educational content to students and faculty.

4. Outdoor Events: PA systems are deployed in outdoor events such as

festivals, concerts, parades, and rallies to amplify live performances,
speeches, and event announcements for large crowds.

In conclusion, PA systems serve as vital communication tools in various

applications, facilitating effective distribution of information, entertainment,
and alerts to audiences of all sizes.

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The audio preamp circuit:

Figure 2: two-stage voltage preamplifier.

2. Audio Preamplifier:

- The audio preamplifier serves as the intermediary stage between the microphone
and the power amplifier in a public address system.

- Its primary function is to amplify the weak electrical signals produced by the
microphone to a level suitable for further processing and amplification.

- In addition to amplification, the preamplifier may incorporate features such as

impedance matching, signal conditioning, and noise reduction to enhance the quality
and clarity of the audio signal.

- Preamplifiers often provide controls for adjusting signal levels, such as gain and
volume, allowing operators to optimize audio levels according to the requirements of
the environment and the characteristics of the microphone.

- Furthermore, some preamplifiers offer built-in equalization and filtering, providing

additional flexibility and functionality in sound reinforcement applications.

- By preparing the audio signals for amplification while minimizing noise and
interference, the preamplifier plays a crucial role in ensuring clear and intelligible
audio reproduction in public address systems.

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The Power amplifier circuit:

Figure 3: class-AB power amplifier.

- Unlike the preamplifier, which focuses on boosting weak signals, the power
amplifier delivers sufficient power to the speakers to produce audible sound at the
desired volume levels.

- Power amplifiers come in various classes, including Class-A, Class-AB, and Class-
D, each offering different efficiency levels and performance characteristics suited for
specific applications.

- Class-AB amplifiers, for example, balances between efficiency and audio fidelity,
making them suitable for high-quality audio reproduction in public address systems,
concert venues, and professional audio setups.

- In addition to amplification, power amplifiers may incorporate features such as

thermal and overload protection, impedance matching, and crossover networks to
ensure reliable operation and optimize performance.

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2.1 AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER ANALYSIS

2.1.1 DC ANALYSIS.

The first stage (2Q3096, β=200):

330×103
𝑅𝐵1 = = 165𝑘Ω
2

330 × 103 330 × 103

𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 15 × − 15 × = 0𝑉
2 2

Input Loop KVL:

15 − 0.7 − 165𝐼𝐵1 − 34𝐼𝐸1 = 0

Substitution:

15 − 0.7 − 165𝐼𝐵1 − 34(1 + 𝛽) × 𝐼𝐵1 = 0

15 − 0.7
𝐼𝐵1 =
165 − 34 × (1 + 200)

𝐼𝐵1 = 2.043 𝜇𝐴

𝐼𝐶1 = 𝛽 × 𝐼𝐵1 = 200 × 2.043 × 10−6 = 0.408𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝐸1 = (𝛽 + 1) × 𝐼𝐵1 = (200 + 1) × 2.043 × 10−6 = 0.41𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝐶 0.408×10−3
𝑔𝑚1 = = = 16.32 𝑚𝐴/𝑉
𝑉𝑇 25×10−3

𝑉𝑇 25×10−3
𝑟𝜋1 = = = 12.24𝐾Ω
𝐼𝐵1 2.043 × 10−6

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For the second stage (2Q3904, β=200):

22 × 103 × 47 × 103
𝑅𝐵2 = = 15𝑘Ω
22 × 103 + 47 × 103
15 ×22×103 15 ×47×103
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = − = −5.43𝑉
69×103 69×103

Input loop:

−5.43 − 15𝐼𝐵2 + 0.7 − 135(1 + 𝛽)𝐼𝐵2 + 15 = 0

5.43 + 0.7 − 15
𝐼𝐵2 = = 8.47𝜇𝐴
−15 − 135(200 + 1)

𝐼𝐶2 = 𝛽 × 𝐼𝐵2 = 200 × 8.47 × 10−6 = 1.694𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝐸2 = (1 + 𝛽) × 𝐼𝐵2 = 201 × 8.47 × 10−6 = 1.7𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝐶2 1.694 × 10−3

𝑔𝑚2 = = = 67.76𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑇 25 × 10−3

𝑉𝑇 25×10−3
𝑟𝜋2 = = = 2.95𝑘Ω
𝐼𝐵2 8.47×10−6

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2.1.2 AC ANALYSIS.

