PHYSICS

Class 9th (KPK)

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Chapter No: 1
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT
Comprehensive Questions
Q#1: Define Physics. How Physics play a crucial role in science, technology and society.
Ans: Physics:
Physics is the branch of science that involves the study of physical universe:
energy, matter, and how they are related.
Explanation
The study of physics is to understand the world around us, the world inside us and the
world beyond us. Physics covers a wide range of phenomena, from the smallest sub-atomic
particles to the largest galaxies and universe.
Physics and Science
Physics is at the root of every field of science. Most of the major developments in
Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Agricultural, Environmental science, Astronomy, Engineering and
even in medicine have been made by physicists.
Physics, Technology and its impact on our Society:
Physics is concerned with gathering knowledge and organizing it. Technology lets
humans use that knowledge for practical purposes. Physical phenomenon is there behind every
technology and therefore physics has a key role in the progress of humankind and in the
improvement of quality of living.
Example # 1:
Physics provide basic understanding for developing new instrumentation for medic al
applications such as CT Scan, MRI and laser technology.
Example # 2:
The use of physics in information technology has improved the standard of
communication. Mobile cell phones are commonly used even by illiterates. Hologram technology
is a three-dimensional image.
Example # 3:
Physics investigate the motion of electrons and rockets, the energy in sound waves and
electric circuits, the structure of the proton and of the universe.

Q#2: What is SI? Name SI base quantities and their units?

Ans: International System of Units:
In 1960, an international conference was held near Paris in France. In this conference, it
was decided to introduce a system which could be used all over the world. It was given the name
of system international. The international system of unit’s is abbreviated as SI units. In this system
seven quantities were chosen as basic quantities. The units of these quantities are defined and
they are known as Base units, from which all other units are derived.
The seven basic physical quantities, their SI base units and symbols are given in table.
Base Quantity SI Base Unit Symbol of SI Unit
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
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Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd

Q#3: What are physical quantities? Distinguish between base and derived physical
quantities.
Ans: Physical Quantities:
All those quantities which can be measured are called physical quantities.
Example:
Length, mass, time, density and temperature etc.
Difference between base and derived physical quantities:

Base Quantities Derived Quantities

Minimum number of physical quantities The physical quantities defined in term of
selected and their units are defined and base quantities are called derived
standardized such that in terms of these quantities.
all other physical quantities can be
expressed are called base quantities.
These are seven in number. These are infinite, having no fix number.
Examples: Examples:
Length, mass, time, electric current, Speed, area, volume , density, work and
temperature, amount of substance and momentum etc.
intensity of light.

Q#4: What is standard form or scientific notation?

Ans: Scientific Notation:
Scientific notation is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be
easily written in decimal form.
Explanation:
A large or small number ‘N’ can be expressed in terms of a number ‘M’ and a power of
10 like
N=M x 10n
Where ‘M’ represents a number whose first digit is non-zero digit and ‘n’ represent the
power of 10 which may be positive or negative.
Example:
The mass of moon is approximately 70,000,000,000,000,000,000,000kg, which in
standard form or scientific notation is 7 x 1022 kg.
Similarly, the diameter of atomic nucleus is about 0.000000000000001m, which in standard form
or scientific notation is 1 x 10-14 m.

Q#5: What are prefixes? Explain with examples.

Ans: Prefixes:
A mechanism through which a very small or very large number is expressed in
terms of power of 10 by giving a proper name to it is called prefixes.
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Explanation:
Prefixes are used before a standard unit to show how much larger or smaller the
given physical quantity is as compared to the standard unit of that quantity.
Prefixes make standard form to be written even more easily. Large numbers are
simply written in more convenient prefix with units.
Examples:
The thickness of a paper can be written conveniently in smaller units of millimeter
instead of meter.
Similarly, the long distance between two cities may be expressed better in a bigger unit of
distance, i.e. kilometer. A useful set of prefixes are given in table:

Decimal Decimal
Prefix Symbol Prefix Symbol
multiplier multiplier
1018 Exa E 10-1 deci d
1015 Peta P 10-2 centi c
1012 Tera T 10-3 milli m
109 Giga G 10-6 micro μ
106 Mega M 10-9 nano n
103 Kilo K 10-12 pico p
102 Hecto H 10-15 femto f
101 Deca Da 10-18 atto a

Q#6: Describe the construction and use for measurement of the following instruments:
a. Vernier Calliper
b. Screw Gauge
Ans(a): Vernier Calliper:
A device used to
measure a fraction of smallest
scale division by sliding
another scale over it is called
vernier calliper.
Construction:
There are two scales on
vernier calipers.
1. Main Scale:
A main scale which has markings of usually of 1mm each and it contains jaw A on its left
end.
2. Vernier Scale:
A vernier (Sliding) scale which has markings of some multiple of the marking on the main
scale. The vernier scale usually has length of 9mm and is divided equally into 10 divisions. The
9
separation between two lines on vernier scale is mm = 0.9mm. Vernier scale contains jaw B
10
on its left end.
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Vernier Constant or Least Count:

Minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of a vernier callipers is
called vernier constant or least count of vernier callipers. The least count of vernier callipers is
calculated b:
Smallest division on main scale
Least count= .
Total no. of divisions on vernier scale
If the smallest main scale division is 1mm and vernier scale division has 10 divisions on it then
the least count is:
1mm
Least count =
10
= 0.1mm
= 0.01 cm
Uses of Vernier Calliper:
Vernier calliper is an instrument used to measure small length accurately upto 0.1mm or
0.01 cm. It can be used to measure the thickness, diameter or width of an object and the internal,
external diameter of hollow cylinder.

(b). Screw Gauge:

A device used to measure a fraction of smallest scale division by rotatory motion of
circular scale over it is known as screw gauge.
Construction:
A screw gauge consists of a
“U” shaped frame, which is attached
to a hollow cylindrical tube on one
end. The hollow tube has a uniformly
threaded nut inside it. A long stud with
a plane face is fitted into this nut.
Exactly on the opposite side of this nut
and on -the other end of “U” shaped
frame, a smaller stud with a plane face
is also attached. Faces of both the
studs are exactly parallel to each other.
The smaller stud is known as the anvil and the longer one is known as the spindle. The anvil is
fixed part of device, whereas the spindle moves. The object to be measured is held between the
anvil and the spindle.
Least Count of Screw Gauge:
The minimum length which can be measured accurately by a screw gauge is called least
count of screw gauge. The least count of screw gauge is found by dividing its pitch (pitch is the
distance travelled by the circular scale on linear scale in one rotation) by the total number of
circular scale division.
Pitch of Screw Gauge
Least count=
Total no.of division on circular scale
If the pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5mm and the number of divisions on circular scale is 50 then
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0.5 mm
Least Count =
50
= 0.01 mm
or
= 0.001 cm
Uses of Screw Gauge:
The screw gauge is used to measure very short lengths such as the thickness of metal sheet
or diameter of a wire up to 0.01 mm or 0.001cm.

Q#7: What is meant by the significant figures of measurement? What are the main points
to be kept in mind while determining the significant figures of measurement?
Ans: Significant Figures:
The number of accurately known figures and the first doubtful figure are known as
significant figures.
Explanation:
There are two types of values, exact and measured. Exact values are those that are counted
clearly. For example, while reporting 3 pencils or 2 books, we can indicate the exact number of
these items.
On the other hand, values associated with measurements of any kind are uncertain to some extent.
For example, if we want to measure the length of a pencil with an ordinary meter ruler having
least count of 1mm and we note that the length of the pencil is greater than 67 mm and less than
68 mm. We can estimate that the length of the pencil is 67.5 mm. This length is accurate in mm
upto 67, but the last fraction of mm has been guessed. There is a chance of error in the last figure.
It is known as the doubtful figure.
General Rules For Significant Figures:
1. Non-zero digits are always significant. That is all the digits from 1 to 9 are significant. For
example, the number of significant figures in 47.73 is four.
2. Zero in between two significant digits is always significant. For example, the number of
significant figures in 32.50063 is seven.
3. Zeros to the left of significant figures are not significant. For example, the number of
significant figures in 0.00467 is three.
4. Zeros to the right of the significant figure may or may not be significant. In decimal fractions
zero to the right of a decimal fraction are significant. For example, in 7.400 there are four
significant figures. For example, in number 80,000 we may have 1, 2 or even 5 significant
figures.
5. In scientific notation or standard form, the figures other than power of ten are all significant,
for example mass of electrons is 9.11 x 10-31kg. There are three significant figure in it.
Rules for Rounding Off Significant Figures:
a. If the last digit is less than 5 then it will be ignored. e.g. 2.6573 is rounded to 2.657.
b. When the dropping digit is greater than 5 then the last retained digit increased by 1. e.g.
2.6578 is rounded to 2.656.
c. When the dropping digit is 5 and the last retained digit is even then the last digit i.e. 5 will
be dropped without affecting the next one e.g. 2.6585 is rounded to 2.658.
d. If the last digit is 5 and the 2nd last is an odd digit then the 2nd last digit is increased by 1 in
order to round off 5. e.g. 2.6575 is rounded to 2.658.
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TOPIC WISE QUESTIONS

Q.8 Discuss the contribution of Muslim scientists in the development of physics?

Ans. Scientists of the Islamic world contributed in the development of physics. Few of the notable
scientists are;
YAQUB KINDI (800-873 AD)
He was born in Basra, Iraq. He had done valuable work in the field of meteorology, specific
gravity and on tides. His most important work was done in the field of optics, especially on
reflection of light.

IBNAL HAITHAM (965-1039 AD)

He was born in Basra, Iraq. He was great scholar of his time. His greatest work is the book
on optics named Kitab-ul-Manazir. He is also considered as the inventor of the pin-hole camera.

AL-BERUNI (973-1048 AD)

He was an Afghan scholar and wrote 150 books on physics, cosmology, geography, culture,
archeology and medicine. Al Beruni discussed the shape of earth the movement of the sun, moon
and the phases of moon.

Q.9 Discuss the work of famous Pakistani physicists?

