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Week 7

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6 views

Week 7

Uploaded by

soetun
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Week (7), Day (1)

Period (2)
3.7.2 Interpretation of Equal Area

From these equation ,

From above figure,

Thus for stability,


Subtracting area δ0abeδm from both sides of above equation, we get A2 = A1.

Thus for stability, A2 = A1

Therefore the following figure shows three different cases: The one shown in case (a) is
STABLE. Case b indicates CRITICALLY STABLE while case c falls under UNSTABLE.
Note that the areas A1 and A2 are obtained by finding the difference between INPUT and
OUTPUT.

Example 6

A synchronous motor having a steady state stability limit of 200 MW is receiving 50 MW


from the infinite bus bars. Find the maximum additional load that can be applied suddenly
without causing instability.

Solution

Referring to Figure, for critical stability A2 = A1

200 sin δ0 = 50 i.e.


Further 200sin δS = PS
Adding area ABCDEA to both A1 and A2 and equating the resulting areas
The above equation can be solved by trial and error method.

δS 0.85 0.9 0.95

RHS 0.8718 0.9363 0.9954

Using linear interpolation between second and third points we get δS = 0.927 rad.
0.927 rad. = 53.11 deg.
Thus PS = 200 sin 53.11 = 159.96 MW
Maximum additional load possible = 159.96 – 50 = 109.96 MW

3.7.3 Opening of one of the parallel lines

When a generator is supplying power to an infinite bus over two parallel transmission
lines, the opening of one of the lines will result in increase in the equivalent reactance and hence
decrease in the maximum power transferred. Because of this, depending upon the initial
operating power, the generator may loose synchronism even though the load could be supplied
over the remaining line under steady state condition.

Consider the system shown in Figure (a). The power angle diagrams corresponding to
stable and unstable conditions are shown in Fihure (b).

Figure-
Short circuit occurring in the system Short circuit occurring in the system often causes
loss of stability even though the fault may be removed by isolating it from the rest of the system
in a relatively short time. A three phase fault at one end of a double circuit line is shown in Fig.
9(a) which can be reduced as shown in following figure.
It is to be noted that all the current from the generator flows through the fault and this
current Ig lags the generator voltage by 90 degree. Thus the real power output of the generator is
zero. Normally the input power to the generator remains unaltered. Therefore, if the fault is
sustained, the load angle δ will increase indefinitely because entire the input power will be used
for acceleration. This may result in unstable condition.

When the three phase fault occurring at one end of a double circuit line is disconnected
by opening the circuit breakers at both ends of the faulted line, power is again transmitted. If the
fault is cleared before the rotor angle reaches a particular value, the system will remain stable;
otherwise it will loose stability as shown in following figure.

Note that the areas A1 and A2 are obtained by finding difference between INPUT and
OUTPUT.

When a three phase fault occurs at some point on a double circuit line, other than on the
extreme ends, as shown in following Figure (a), there is some finite impedance between the
paralleling buses and the fault. Therefore, some power is transmitted during the fault and it may
be calculated after reducing the network to a delta connected circuit between the internal voltage
of the generator and the infinite bus as shown in following Figure (b).
Stable, critically stable and unstable conditions of such systems are shown the following:
Week (7), Day (2)
Period (2)

Example 7

In the power system shown in Fig, three phase fault occurs at P and the faulty line was
opened a little later. Find the power output equations for the pre-fault, during fault and post-fault
conditions.
Solution

Pre-fault condition

During fault condition

Post-fault condition
3.7.4 Expression for Critical Clearing Angle δcc

Consider the power angle diagrams as shown in figure.


Area A2 = Area A1

Here critical clearing angle is given by

3.7.5 Critical Clearing Time

When we get the critical clearing angle, we can rewrite this equation to the simple form
of the system as shown in below.

from which is found for the critical claering


time of the system.
Example 8

Calculate the critical clearing angle and the critical clearing time for the system of figure
when the system is subjected to a three phase fault at point P on the short transmission line. The
initial conditions are Pe=Pmax sinδ = 2.10 sinδ; δ0 is 28.44; Pm is 1.0 p.u and H=5MJ/MVA.

Solution

Power angle Equation , Pe=Pmax sinδ = 2.10 sinδ

The initial rotor angle, δ0 = 28.44° = 0.496 elec rad

Example 9

In the power system described in the previous example, if the generator was delivering
1.0 p.u. just before the fault occurs, calculate δcc.

Solution
Week (7), Day (3)
Period (1)

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