𝑅𝑥 = (1 + 𝛽)𝑅4 = (1 + 200)(1000) = 201𝐾Ω

𝑅𝑦 = (1 + 𝛽)𝑅9 = (1 + 200)(130) = 26.130𝐾Ω

𝑣𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚2 × 𝑉𝜋2 × 𝑅8

𝑟𝜋2
𝑉𝜋2 = 𝑉𝑜 1 ( )
𝑟𝜋2 + 𝑅𝑦

𝑉𝑜1 = 𝑔𝑚1 × 𝑣𝜋1 × [𝑅5 ∥ 𝑅𝐵2 ∥ (𝑟𝜋2 + 𝑅𝑦 )]

𝑟𝜋1
𝑉𝜋1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 × [ ]
𝑟𝜋1 + 𝑅𝑥

𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝜋2 𝑟𝜋1
= 𝑔𝑚2 × 𝑅8 × [ ] × 𝑔𝑚1 [(𝑅5 ∥ 𝑅𝐵2 ) ∥ (𝑟𝜋2 + 𝑅𝑦 )] × [ ]
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝜋2 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑟𝜋1 + 𝑅𝑥

Maximum gain: at 𝑹𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝜷)(𝑹𝟗 ) = (𝟐𝟎𝟏)(𝟏𝟑𝟎) = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝑲Ω

2.95×103
Eq1 = 67.76 × 10−3 × 6800 × [ ] × 16.32 × 10−3
2.95×103 +26.13×103

22 × 103 × 15 × 103 3 3
12.24 × 103
× [( ) ∥ (2.95 × 10 + 26.13 × 10 )] × [ ]
22 × 103 + 15 × 103 12.24 × 103 + 201 × 103

𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖

Minimum gain at 𝑹𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝜷)(𝑹𝟗 + 𝑹𝟏𝟎 ) = (𝟐𝟎𝟏)(𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟎) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝑴Ω

Substitute in Eq1 (𝑹𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝑴Ω )

𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 10.88

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2.2 PUSH-PULL POWER AMP ANALYSIS

2.2.1 DC ANALYSIS AND POWER MEASUREMENT.

𝛽1 = 𝛽3 = 𝛽5 = 200

𝛽2 = 𝛽4 = 120

𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟒
𝑰𝑹𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝒎𝑨
𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

due to Current mirror: 𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝒎𝑨

𝑽𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟑𝑽

𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟓 = −𝟏𝟐𝑽

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟓 = −𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝑽

𝟎 − (−𝟏𝟏. 𝟑)
𝑰𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒌 = = 𝟕𝟔µ𝑨
𝟏𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟐 = 𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓𝑽

𝑰𝑪(𝒔𝒂𝒕) 𝑽𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 × 𝟏𝟓

𝑷𝑫𝑪 = = = 𝟔𝟓𝒎𝑾
𝝅 𝝅

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑰𝑪(𝒔𝒂𝒕) 𝑽𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 × 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟓𝟏𝒎𝑾

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟓𝟏
Maximum efficiency 𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓%
𝑷𝑫𝑪

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SECTION 3: SIMULATION.

3.1 CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

Figure 4: Circuit schematic on Proteus.

The microphone circuit that was used in the implementation of the project.

Components:

1.Condenser microphone

2. a 1kΩ resistor (Pull Up)

3. a Capacitor to filter the input signal

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3.2.1 OUTPUT WAVEFORM AND GAIN.

Figure 5: Digital Oscilloscope Output.

For input Sine wave of 25mV

1.39
Preamp gain = = 55.6 𝑣/𝑣
25×10−3

6.08
Total gain = = 243 𝑣/𝑣
25×10−3

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3.2.2 EFFECT OF THE VARIABLE RESISTOR ON THE GAIN

Figure 6: Minimum gain.

𝟖𝟎𝟓
Minimum gain = = 𝟑𝟐 𝒗/𝒗 at 𝑹𝟏𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎Ω
𝟐𝟓

Maximum gain = 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝒗/𝒗 𝒂𝒕 𝑹𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎Ω

For Any value above 4500Ω for 𝑹𝟏𝟎 the gain is very high, but the signal is clipped, and the audio is
distorted.

This is due to biasing instability because of High Emitter resistance value.

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3.3 VOICE OUTPUT.

Figure 7: Voice amplification.

The output signal is a bit distorted due to the absence of any filtration
stage.

The output signal can be clipped if the input signal from the microphone
spiked too high.

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3.4 PCB LAYOUT.

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The components used for PCB implementation:

1. 14 Resistors.
2. 3 Diodes.
3. 5 x μF Capacitors.
4. 1 x 100μF Capacitor.
5. 5KΩ Potentiometer.
6. 2 x 2Q3906 PNP transistor.
7. 3 x 2Q3904 NPN transistor.
8. 2 x BD135 power transistors.
9. Condenser microphone.
10. Speaker(3W,8Ω).
11. T-Blocks.

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CONCLUSION

-The audio amplifier PA (Public Address) project aimed to develop a high-

quality amplifier system suitable for addressing large audiences in various
settings. Through precise design and testing, the project successfully
achieved this objective by selecting appropriate amplifier topologies,
components, and configurations to optimize performance and reliability.

-Key features included the integration of addressable functionalities, enabling

precise control and management of audio distribution across different zones
or speakers. This enhanced the system's versatility for applications such as
public announcements, emergency alerts, and background music playback.

-The project provided insights into practical challenges such as power

efficiency, and system integration, highlighting critical factors influencing
overall performance. Future iterations could explore advanced signal
processing techniques, improved power delivery mechanisms, and enhanced
user interfaces for further refinement and functionality.

-Overall, the developed audio amplifier PA system represents a significant

achievement, demonstrating the successful integration of engineering
principles and practical applications to meet the evolving needs of public
address systems. Its robust performance, flexibility, and scalability hold
promise for deployment in various commercial, institutional, and public
venues, facilitating improved communication and engagement within
communities.

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