Ans:
Dr. Abdus Salam (1926-1996)
He was born in Jhang in 1926. He was a Pakistani theoretical physicist. He shared the
1979 Nobel prize in physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for his contribution
to the electroweak unification theory. He was the first Pakistani to receive a Nobel prize in
Science.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
He was born in Bhopal, India in 1936. He is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and a
metallurgical engineer, who founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan’s atomic
bomb project. He founded and established the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976,
and served as both its senior scientist and Director- General until he retired in 2001.

Q.10 What is Physics? Describe main branches of physics.

Ans. Physics:
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the properties of matter, energy
and their mutual relationship.
Branches of Physics:
1. Mechanics:
The branch of physics which deals with the motion of material objects under the action
of forces.
Examples:
Falling objects, friction, weight, spinning objects.
2. Heat and Thermodynamics:
The branch of physics which deals with the heat and temperature and their relation to
energy. It also deals with the transformation of heat energy into other forms of energy.
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Examples:
Melting and freezing processes, engines, refrigerators.
3. Oscillations and Waves:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of to and fro motion and various
properties of waves.
Examples:
Mass-spring system, water waves, sound waves etc.
4. Optics:
The branch of physics which deals with the nature of light, its propagation, reflection,
refraction, dispersion and the wave properties of light.
Examples:
Mirrors, lenses, telescopes, Eye.
5. Electricity and Magnetism:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of static as well as moving charges and
associated physical phenomena.
Examples:
Electrical charge, circuitry, magnets, electromagnets.
6. Atomic And Nuclear Physics:
The branch of physics which deals with the structure and properties of individual atoms
and nuclei of an atom.
Examples:
X-rays, lasers, nuclear reactor, MRI, CT scan, PET Scan.
7. Relativity:
The branch of physics which deals with the objects moving with very high speed and
gravitation.
Examples:
Particle accelerators, Nuclear energy.
8. Quantum Physics:
Quantum Physics is that branch of physics which deals with discrete, indivisible units of
energy called quanta as describe by quantum theory.
Examples: The atom and its parts.
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9. Particle Physics:
It is the branch of physics in which we study the nature of the particles that constitute
matter and radiation.
Examples:
Quarks, Leptons, photons, Bosons etc.
10. Cosmology and Astrophysics:
It deals with the study of the origin, evolution and eventual fate of the universe.
Examples:
Stars, galaxies and black holes.
11. Biophysics and Medical Physics:
It deals with the study of physical interactions of biological processes and application of
physics health processes such as prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Examples:
MRI, CT scan, Radiotracers and conduction in living cells.

Q11: What are physical quantities? Discuss its types.

Ans:
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
All those quantities which can be measured are called physical quantities.
Examples:
Length, mass, time, density and temperature etc.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

There are two types of physical quantities which are given below;
1. Base physical quantities
2. Derived physical quantities

BASE PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

Minimum number of physical quantities selected and their units are defined and
standardized such that in terms of these all other physical quantities can be expressed are called
base quantities.
There are seven base quantities which are mass, length, time, current, temperature,
intensity and amount of substance.

BASE UNITS:
In SI, seven physical quantities are chosen as base and their units are defined, standardized
and are called base units.
OR
The units of base quantities are known as base units.
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The seven base physical quantities, their SI base units and symbols are given in table.
Base Quantity SI Base Unit
Name Symbol Name Symbol
Length L Meter m
Mass m Kilogram kg
Time T Second s
Electric charge I Ampere A
Temperature T Kelvin K
Luminous intensity I Candela cd
Amount of substance N Mole mol

DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

The physical quantities defined in terms of base quantities are called derived physical
quantities.
Examples:
work, area, volume, speed, power etc.
DERIVED UNITS
Units derived from multiplying and dividing base units are termed as derived units. In SI
units for all other physical quantities can be derived from seven base units.
Some derived quantities with derived units are given in the table.
Derived Quantity Derived Unit
Name Symbol Name Symbol
Area A Square meter m2
Speed V Meter per second ms-1
Force F Newton N=kgms-2
Energy E,U Joule J=kgm2s-2
Pressure P Pascal Pa=kgm-1s-2

Q.12 What is system of units?

Ans. SYSTEM OF UNITS:
A complete set of units for all physical quantities is called system of units.
There are several system of units.
For example;
Meter kilogram second system (MKS)
Foot pound second system (FPS)
But the system which is used internationally is system International (SI).

Q.13 What are measuring instruments?

Ans. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
Measuring instruments are devices to measure physical quantities.
Physicists use large number of measuring instruments. These range from simple objects
such as rulers and stopwatches to Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Scanning Tunneling
Electron microscope (STEM). All measuring instruments have some measuring limitations.
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LEAST COUNT:
Least count is the minimum value that can be measured on the scale of a measuring
instrument.

Q.14 What is meter rule?

Ans. Meter rule is used to measure the length of objects or the distance between two points.
Rulers are made from different materials and in a wide range of sizes.

Q.15 Describe the purpose, construction and use for measurement of vernier caliper?
Ans. VERNIER CALLIPERS:
A device used to measure a fraction of smallest scale division by sliding another scale
over it is called vernier caliper.
PURPOSE:
Vernier calliper is
used to measure the length,
thickness, diameter or width of
an object and the internal,
external diameter of hollow
cylinders and the depths.
CONSTRUCTION:
There are two scales
on vernier calliper;
1. Main Scale
2. Vernier Scale
MAIN SCALE:
A main scale which has markings of usually 1mm each and it contains jaw A on its left
end.
VERNIER SCALE:
A vernier scale (sliding) scale which has markings of some multiple of the markings
on the main scale. The vernier scale usually has length of 9mm and is divided equally into 10
divisions. The separation between two lines on vernier scale is 9/10 mm=0.9mm. Vernier scale
contains jaw B on its left end.
VERNIER CONSTANT OR LEAST COUNT:
Minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of a vernier callipers
is called vernier constant or least count of vernier calipers. The least count of vernier callipers is
calculated by
smallest division on main scale
Least Count =
total no.of divisions on vernier scale
If the smallest main scale division is 1mm and vernier scale division has 10 division on
it then the least count i.e.
1mm
Least count=
10
= 0.1 mm
=0.01 cm
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ZERO ERROR:
On closing the jaws of the callipers, the zero of the vernier scale may or may not coincide
with the zero of the main scale. If their zero does not coincide, there is zero error in the instrument.
POSITIVE ZERO ERROR:
When the zero of the vernier scale remains right to the zero of the main scale, such error is
called positive zero error.
NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR:
When the zero of the vernier scale is left of the zero of the main scale, such error is called
negative zero error.

HOW TO FIND ZERO ERROR:

Bring the jaws of vernier calliper towards each other so that they touch each other. Now note
the division of vernier scale which exactly coincides with any division of the main scale. Note it
as “n” and multiply it with the least count.
ZERO CORRECTION:
If the error is positive this value (n×L.C) is subtracted from the actual reading. If the error is
negative, the value is added to the actual reading.

MEASUREMENT WITH VERNIER CALLIPERS:

Suppose we want to measure the diameter of a small solid cylinder with the vernier calipers,
we will use the following method;
1. First of all check the zero error of the vernier callipers.
2. Now place the object between the jaws of vernier calipers and tight them.
3. Now note the reading on main scale. Let this reading be represented by “x”.
4. Now note a division on the vernier scale which coincides with any division of main scale.
Now multiply this division of vernier scale with least count. Let this reading be “y”.
5. Now add “x” and “y” (x+y) which is measurement of the given object.
6. In case of zero error, add negative error with (x+y) and in case of positive error subtract the
error from (x+y).
i.e Accurate Measurement= (x+y)± zero error.

Q.16 Describe the purpose, construction and use for measurement of screw gauge?
Ans. SCREW GAUGE:
A device used to measure a fraction of smallest scale division by rotatory motion of
circular scale over it is known as
screw gauge.
CONSTRUCTION:
A screw gauge consists
of a “U” shaped frame, which is
attached to a hollow cylindrical tube
on one end. The hollow tube has a
uniformly threaded nut inside it. A
long stud with a plane face is fitted
into this nut. Exactly on the opposite
side of this nut and on the other end of
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“U” shaped frame, a smaller stud with a plane is also attached. Faces of both the studs are exactly
parallel to each other. The smaller stud is known as the anvil and the longer one is known as the
spindle. The anvil is fixed part of device, whereas the spindle moves. The object to be measured
is held between the anvil and the spindle.
PITCH OF SCREW GAUGE:
The distance travelled by the circular scale on linear scale in one rotation is called the
pitch of screw gauge.
LEAST COUNT OF SCREW GAUGE:
The minimum length which can be measured accurately by a screw gauge is called least
count of screw gauge. The least count of screw gauge is found by dividing its pitch by the total
number of circular scale divisions.
𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠
Least count=
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
If the pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5mm and the number of divisions on circular scale is 50
then
0.5 mm
Least count=
50
= 0.01 mm
or =0.001 cm

ZERO ERROR:
Turn the thimble until the anvil and spindle meet. If the zero mark on the thimble scale does
not lie directly opposite the datum line of the main scale, we say that there is zero error.
POSITIVE ZERO ERROR:
If the zero of the circular scale remains below the horizontal line then such zero error is
called positive zero error.
NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR:
If the zero of the circular scale remains above the horizontal line of the linear scale then such
zero error is called negative zero error.

HOW TO FIND ZERO ERROR:

Bring the bolt towards the stud by rotating cap of the screw, so that they touch each other.
Note the division on the circular scale that exactly coincides with the horizontal line of the linear
scale. Multiply this division “n” with the least count to get the zero error.
ZERO CORRECTION:
If there is zero error, then for correct measurement, we add the negative error or subtract the
positive error from the actual reading.

MEASUREMENT WITH SCREW GAUGE:

Suppose we want to measure the diameter of a small sphere by using screw gauge we will use
the following method;
1. First of all check the screw gauge for zero error.
2. Place the object between anvil and spindle and tight the sphere by rotating the thimble.
3. Now note the reading on linear scale and denote it by “x”.
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4. Now note a division on circular scale which coincides with the horizontal line of the
linear scale. Now multiply this division with the least count. Let this reading be denoted
by“y”.
5. Now add “x” and “y” (x+y) to get the result.
6. In case of zero error, to get the actual measurement, subtract positive zero error an add
negative zero error to (x+y).
i.e Accurate Measurement = (x+y)± zero error

Q.17 What is physical balance?

Ans. PHYSICAL BALANCE:
It is a device which is used for measuring the mass of a body.
EXPLANATION:
Physical balance is a common balance where there are two pans and we measure
weight of an object by putting it in one pan and a known weight in the other.
A physical balance is a very sensitive common balance which can measure weight in
milligram order. It is placed in a protective glass case so that even dust and wind can not affect
the accuracy of the instrument.

Q.18 What is stop watch? Discuss its types and their working?
Ans. STOP WATCH:
It is a device which is used for measuring specific intervals of time.
There are two main types of stop watch;
1. Mechanical or Analogue Stop Watch
2. Digital Stop Watch
MECHANICAL/ ANALOGUE STOP WATCH:
It consists of two hands a small minute hand and a long second hand. Scales for each hand
are marked on a circular dial.
WORKING:
To note the time both the hands are set at zero by pressing and releasing the knob. As the
knob is pressed and released again, the watch starts.
When the second’s hand completes two rotations of 30 seconds each, the minute hand
advances by one division. When it is required to be stopped, again the same knob is pushed, the
watch stops, and time can be noted.

DIGITAL STOP WATCH:

A digital clock is a type of clock with a digital display.
OR
Digital Stopwatch shows the time in the form of digits.
WORKING:
The timing functions in digital stopwatch are usually controlled by two buttons on the case.
Pressing the top button starts the timer running, and pressing the button a second time stops it,
leaving the elapsed time displayed.
A press of the second button then resets the stopwatch to zero. The second button is also
used to record split times or lap times. When the split time button is pressed while the watch is
running, the display freezes, allowing the elapsed time to that point to be read, but the watch
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mechanism continues running to record total elapsed time. Pressing the split button a second time
allows the watch to resume display of total time.

Q.19 Discuss the purpose, construction and working of measuring cylinder.

Ans. MEASURING CYLINDER:
Measuring cylinder is a device with the help of which we can determine the volume of a
liquid as well as volume of irregular solid body such as key.
CONSTRUCTION:
It is made of transparent plastic or glass and it has a vertical scale in milliliter (ml) or cubic
centimeter (cm3).
WORKING:
Water is poured into a measuring cylinder until the cylinder is about half full. Note the
volume of water.
Now an irregular shaped object is lowered gently into the cylinder such that it is immersed
completely and note the volume of water again. The final volume is the sum of volume of water
and volume of the object.
The volume of the object is found by subtracting the first reading from the second.

Conceptual Questions:
Q#1: How technology is shaped by physics?
Ans: Physics and technology are closely related. Physics is concerned with gathering knowledge
and organizing it. So, Physical phenomenon is there behind every technology.
For example:
1. Buses, cars, motorcycles etc. are the important means of transport in modern technologies
which are based on the principle of mechanics.
2. Heat engines work on the principle of thermodynamics.
3. Computer is used in the modern technology which works on the principle of physics.
4. The discovery of laws of electromagnetic induction enabled the engineers to develop
electric generators.
5. The discovery of nuclear fission led to the development of nuclear power plant which
produce huge amount of energy for use.
6. Physics helps in the development of new instruments for medical applications such as CT
scan, MRI and LASER etc.
From the above discussion, it is clear that physics has played an important role in the
development of various technologies.

Q#2: Physics and biology are considered different branches of science, how physics links
with biology?
Ans: Physics helps biology to great extent for example:
i. Physics leads us to great invention like microscope, electron microscope, Computer
Tomography (CT scan), Ultrasonic Machines, X-rays etc.
ii. Physics has invented concave and convex lenses which are widely used to correct short
and long sightedness.
iii. The movement of muscles and bones are studied and followed by the principles of physics
(lever and its types).
iv. Physics has helped a lot to understand photosynthesis by describing the nature of light.
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Q#3: Why are measurements important?

Ans: Measurement is one of the most basic concepts in science. Physics deals with physical
quantities which can be measured. So, measurement provides a standard for everyday things and
processes.
Examples:
Some examples from daily life have shown the importance of measurement.
1. Without the ability to measure, it would be difficult for scientists to conduct experiments.
2. Without measurements, there would be no concept of freezing point, boiling point and
density etc.
3. Without measurements, patients are unable to take correct dose of medicines.
4. Without measurements, buying and selling of things are impossible.
5. It is also essential in farming, engineering, construction, and manufacturing etc.
6. From weight, temperature, length, even time is a measurement and it does play a very
important role in our lives.

Q#4: Why area is a derived quantity?

Ans: A derived quantity is the combination of various base quantities. Thus, area is a derived
quantity because in area the same base quantity “length” occurs twice (in the form of length and
breadth).
As we know that
Area = Length x breadth
Area = 𝜾𝜾 x 𝜾𝜾
= 𝜾𝜾 2
As unit of length is “m”
So,
Unit of area is ‘m2’.

Q#5: Name any four derived units and write them as their base units?
Ans: Four derived units are newton, pascal, joule and ohm.
Derived units in term of base units are given below:

Derived Quantities Derived Units Derived unit in term of base unit

Volume Cubic meter m3

Acceleration Meter per second square ms-2
Force Newton (N) kg ms-2
Pressure Pascal (Pa) kg m-1 s-2

Q#6: Why in physics we need to write in scientific notation?

Ans: Scientific notation is an easy way of writing numbers that are very big or very small. In
physics we need to write number in scientific notation because with the help of scientific notation
we can express very large or very small number easily. A large or small number “N” can be
expressed in term of a number “M” and a power of 10. e.g.;
N=Mx10n
Where “M” represents a number whose first digit is non-zero digit and “n” represent the
power of 10 which may be positive or negative.
For example:
150, 000,000,000 m is expressed in terms of scientific notation as 1.5x1011m.
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Q#7: What is least count? How least count for vernier caliper and screw gauge are defined?
Ans: Least Count:
Least Count is the minimum value that can be measured on the scale of measuring
instrument.
Least Count of Vernier Calliper:
The minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of vernier caliper is
called least count of vernier calliper.
Least count can be obtained from dividing the value of smallest division on main scale by total
number of divisions on vernier scale.
smallest division on main scale
Least Count=
total no.of dividion on vernier scale
If smallest main scale division is 1mm and vernier scale division has 10 divisions then the
least count is
1mm
Least Count = = 0.1mm
10

Least Count of Screw Gauge: The minimum length which can be measured accurately by a
screw gauge is called least count of the screw gauge.
The least count can be obtained by dividing its pitch by the total number of circular scale division:

Pitch of the screw gauge

Least count =
total no.of divisions on circular scale

If the pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5mm and the number of divisions on circular scale is 50 then
0.5mm
Least count = = 0.01mm
50

Q#8: How can we find the volume of a small pebble with the help of measuring cylinder?
Ans: Take a measuring cylinder and put some water into it about half full. Note the initial volume
of water. i.e. Initial volume =Vi
Now a pebble is lowered gently into the cylinder such that it is immersed completely and note the
final volume. The final volume is the sum of volume of water and volume of pebble which is Vf.
Now, find the difference “∆V” in volume which is the volume of the pebble.
Volume of the pebble = ∆V = Vf – Vi

ASSIGNMENTS
1.1 The mass of earth is 5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. Write this number in
standard form/ scientific notation.
DATA:
Mass of earth = 5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg
FIND:
Standard form=?
SOLUTION:
As we know that
N= M×10n
So,
5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000kg= 5.98×1024kg
Therefore, mass of earth in scientific notation is 5.98×1024kg.
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1.2 Calculate the number of seconds in a week. Express the number in power of 10
notation.
Data:
Number of seconds in a week=?
SOLUTION:
No. of days in1 week =7 days
No. of hours in 1 day =24 hours
No. of minutes in 1 hour =60 min
No. of seconds in 1 min=60 sec
So,
1 week=1×7×24×60×60
1 week= 604800 sec
In scientific notation,
N=M×10n
1 week = 6.048 ×105 sec

1.3 Adult housefly (Musca domestica) is having a mass of only about 0.0000214kg. Express
this number in standard form/ scientific notation.
DATA
Mass of housefly= 0.0000214 kg
SOLUTION
As we know that
N=M×10n
So,
0.0000214kg=2.14×10-5kg
Therefore, mass of housefly in scientific notation is 2.14×10-5kg.

1.4 The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird. Males measure only 0.057m, convert this
number to standard form and write this number in millimeters.
DATA:
Size of bee in meter= 0.057m
FIND:
a. Standard form=?
b. Size of bee in millimeter=?
SOLUTION:
a. In scientific notation, we know that
N=M×10n
0.057= 5.7x10-2m
b. Now, to convert in “mm”we also know that
1m=10-3mm
So, Size of bee =5.7x10-2 x10-3mm
=5.7x10-2+3m
=5.7x101mm
=57x101-1mm
=57x100 mm
Size of bee =57mm
So, the size of bee in millimeter is 57mm.
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1.5 Calculate the distance from Peshawar to Lahore in millimeters.

DATA:
Distance from Peshawar to Lahore=489km
FIND:
Distance from Peshawar to Lahore in millimeter=?
SOLUTION:
Distance from Peshawar to Lahore=489km
=489x103m (because kilo=103)
=489x103x103mm (because 1m=103mm)
=489x103+3mm
= 489x106mm
=4.89x102x106mm
=4.89x102+6mm
=4.89x108mm
Therefore, distance from Peshawar to Lahore in millimeters is 4.89x108mm.

1.6 Which of the following is the accurate device for measuring length;
a. A vernier calipers with main scale of 1mm marking and 50 divisions on sliding
scale.
b. A screw gauge of pitch 1mm and 25 divisions on the circular scale.
DATA
Smallest division on main scale of vernier callipers= 1mm
Total no. of divisions on vernier scale= 50
Pitch of screw gauge= 1mm
Total no. of divisions on circular scale= 25
SOLUTION
a. Least count of vernier callipers is given by
Smallest division on main scale
Least count =
total no.of divisions on vernier scale
1mm
=
50
=0.02 mm
b. Least count of screw gauge is given by
Pitch of screw gauge
Least count =
total no.of divisions on circular scale
1mm
Least count =
25
=0.04 mm
As the least count of vernier calliper is smaller than that of screw gauge, so in this case vernier
calipers will give more accurate result for measuring length.

1.7 A breaker contains 200ml of water, what is the volume of water in cm3 and m3.
DATA:
Volume of water in ml=200ml
FIND:
Volume of water in cm3=?
Volume of water in m3=?
SOLUTION:
Volume of water =v= 200ml
a. As V=200ml------------(1)
And we know that
1ml=1cm3
So eq (1) becomes
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V=200x1ml
=200x1cm3
V=200cm3--------------(2)

b. Now find the volume of water in m3

As we know that
1m=100cm
Taking cube on both sides
(1m)3=(100cm)3
1m3=(100)3 cm3
= 100x100x100 cm3
1m =1000000 cm3
3

1m3 1000000
= cm3
1000000 1000000
1
m = 1cm3
3
106
10-6m3 = 1cm3
Or
1cm3 = 10-6m3
So eq (2) becomes
V=200 cm3
=200x1 cm3
V=200x10-6m3 (because 1cm3= 10-6m3)
=2.0 x 102x 10-6 m3
=2.0x102-6m3
V=2.0x10-4m3

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
1. Write the number in prefix to power of ten,
a. Mechanical nano-oscillators can detect a mass change as small as 10-21kg.
b. The nearest neutron star (a collapsed star made primarily of neutrons) is about
3.00x1018m away from Earth.
c. Earth to sun distance is 149.6 million km.
SOLUTION;
a. Mass = 10-21kg
Mass = 10-21x 1kg ∵ 1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 103 𝑔𝑔
-21 3
=10 x 10 g
=10-21+3g
=10-18g
=1x10-18g (∵ 10−18 = atto)
Mass = 1 atto g
Or
Mass = 1 ag

b. Distance of nearest neutron from earth = 3.00x1018m

Distance = 3.00x1018m
=3.00 Exa. m (because 1018= Exa)
Or Distance =3.00 Em

c. Earth to sun distance = 149.6 million km

=149.6x106km (because million=106)
=149.6x106x103m (because kilo= 103)
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=149.6x106+3m
=149.6x109m
=149.6 Giga.m (because 109= Giga)
Earth to sun distance = 149.6 Gm

2. An angstrom (symbol A*) is a unit of length (commonly used in atomic physics),

defined as 10-10m which is of the order of the diameter of an atom.
a. How many nanometers are in 1.0 angstrom?
DATA:
1 angstrom = 10-10m
SOLUTION:
1 angstrom = 10-10m
=10-1-9m (because am+n=am.an)
-1
=10 x10 m-9
(∵ 10−9 =1nano)
=10-1nano. m
=10-1nm
1
= nm
10
=0.1 nm
1 angstrom= 0.1nm

b. How many femtometers or fermis (the common unit of length in nuclear physics)
are in 1.0 angstrom?
SOLUTION:
1.0 angstrom= 10-10m
Multiplying 10-5 on both sides:
1.0x10-5 angstrom = 10-10x 10-5m
1.0x10-5angstrom= 10-10-5m (because am.an= am+n)
-5 -15
1.0x10 angstrom=10 m
1.0x10-5angstrom= Femto.m (because 10-15= 1 Femto)
Multiplying 105 on both sides :
1.0x 10-5 x 105angstrom= 105 femto m
1.0x10-5+5 angstrom = 105 femto. m
1.0 x 100 angstrom= 105fm
So,
1.0 angstrom= 105fm

c. How many angstroms are in 1.0m?

SOLUTION:
1 angstrom=10-10m
1
1 angstrom = 10 m
10
Multiplying 1010 on both sides:
1
1x1010angstrom=1010x 10m
10
1010angstrom= 1m
Or
1m=1010 angstrom
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3. The speed of light is c= 299,792,458m/s.

a. Write this value in scientific notation.
DATA:
speed light is c= 299,792,458m/s
FIND:
Standard form=?
SOLUTION:
For scientific notation we have
N=Mx10n-----------(1)
Then eq (1) becomes
299792458m/s= 2.99792458x108m/s
So, the speed of light in scientific notation is 2.99792458x108m/s.
b. Express the speed of light to
i. Five significant figures
ii. Three significant figures
SOLUTION
i. As c=2.99792458x108m/s
Now, round off “c” upto five significant figures
c= 2.99792458 x108m/s
c=2.9979246x108m/s
c=2.997925x108m/s
c=2.99793x108m/s
c=2.9979x108m/s

ii. As c=2.9979246x108 m/s

Now, round off “c” upto three significant figures
𝑐𝑐 = 2.9979246𝑥𝑥108𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐 = 2.997925𝑥𝑥108𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐 = 2.99793𝑥𝑥108𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐 = 2.9979𝑥𝑥108𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐 = 2.998𝑥𝑥108𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐 = 3.00𝑥𝑥108𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

4. Express the following in terms of power of 10

a. 7 nanometer
As nano =10-9
So 7 nanometer= 7x10-9 meter

b. 96 megawatt
As mega = 106
So 96 megawatt = 96x106watt

c. 2 gigabite
As giga = 109
So 2 gigabites= 2x109bite

d. 43 picofarad
As pico = 10-12
So 43 picofarad = 43x10-12farad
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e. 2 millimeter
As milli=10-3
So 2 millimeter = 2x10-3meter

5. Write the following numbers in standard form;

a. Mass of Bacterial cell;0.000,000,000,005kg
DATA:
Mass =0.000,000,000,005kg

FIND:
Standard form=?
SOLUTION:
As we know that
N=Mx10n -------(1)
then eq (1) becomes
0.000,000,000,005kg=5x10-12kg
So, mass of the bacterial cell in standard form is 5x10-12kg.

b. Diameter of sun; 1,390,000,000 m

DATA:
Diameter of sun =1,390,000,000m
FIND:
Standard form=?
SOLUTION
As we know that
N=Mx10n -------(1)
Then, equation (1) becomes
1,390,000,000m=1.39x109m
So, diameter of Sun in standard form is 1.39x109m.
PHYSICS
Class 9th (KPK)

NAME: __________________________

F.NAME: _________________________

CLASS:___________ SECTION: ________

ROLL #: _____ SUBJECT: ____________

ADDRESS: ___________________________________

__________________________________________

SCHOOL: _____________________________________

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Chapter # 02
Kinematics
Comprehensive questions:

Q#1. What is motion? Describe that motion is relative. How two observers in relative
motion can have conflicting views about same object?
Ans: Motion:
A body is said to be in state of motion if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings (or an observer).
Examples:
1. A flying bird
2. A moving car
3. A running boy, etc
Rest and Motion are Relative:
The rest and motion are not absolute. Both are relative because they need specification
of observer.
Explanation:
Objects can be at rest and in motion at the same time. Sometimes it happens that a
body “A” will be at rest with respect to body “B” but at the same time it will be in motion
with respect to body “C”. So for same events two observers can have different observations.
Examples:
1. For example, a person travelling by train is at rest with respect to its fellow
passenger but the same person is in motion with respect to all the bodies outside the train.
Thus, the motion and rest are not absolute but relative. This means that we have to specify the
observer while telling about the rest or motion of the body.
2. Similarly, in the classroom, when teacher changes her position while the
students are sitting on their chairs. According to the student observation, teacher is in motion
whereas, the teacher while moving also observes the students to move as well because the
distance between teacher and students in classroom is changing with respect to each other.
This shows that rest and motion are relative.

Q#2. Explain different types of motion and give an example of each.

Ans: Types of Motion:
In general, there are three types of motion which are described below:
1. Translatory Motion
2. Rotatory Motion
3. Vibratory Motion
1. Translatory Motion: That type of motion in which all particles of the body move
parallel to each other along any path, straight or curved is called translatory motion.
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Examples:
1. Motion of a ball
2. A moving car, train, bus etc
3. A running boy
2. Types of Translatory motion:
There are further three types of translatory motion which are as follow:
(i) Rectilinear Motion:
The straight line motion of a body is called rectilinear motion.
Example:
Motion of free falling bodies.
(ii) Curvilinear Motion:
The motion of a body along a curved path is called curvilinear motion.
Example:
Motion of cricket ball in air.
(iii) Random Motion:
The irregular motion of a body is called random motion.
Example:
• Motion of gas molecules.
• Flight of butterfly
2. Rotatory Motion:
That type of motion in which all particles of a body moves around a fixed point or axis
is called rotatory motion.
Examples:
1. Motion of the blades of a fan
2. Motion of a wheel.
3. Motion of hands of a clock.
3. Vibratory Motion:
The back and forth motion of a body along the same path about its mean position is
called vibratory motion.
Examples:
1. Motion of a swing
2. Motion of pendulum
3. Motion of the strings of a guitar.

Q#3. Define scalar and vector quantities. Explain with example the graphical
representation of vector quantities.
Ans: Scalar Quantities:
Those physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are
called scalar quantities or scalars.
The scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by ordinary mathematical
method.
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Examples:
Speed, distance, temperature, energy, volume, power etc. are the examples of scalar
quantities.
Vector Quantities:
Those physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude as well
as direction are called vector quantities or vectors.
The vectors can be added, subtracted, divided and multiplied by graphical or
geometrical method.
Examples:
Force, velocity, acceleration, displacement etc. are the examples of vector quantities.

Graphical Representation of Vector Quantities:

Graphically, a vector is represented by an arrow where the length of arrow shows the
magnitude (under certain scale) and the arrow head shows the direction of the vector.
The direction of the vector can either be represented by “Geographical” Coordinate System
(NEWS)” or “Cartesian Coordinate System”.
Steps to represent a vector:
The following method is used to represent a vector.
1. Draw a coordinate system.
2. Select a suitable scale.
3. Draw a line in the specified direction. Cut the line equal to the magnitude of the
vector according to the selected scale.
4. Put an arrow in the direction of the vector.
Example:
We can explain the graphical representation of a vector with the help of an example.
Suppose a bus is moving towards east (direction) with a velocity of 50kmh-1 (magnitude).
1. First of all, we specify the direction by drawing NEWS coordinate system as shown in
figure.
Now, we select a suitable scale i.e.,
Let, 10kmℎ−1 = 1cm
Then50kmℎ−1 =5cm
2. Now, we draw the representative line OA of 5cm towards east i.e.
5cm
O A
In fig “B” the length of line OA represents the magnitude of the given vector (velocity) and
arrow head indicates the direction of given vector. This vector is infact 50 kmh-1 and is
directed towards East.
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Q#4. What is position. Explain the difference between distance traveled, displacement,
and displacement magnitude.
Ans: Position:
The location of an object relative to some
reference point (origin) is known as position of that
object.
Explanation:
Position of an object can be described in
rectangular coordinate system where origin O can
serve as a reference point. In the given figure, the position of an object at any point “P” is
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) where 𝑥𝑥 and y are known as coordinates of point P.

1. Distance travelled:
The length of actual path traveled by a body between two positions is called distance
travelled.
The value of distance is always positive. Distance is a scalar quantity because it has
magnitude only. It has no direction. Distance is usually denoted by ∆𝑥𝑥, ∆𝑟𝑟, ∆𝑠𝑠, ∆𝑙𝑙, or ∆d and
its SI unit is meter (m).

2. Displacement:
The shortest directed distance between two positions is called displacement.
Or
Straight distance from one point to another is called displacement.
The value of displacement can be positive, negative or even zero. It is a vector quantity
because it has magnitude as well as direction. Displacement is usually denoted
�⃗, ∆r⃗, ∆s⃗, ∆l⃗ or ∆d
by∆x �⃗ and its SI unit is meter(m).

3. Displacement Magnitude:
The magnitude of displacement is the shortest distance between the two points.
The magnitude of displacement can be equal to the magnitude of distance when a body
moves in a straight line. It is a scalar quantity rather than a vector because it has magnitude
only and having no direction.
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For example:
In the given figure, a body reaches from point “A” to
‘D” through “B” and “C”. So, path “ABCD” represents
the total path travelled by the body during its motion i.e.
distance. While AD represents the shortest distance between A and D. So, it is known as
displacement.

Q#5. State and explain the terms:

a) Speed
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
a. Speed:
The distance covered by a body in a unit time is called speed. It is denoted by “V”.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Speed =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
Or
∆𝑠𝑠
v=
∆𝑡𝑡
Or
𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 −𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖
v=
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 −𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖
Quantity and Unit:
Speed is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is meter per second (m/s or m𝑠𝑠 −1 )
Example:
For example, a car is moving with a speed of 50m/s. This means that in every one
second, it covers a distance of 50m.
Types of Speed:
The speed is categorized into following types:
1) Uniform Speed (Constant Speed):
If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then the body is said be
moving with uniform speed or constant speed.
Mathematical Form:
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Uniform speed =
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆
Or v=
𝑡𝑡
2) Non-Uniform Speed (Variable Speed):
If a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time, then the body is said to be
moving with non-uniform speed or variable speed.
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Mathematical Form:
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Variable Speed =
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

3. Average Speed:
The total distance covered by a body divided by total time taken is called Average
speed. It is denoted by “< 𝑣𝑣 >”.
Mathematical Form:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Average Speed =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑠𝑠
Or < 𝑣𝑣 > =
𝑡𝑡

4. Instantaneous Speed:
The speed of a body at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous speed.
For such speed, we take time interval “∆t” to be very small such that limit “∆t”
approaches to zero i.e. limit ∆t →0.
or
The speed for short time interval "∆𝑡𝑡" is called instantaneous speed.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Instantaneous Speed = limit
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∆𝑡𝑡 0
Or
∆𝑠𝑠
v = limit
∆𝑡𝑡
∆𝑡𝑡 0

b. Velocity:
The displacement( ∆𝑠𝑠⃗ ) covered by a body in a unit time (∆𝑡𝑡 )is called velocity. It is
denoted by 𝑣𝑣⃗ .
or
The speed of a body in a definite direction is called velocity.
Example:
For example, a car is moving with a velocity of 50m/s towards east. So, in case of
velocity, we specify both magnitude (speed of car) and direction.
Quantity and Unit:
Velocity is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter per second (m/s or m𝑠𝑠 −1 ).
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Velocity =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
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��
∆𝑠𝑠
Or 𝑣𝑣⃗ =
∆𝑡𝑡
Or
𝑠𝑠���⃗𝑓𝑓 − ��⃗
𝑠𝑠𝚤𝚤
𝑣𝑣⃗ =
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖

Types of Velocity:
The velocity is categorized into following types.
1. Uniform Velocity (constant velocity):
If a body covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to
be moving with uniform velocity or constant velocity. In uniform velocity, the speed as well
as direction of the body does not change with time.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Uniform Velocity =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

2. Non-uniform velocity (variable velocity):

If a body covers unequal displacement in equal interval of time, then the body is said to be
moving with non-uniform velocity or variable velocity.
In variable velocity, the speed or direction or both of a moving body changes with time.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Variable Velocity =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

3. Average velocity:
The total displacement covered by a body divided by the total time is called average
velocity.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Average velocity =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

𝑆𝑆
v =
𝑡𝑡

4. Instantaneous velocity:
The velocity of a body at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous velocity.
Or
The velocity for very short time interval ∆𝑡𝑡 (very small such that limit "∆𝑡𝑡” approaching
to zero) is called instantaneous velocity.
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Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Instantaneous velocity = limit
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∆𝑡𝑡 →0

∆𝑠𝑠
v= limit
∆𝑡𝑡
∆𝑡𝑡 0
c. Acceleration:
The measure of change in velocity”∆𝑣𝑣” with the passage of time “ ∆𝑡𝑡”is called
acceleration.
Or
Time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Acceleration =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Or

�����⃗
∆𝑣𝑣
𝑎𝑎⃗ =
∆𝑡𝑡
Or
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 −𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
a =
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 −𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖
Quantity and unit:
Acceleration is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter per second squared
𝑚𝑚
( 2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 ).
𝑠𝑠
Type of Acceleration:
The acceleration is categorized into following types.
1. Uniform Acceleration (constant Acceleration):
A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration, if equal change occurs in
velocity in equal intervals of time.
2. Non- uniform or variable acceleration:
A body is said to be moving with variable acceleration, if unequal change occurs in
velocity in equal intervals of time.
3. Average Acceleration:
The total change in velocity of a body divided by the total time is called average
acceleration. It is denoted by “< 𝑎𝑎⃗ >”.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Average Acceleration =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
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Or 9

𝑣𝑣
��⃗
< 𝑎𝑎
���⃗ > =
𝑡𝑡
4. Positive Acceleration:
If the magnitude of velocity increases with the passage of time, such type of
acceleration is called positive acceleration. The positive acceleration is always in the direction
of motion of a body.
Example:
For example, a car starts from rest and its speed increases along a straight line with the
passage of time then the car is said to have positive acceleration.
5. Negative Acceleration:
If the magnitude of velocity decreases with the passage of time, such type of
acceleration is called negative acceleration.
Negative acceleration is also called Retardation or deceleration. The negative
acceleration is always in the opposite direction of motion of a body.
Example:
For example, when a car is moving with a certain speed then brakes are applied which
decreases the speed of car, then the car is said to have negative acceleration.
6. Instantaneous Acceleration:
The Acceleration of a body at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous
acceleration.
The value of instantaneous acceleration is obtained, if ∆𝑡𝑡 is made smaller such that it
approaches to zero.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Instantaneous Acceleration = limit
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∆𝑡𝑡 → 0

∆𝑣𝑣
a = lim
∆𝑡𝑡
∆𝑡𝑡 → 0
Q#6. Use velocity time graph to prove the following equations of motion.
𝟏𝟏
(a) vf = vi + at (b) s = vit + 𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 (c) 2as = 𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 - 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐

(a) Derive 1st equation of motion

OR
Prove that vf = vi + at
Ans: 1st equation of motion
Consider a body has initial velocity “vi” at point “A” and then its velocity changes with
uniform acceleration from “A” to “B” in time interval “t” and its final velocity becomes “vf” as shown.
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10

In the figure
Initial velocity = vi = OA = DC
Final velocity = vf = BC
Time = t = OC = AD
Acceleration = a = AB
From the graph
BC = BD + DC ------ (i)
Put the values of “BC” and “DC” in equation (i)
Vf = BD + vi -------- (ii)
As we know that the slope of velocity-time graph is equal to acceleration, then
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑎𝑎 =
𝑡𝑡
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Put it in eq (ii)
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (Proved)
nd
(b) Derive 2 equation of motion
OR
1
Prove that S = vit + at2
2
Ans: 2nd equation of motion
Consider a body is moving with initial velocity “vi” and
covered distance “S” in time “t”.
The distance covered by a body is equal to the area
between velocity-time graph “AB” and time axis “OC”
which is equal to the area of “OABC”.
In the figure
Initial velocity = vi = OA = DC
Final velocity = vf = BC
Time = t = OC = AD
Acceleration = a = AB
Distance =S

From the figure

Distance travelled = Area of figure OABC
𝑆𝑆 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
1
𝑆𝑆 = (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ) + (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ𝑡𝑡 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ)
2
1
𝑆𝑆 = (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 × 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂) + (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵)
2
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11

By putting the values we get

1
S = (t x vi) + ( t x BD) ------ (i)
2
As
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑎𝑎 =
𝑡𝑡
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Put it in eq (i)
1
S = + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + (t x at)
2
1
S = vit + at2
2
(Proved)

(c) Derive 3rd equation of motion

OR
Prove that 2aS = 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊
Ans: 3rd equation of motion
Consider a body is moving with initial velocity “vi” and
covered distance “S” in time “t”.
The distance covered by a body is equal to the area
of “OABC” which is known as Trapezium.

In the figure
Initial velocity = vi = OA = DC
Final velocity = vf = BC
Time = t = OC = AD
Acceleration = a = AB
Distance =S
From the figure
Distance travelled = Area of figure OABC
S = Area of Trapezium OABC
(𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔)𝐱𝐱 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆
S =
𝟐𝟐
(𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶+𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩)𝒙𝒙 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
S =
𝟐𝟐
�𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊 + 𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 �× 𝒕𝒕
𝑆𝑆 =
𝟐𝟐
�𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 + 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊 �
𝑆𝑆 = x t ------ (i)
𝟐𝟐
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12

As from 1st equation of motion

𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
OR
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 − 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊
𝒕𝒕 =
𝒂𝒂
Put it in eq (i)
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 + 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊 𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 − 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊
𝑆𝑆 = � �� �
𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂

𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊
𝑆𝑆 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊 (proved)

Q#7. What is free fall? what is its value near the surface of earth. Explain with example
that rock and sheet of paper will fall at the same rate without air resistance.
Ans: Free Fall:
The motion in which air resistance is neglected and the acceleration is nearly constant
is known as free-fall.
Explanation:
The acceleration produces in a freely falling body due to attraction of earth is called
acceleration due to gravity or gravitational acceleration. It is denoted by “g”.
According to famous scientist Galileo, In the absence of air resistance, when bodies of
different masses (light or heavy) are dropped at the same time from the same height then they
fall towards earth with the same acceleration.
Furthermore, if the distance of the fall is small compared to the radius of earth, the
acceleration can be considered constant throughout its fall.
Value of “g”:
The value of “g” near the earth’s surface is approximately “9.8 m/s2” or “32.2Ft/s2”
and its value is constant for all bodies. It is directed downward towards the centre of the earth.
Example:
If we drop a rock and sheet of paper from the top of tube at the same time. It is found
that in the presence of air resistance, rock is falling faster than a sheet of paper. The effect of
air resistance is responsible for slower fall of the paper. When air is removed from the tube,
both the rock and the paper have exactly the same acceleration due to the gravity. So, in the
absence of air, the rock and the paper fall freely as shown in figure.

Acceleration due to gravity and three equations of motion:

For freely falling bodies, we can use the equations of motion by replacing “a” with “g”
and distance “S” with height “h”. Then, the equations become:
vf = vi + gt – (i)
1
h = vit + gt2 – (ii)
2
2gh = vf2 - vi2 – (iii)
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Conditions: While using these equations of motion there are two conditions.
1. If a body is thrown vertically downward, its initial velocity (vi) will be zero and the
value of “g” will be positive.
2. If a
body is
thrown
vertically
upward, its
final velocity
“vf” will be
zero and the
value of “g”
will be
negative because with altitude, the value of “g” decreases.
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TOPIC WISE QUESTIONS

Q#1. Define Kinematics.
Ans: Kinematics:
Kinematics is the branch of physics which deals with the study of motion without
going into detail of what causes the motion.

Q#2. Define Rest.

Ans: Rest:
When a body does not change its position with respect to its surrounding (or an
observer), then the body is said to be in the state rest.
Examples:
1. A bird sitting on a branch of a tree.
2. A student sitting on a chair.

Q#3. What is meant by graph and discuss how the slope of a graph can be calculated?
Ans: Graph:
A graph is a straight or curved line which shows a relationship between two physical
quantities.
Explanation:
Usually, a graph contains horizontal and vertical lines at equal distances and
coordinate systems to show relationship in various quantities. The horizontal lines are called
x-axis while the vertical lines are called y-axis. The point of intersection of these two lines are
called origin “O”.
Slope of Graph:
The slope of graph means vertical
coordinate difference divided by horizontal
coordinate difference.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as:
∆𝑦𝑦
Slope =
∆𝑥𝑥
Or
𝑦𝑦𝑓𝑓 −𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
Slope =
𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓 −𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
Calculation of slope of a graph:
The slope of a graph in Cartesian coordinate system can be calculated as,
1. Pick two points Pi and Pf on the line.
2. Determine the coordinates i.e. Pi (xi, yi) and Pf (xf, yf) by drawing perpendicular on x
and y-axis from both points.
3. Determine the difference between x-coordinates (∆x = xf – xi) and y-coordinates
(∆y = yf – yi.)
4. Dividing the difference in y-coordinates by difference in x-coordinates gives slope. i.e.
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∆𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑓𝑓 −𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖

Slope = =
∆𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓 −𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
Q#4. Discuss the distance time graph with different cases.
Ans: Distance- Time Graph: The graph plotted between distance (s) and time (t) is called
distance-time graph.
Explanation: In this graphical analysis, the distance is plotted along vertical axis (y-axis) and
time along horizontal axis (x-axis). Distance time graph is always in the positive xy plane, as
with the passage of time, distance never goes to negative axis, irrespective of the direction of
motion. The slope of distance time curve only gives speed.
∆𝑆𝑆
Slope = Or
∆𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 −𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖
Slope =
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 −𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖
Distance time graph with different cases:
1. When there is no motion (zero speed):

When there is no change in distance with the passage of time, then the body is at rest. So,
the speed is zero. In such conditions, graph will be a straight horizontal line as shown in
figure.

When the body is moving with uniform speed: When a body covers equal distance in
equal interval of time, then the body is said to be moving uniform speed, In such
conditions the graph will be a straight line with a constant slope. i.e. the higher is the slop,
greater will be the speed.

When the body is moving with variable speed: When a body

covers unequal distance in equal interval of time, then it is said to
be moving with variable speed. In such conditions, the slope
does not remain constant as shown in figure.
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Q#5. Define speed-time graph? Show that how

(a) Slope or gradient of speed-time graph gives magnitude of acceleration?
(b) Area under the gives distance travelled?
Ans: Speed-Time Graph: The graph plotted between speed (v) and time (t) is called speed-
time graph.
In this graphical analysis, the speed is plotted along vertical axis (y-axis) and time along
horizontal axis (x-axis).
(a) Slope of speed-time graph gives magnitude of acceleration: The slope of speed-
time graph will give the magnitude of acceleration i.e.

∆𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 −𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖

Slope = =
∆𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 −𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖
Explanation: Consider the motion of the object which speeds up from 0 m/s to 8m/s in 4
seconds.
Now, the slope of the graph is given
by:
∆𝑣𝑣
Slope =
∆𝑡𝑡
Whereas, ∆v = vf –vi And ∆t = tf - ti
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 −𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
Slope =
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 −𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖

So, eq (i) becomes

Slope = Magnitude of acceleration |a|
So,
8−0
a=
4−0
8
a=
4
a = 2m/s2
Thus, the slope of speed time graph gives the magnitude of acceleration.

(b) Area under speed time graphs represent the distance travelled: In speed time
graph, the area enclosed by the speed time curve and the time axis gives us the
distance travelled by the body.
As we know that,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Speed =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Or
∆𝑠𝑠
v =
∆𝑡𝑡
By cross-multiplication
∆s = 𝑣𝑣 x ∆t – (i)
Now, to find out the distance travelled by calculating the area of rectangle for the speed time
graph, consider the motion of the object which speeds up from 0 m/s to 8 m/s in 4 sec.
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As,
Distance travelled = Area of Rectangle – (ii)
And we know that
Area of Rectangle = length x width

Area of Rectangle = l x w
So, eq (i) becomes,
Area of Rectangle = ∆x ∆t
Where as ∆𝒕𝒕 = 𝒕𝒕𝒇𝒇 − 𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒊 , ∆𝒗𝒗= vf – vi
So,
Area of rectangle = (𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) x ( vf – vi )
By putting values,
Area of rectangle = (4-0) x (8-0)
= 4x8
Area of Rectangle = 32m
This shows that area under the graph gives us distance travelled.

Q#6. Discuss the slopes of speed-time graph in following cases.

(a). When Acceleration is uniform
(b). When Acceleration is variable (non-uniform)
(c). When there is no Acceleration.
a. When Acceleration is uniform:
When the speed of a moving body increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of
time then the speed-time graph of the body will be straight line with a constant slope as shown
in figure. The slope of straight line shows uniform acceleration of the moving body.

Speed v (m/s)

Uniform Acceleration

t (s)
Time
b. When acceleration is variable (non-uniform):
When a body covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time then the body is said
to be moving with variable speed. In such case, variable acceleration is produced and the
slope of the body is a curved lined. So, the curved line shows the variable acceleration of the
moving body as shown in figure.
Speed v(m/s)
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Variable Acceleration

0 t (s)
Time
C. When there is no Acceleration:
When the speed of a moving body does not change with the passage of time then there
is no acceleration produced in it. So, the speed remains constant and in such condition, the
graph will be a straight horizontal line as shown in figure.
Speed v(m/s)
No Acceleration

t (s)
Time

“CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS”

Give a brief response to the following questions.

Q#1. Is it possible that displacement is zero but not the distance? Under what condition
displacement will be equal to distance.
Ans:(a)
Yes, it is possible that the displacement is zero but not the distance if the initial and
final point of a moving body are at the same place.
For example:
A B

D C
In figure ABCD, displacement is zero because starting and ending point is same i.e.
“A” but distance covered by the body is ABCD which is the actual path of the body.
(b) The magnitude of distance and displacement will be equal when a body moves in a
straight line because displacement is the shortest distance between two points in a straight
line.
For Example:
O A
In the given figure, a body moves from point “O” to “A”. Now, in this case distance and
displacement are equal.
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Q#2. Does a speedometer measure a car’s speed or velocity?

Ans: As we know that speed is a scalar quantity. It has magnitude only but having no
direction while velocity is a vector quantity and it has magnitude as well as direction. The
speedometer of a car displays only magnitude i.e. speed of a car but it does not tell us about
the direction of the car. Thus, the speedometer measures only the speed of the car but not its
velocity.

Q#3. Is it possible for an object to be accelerating and at rest at the same time? Explain
with example.
Ans: Yes, it is possible for an object to be accelerating and at rest at the same time.
For example:
If a body of mass “m” is thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity “vi” then it
comes to rest after reaching at highest point. So, at that point, its final velocity “vf” becomes
zero but forces acting on it will not be zero and still the body possess certain acceleration
which is known as acceleration due to gravity i.e. 𝑔𝑔 = −9.8 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠2. In such case, the
acceleration will be negative because it is opposite to the direction of velocity.

Q#4. Can an object have zero acceleration and non-zero velocity at the same time? Give
example.
Ans: Yes, an object can have zero acceleration and non-zero velocity at the same time.
As we know that
�⃗
∆𝑉𝑉
𝑎𝑎⃗ = - (i)
𝑡𝑡
Eq (i) shows that acceleration depends upon rate of change in velocity of a body. If
there is no charge in velocity then, body will have zero acceleration but its velocity is not
zero.
Example:
For example, if a car of mass “m” is moving along a smooth straight path “AB” with uniform
velocity. In this case, the acceleration of the car is zero but its velocity is non zero.

Q#5. A person standing on a roof of a building throws a rubber ball down with a velocity
of 8.0 m/s. What is the acceleration (magnitude and direction) of the ball?
Ans: When a person throws a ball from the top of a building, the ball will fall towards earth
due to force of gravity. According to famous scientist Galileo, all bodies falling towards earth
with a constant acceleration of g=9.8m/s2. So, if we ignore the air resistance, then the ball will
fall freely with acceleration due to gravity “g”. Its magnitude will be 9.8 m/s2 and it will be
directed towards earth.

Q#6. Describe a situation in which speed of an object is constant while velocity is not.
Ans: A situation in which the speed of an object is constant while the velocity is not constant
may be that of circular motion. For example, a body moving along a circular path may have a
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constant (uniform) speed. But its velocity is not constant because the direction of velocity
changes at each point continuously during circular motion.

V
a
aaA v
r m

Q#7. Can an object have a northward velocity and a southward acceleration? Explain.
Ans: Yes, it is possible for an object to have northward velocity and a southward acceleration
in the following situations.
1. When a body is coming to the rest.
2. When the speed of a body is decreasing.
Example:
If a car is moving towards north and gradually its velocity decreases by applying
breaks. Then, negative acceleration (deceleration) will produce which is opposite to the
direction of the velocity. In this case, the acceleration produced will be acting towards south.

Q#8. As a freely falling object speeds up, what is happening to its acceleration does it
increase, decrease, or stay the same?
Ans: In the absence of air resistance, all bodies falling towards earth with a constant
acceleration. So, for freely falling objects, the speed of the body increases uniformly at the
rate of 9.8 m/s2. Thus, the acceleration of the body does not increase, or decrease but remains
constant during free-fall motion. i.e. we take g=9.8 m/s2 as a constant value for free-fall
objects.

Q#9. A ball is thrown upward with an initial speed of 5m/s. What will be its speed when
it returns to starting point?
Ans: If a ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed of 5m/s, then in the absence of
air resistance, the ball will return back to its starting point with the same speed of 5m/s.
Because, in upward and a downward, the only force acting on ball is gravitational pull of
earth.
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“NUMERICAL QUESTIONS”

1. A squash ball makes contact with a squash racquet and changes velocity 15m/s west
to 25m/s east in 0.10s. Determine the vector acceleration of the squash ball.

Data:
Initial velocity (west) = vi = - 15m/s (negative sign is used with vi because it is opposite to vf )
Final velocity (East) = vf = 25m/s
Time = t = 0.10s
Find:
Acceleration = a =?
Solution:
As, we know that

𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 −𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊
a=
𝒕𝒕
By putting values

25−(−15)
a=
0.10

25+15)
a=
0.10

40
a=
0.10

a = 400 m/s2
Result:
So, the acceleration produced by squash ball is 400 m/s2 in the direction of east.
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2. A golf ball that is initially traveling at 25m/s hits a sand trap and slows down with an
acceleration of -20m/s2. Find its displacement after 2.0s.
Data: Initial velocity = vi = 25m/s
Acceleration = a = -20m/s2 (deacceleration)
Time = t = 2s
Find: Displacement = S = ?
Solution: By using second equation of motion
1
S = vit + at2
2
By putting values,
1
S = 25x2 + x( -20) x (2)2
2
1
S = 25x2 + x -20 x 4
2
1
S = 50 + x -20 x 4
2
1
S = 50 + x – 80
2
S = 50 – 40
S = 10m

3. A bullet accelerates the length of the barrel of a gun 0.750m long with a magnitude of
5.35x 105 m/s2. With what speed does the bullet exit the barrel?
Data: Initial velocity = vi = 0 m/s
Distance covered = S = 0.750m
Acceleration = 𝑎𝑎⃗ =5.35 x 105 m/s2
Find: Final velocity = vf= ?
Solution:
By using 3rd equation of motion
2aS = vf2 – vi2
Or
vf2= 2aS + vi2
By putting values
vf2 = 2x5.35x105 x 0.750 + (0)2
vf2 = 8.025x105 + 0
vf2 = 8.025x105
Taking square root on both sides

�vf2 = √8.025x105

𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = √80.25x10−1 x105

𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = �80.25x105−1
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = √80.25x104
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𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = √80.25 x √104

𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = √80.25x �(102 )2
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 =8.958 x 102 m/s
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = 8.96 x 102 m/s
Or
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = 896 x 10-2 x 102 m/s
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = 896 x 10-2+2
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 =896 m/s

4. A driver is travelling at 18m/s when she sees a red light ahead. Her car is capable of
decelerating at a rate of 3.65 m/s2. If she applies brakes when she is only 20.0m from
the intersection when she sees the light, will she be able to stop in time.
Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 18 m/s
Find velocity = vf = 0m/s Acceleration = a = -3.65m/s2 (negative sign shows deceleration
because velocity of car decreases)
Distance b/w car and red light = S1 = 20m
Find:
Actual distance covered = S2 = ?
Further distance covered=S=?
Solution: First, we calculate actual distance covered “S2” with deceleration by using 3rd
equation of motion.
2aS2 = vf2 – vi2
Or
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓2 −𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖2
S2 =
2𝑎𝑎

(𝑂𝑂)2 − (18)2
S2 =
2𝑥𝑥−3.65

𝑂𝑂− 324
S2 =
− 7.3

− 324
S2 =
− 7.3
S2 = 44.38m
Or
S2 = 44.4m
Here the distance covered by the car with given deccleration is 44.4m which is greater
than the remaining distance i.e 20m between the car and red light.
Thus, the driver will unable to stop the car with in 20m.
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Now, For finding further distance covered “S”

S = S2 – S1
S = 44.4-20
S = 24.4m
So, she will go 24.4m past the light.

Q#5. An antelope moving with constant acceleration 2m/s2 covers crosses a point where
its velocity is 5m/s. After 6.00s how much distance it has covered and what is its velocity.
Data:
Acceleration = a = 2m/s2
Initial velocity = vi = 5m/s
Time = t = 6s
Find:
Distance covered = S = ?
Final velocity = vf = ?
Solution:
For finding “S”, we use 2nd equation of motion
1
S = vit + at2
2
By putting values
1
S = 5x6 + x 2 x (6)2
2
1
S = 30 + x 2 x 36
2
S = 30 + 36
S = 66m
Now, for finding “vf”, we use 1st equation of motion
vf = vi + at
By putting values
vf = 5 + (3x6)
Vf = 5 + 12
Vf = 17 m/s
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Q#6. With what speed must a ball be thrown vertically from ground level to rise a
maximum height of 50m?
O
vf = 0

S = h = 50m
g = - 9.8 m/s2
vi = ?
O – ball
Data:
Final velocity = vf = 0 m/s
Height = h = 50m
Acceleration due to gravity = g = -9.8 m/s2 [for upward motion, g is -9.8 m/s2]
Find:
Initial velocity = vi= ?
Solution:
By using 3rd equation of motion
2gh = vf2 – vi2
By putting values
2 x (-9.8) x 50 = 0 – Vi2
-980 = - vi2
980 = vi2
Or
vi2 = 980
Taking square root on both sides
�vi2 = √980
vi = 31.3 m/s

ASSIGNMENTS
Assignment 2.1:
In 2009, a Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt created a world record in Berlin by running
100m in just 9.58s. What is his average speed?
Data: Distance covered = S = 100m
Time taken = t = 9.58s
Find:
Average speed = <v>=?
Solution:
As, we know that
𝑆𝑆
< 𝑣𝑣 > =
𝑡𝑡
By putting values
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100
< 𝑣𝑣 > =
9.58
< 𝒗𝒗 > = 10.43 m/s

Assignment 2.2:
A runner makes one lap around a 270m circular track in 30s. What is his (a) average
speed (b) average velocity.
Data:
Distance covered = S = 270m
Time taken = t = 30s
Find:
(a) Average speed = < 𝑣𝑣 >= ?
(b) Average velocity = < 𝑣𝑣⃗ > = ?
Solution:
(a) For finding average speed < 𝑣𝑣 >, we know that
𝑺𝑺
< 𝒗𝒗 > =
𝒕𝒕
By putting values
270
< 𝑣𝑣 > =
30
< 𝒗𝒗 > = 9m/s
(b)Now, for finding average velocity, we know that
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
�⃗ > =
< 𝒗𝒗
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝑠𝑠⃗
< 𝑣𝑣⃗ > =
𝑡𝑡
As we know that displacement in a circular track is zero. i.e, 𝑆𝑆⃗ = 0, So,
0
< 𝑣𝑣⃗ > =
30
�⃗ > = 0 m/s
< 𝒗𝒗
Assignment 2.3:
If in the same experiment you take the readings of the speedometer of the car as 20km/h
in the 4th second and 32 km/h in the 9th second. What is the acceleration of your car in
this interval?
Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 20km/h
20x1000
= vi =
3600
200
= vi = => 5.5 m/s
36
Final velocity = vf = 32km/h
32x1000
vf =
3600
vf = 8.8 m/s
Initial time = ti = 4s
Final time = tf = 9s
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Find:
Acceleration = a =?

Solution:
As we know that
∆𝐯𝐯�⃗
�⃗ =
𝒂𝒂
∆𝒕𝒕
Or
�⃗𝑓𝑓 −����⃗
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝚤𝚤
a=
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖
By putting values
8.8−5.5
𝑎𝑎⃗ =
9−4
3.3
𝑎𝑎⃗ =
5
�⃗ = 0.66 m/s2
𝒂𝒂

Assignment2.4:
A cyclist increases his speed from zero to 8ms-1 in 10s. Then he moves with uniform
speed for the next 20 seconds and then its speed decreases uniformly to zero in the next
20 seconds. The graph is plotted for the journey, use this graph to calculate the total
distance covered.
(Graph on page no.48)
Data:
Length of 1st parallel side = 30-10
= 20m
nd
Length of 2 parallel side = 50-0
= 50m
Height of trapezium = 8m
Find:
Total Distance covered = S = ?

Solution:
For finding “S”, using formula
Distance covered = Area under the graph
So, S = Area of Trapezium OABC …………(i)
As we know that
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
Area of Trapezium OABC =
𝟐𝟐
So, eq (i) becomes
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑋𝑋 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
S=
2
By putting values
(20+50)x 8
S=
2
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28

(70)x 8
S=
2
560
S=
2
S = 280m

Assignment 2.5:
A cyclist is moving with uniform acceleration of 1.2m/s2. How much time will it require
to change his velocity form 6m/s to 12 m/s.
Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 6m/s
Final velocity = vf = 12m/s
Acceleration = a = 1.2m/s2
Find:
Time t = ?
Solution:
By using 1st equation of motion
vf = vi + at
Or
𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 − 𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊
t=
𝒂𝒂
By putting values
12− 6
t=
1.2

06
t=
1.2

t = 5s

Assignment 2.6:
On Motorway M1, a car is moving at speed limit of 120km/h. By applying brakes the car
comes to rest after covering a distance of 30m. What is the deceleration of the car?
Date:
Initial velocity = vi = 120km/h
120𝑥𝑥1000
vi =
3600
vi = 33.33m/s
Final velocity = vf = 0 m/s
Distance covered = S =30m

Find:
Deceleration of car = a = ?
Solution:
Using 3rd equation of motion
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29

2aS = vf2 – vi2

Or
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 −𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢 𝟐𝟐
a =
𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺
By putting values
(𝑜𝑜)2 − (33.33)2
a =
2𝑥𝑥30
0−1110.8
a =
60
−1110.8
a =
60
a = -18.5m/s2
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30

Assignment 2.7:
In a cricket ball go straight up with a velocity of 40m/s. Calculate
(a) Maximum height ball will reach.
(b) Time to reach that height.
O
vf = 0, t =?

g = - 9.8 m/s2
h=?
vi = 40m/s
O Cricket ball
Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 40m/s
Final velocity = vf = 0m/s
Acceleration due to gravity = g = -9.8 m/s2 (For upward motion, value of g is negative)
Find:
(a) Maximum height = h = ?
(b) Time =t =?
Solution:
For finding “h” we use 3rd equation of motion
2gh = vf2 – vi2
Or
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 −𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊
h=
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
By putting values
(𝑜𝑜)2 − (40)2
h =
2 𝑥𝑥−9.8
0−1600
h =
−19.6
−1600
h =
−19.6
h = 81.6m
(b) Now for finding “t”, we use 1st equation of motion.
vf = vi – gt
Or
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 −𝐯𝐯𝒊𝒊
t=
𝒈𝒈
By putting values
0− 40
t =
−9.8
−40
t =
−9.8

t = 4.08s
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or
t = 4s
PHYSICS
Class 9th (KPK)

NAME: __________________________

F.NAME: _________________________

CLASS:___________ SECTION: ________

ROLL #: _____ SUBJECT: ____________

ADDRESS: ___________________________________

__________________________________________

SCHOOL: _____________________________________

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Chapter # 3
Dynamics
Q.1: What is force? What are its unit. Distinguish between contact and non-contact forces?
Ans: Forces:
Definition:
Force is a physical quantity which moves or tends to move a body, stops or tends to stop a
moving body or which tends to change the speed and directions of a moving body.
Mathematical Form:
When a force acts on a body of mass “m”, it produces acceleration “a” in the body in the
direction of force. Mathematically, it can be written as:
Force = mass x acceleration
Or F = m x a
F = ma
Quantity and Unit:
Force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force is “newton” and it is denoted by symbol
“N”.
So, one newton is defined as the force that produces acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body of mass 1 kg.
i.e.
1 N = 1 kg x 1m/s2
or
1 N = kg m/s2 or kgms-2
Types of Force:
There are two types of forces based on the interaction between objects.
1. Contact forces
2. Non – contact forces (Action at a distance forces)
Contact Forces:
Contact forces are those types of forces which result when the two bodies are physically
contact with each other.
Example:
Friction forces, push or pull forces etc. are examples of contact forces. e.g. push a cart or
drag a chair on floor etc.
Non-contact Forces:
Non- contact forces are those forces which result when the two bodies are not in physical
contact with each other. They are also known as “action-at-a-distance forces”.
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Examples:
Gravitational forces, electric forces and magnetic forces are examples of non-contact
forces. E.g. if we release a ball from certain height towards earth surface, then after releasing,
earth’s surface is not in contact with the ball, it falls down due to force of gravity, such force is
called non-contact force.

Q.2: State and explain Newton’s three laws of motion. Give one example of each.
Ans: Newton’s Laws of Motion:
Isaac Newton formulated three laws based on the observation about the motion of objects.
These laws express the relationship among force, mass and the motion of an object which are
described below:
Newton’s First Law of Motion:
Statement:
If the net (external) force acting on an object is zero, the object will maintain its state of
rest or of uniform motion with constant velocity.
Or
If there is no external force acting on an object, a body at rest will remains at rest and a
body in motion will continue its motion with constant velocity.
Mathematically:
Mathematically, first law can be written as:
If 𝐹𝐹⃗ net = 0 ,
Then , 𝑎𝑎⃗= 0, or ∆𝑣𝑣⃗ = 0
Explanation:
The first law of motion consists of two parts. The first part of the law is for the “Bodies at
rest” and the second part is for the “bodies in motion’.
Bodies at Rest:
The first part of the law states that a body at rest will remain at rest if no net force acts on
it.
Example:
A chair lying in a room will stationary and will not start moving by itself unless someone
moves it by applying a net force.

Bodies in Motion:
The second part of the law states that a body in motion will continue to move in a straight
line with uniform speed if no net force acts on it.
Example:
If we roll a ball on the surface of earth, it comes to rest after sometime due to friction and
air resistance. But if we remove all the forces acting on that ball, then it will move forever with
uniform velocity.
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Newton’s First law is also known as “Law of Inertia”. Inertia is the property of a body
which resists any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion. In other words, we can say that
all the bodies try to maintain its state of rest or continue its uniform motion due to inertia.
Example:
When a bus starts motion, suddenly the passengers experience a push in the backward
direction. It is because, when the bus starts motion suddenly, then the lower parts of the passengers
also comes into motion, while the upper parts are still at rest and wants to be at rest due to inertia.
So, they fall in the backward direction. Conversely, if a moving bus suddenly stops, the passenger
falls forward.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

Statement:
The net force “F’ on a body is equal to the product of the body’s mass “m” and its
acceleration “a”.
Or
When a net force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration “a” in the body in its own
direction. This acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to
the mass of the body.
Explanation:
Newton’s Second law of motion establishes a relationship between net force, mass and
acceleration. As we know that greater force applied to a body produces greater acceleration. Thus,
the acceleration is directly proportional to the force i.e. a 𝛼𝛼F.
Now if the same amount of force is applied to different masses, it will produce different
acceleration. A heavier body will acquire lesser acceleration than a lighter body. This means that
1
the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. i.e. a ∝
m
Mathematical Form:
a ∝ F ------------- ( i)
1
a ∝ ------------- (ii)
m
combining eq (i) and (ii), we get
F
a∝
m
or
a = constant. F/m
F
a= k
m
In SI units, k =1 then,
F
a=1x
m
F
a=
m
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or
F = ma .........(3)
Eq(iii) represents the mathematical form of Newton’s second law of motion.
Thus, Newton’s second law tells us that acceleration “a” will be largest when force “F” is large
and mass “m” is small.
Example:
It is easier to push an empty shopping cart than a full one, because the full shopping cart
has more mass than the empty one. This means that more force is required to push the full shopping
cart.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

Statement:
“To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction”.
Explanation:
According to Newton’s third law of motion, when one object exerts a force on a second
object, the second object exerts a force of the same magnitude and opposite direction on the first
object. So, when an object “A” exert force on object B written as FAB, object “B” also exert equal
force on object A written as FBA but in opposite direction. i.e.
𝐅𝐅⃗𝐀𝐀𝐁𝐁 = −𝐅𝐅⃗𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁
Here, the negative sign shows that force FBA is opposite to the force FAB.
So, this law described these two forces as action reaction pair. Action and reaction always occur
in pair because they act on different bodies i.e. action is on one body and its reaction is on another
body.
Example:
1. For example, when a football is kicked, the foot exerts the force “FAB” on the football and as a
reaction to that, a football exerts an equal and opposite force FBA on the foot. i.e. FAB = - FBA
2. When a bullet is fired from a gun, it moves on forward direction due to the action of gases which
are produced due to the burning of chemicals while in reaction, the bullet pushes the gun in
backward direction.
3. The jet airplanes also work on the principle of action and reaction. In action, the fuel in airplane’s
engines burns and hot gases rush out of the rear end (backward direction) of the airplane with
very high speed. While in reaction the backward going gases exert equal and opposite force on
the airplane. So, the airplane moves forward with a great speed.
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Q.3: What is weight? Differentiate between mass and weight.

Ans: Weight:
The weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the earth.
It is denoted by symbol “W”.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, weight of a body is the product of its mass and acceleration due to gravity.
Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
Or W=mxg
W = mg
Quantity and Unit:
Weight is a vector quantity and its SI unit is newton (N).
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Difference Between Mass and Weight:

Mass Weight

The quantity of matter in a body is called The force of attraction of the earth on a body is
mass. called its weight

Mass is denoted by “m”. Weight is denoted by “W”.

The S.I unit of mass is kilogram (kg). The SI unit of weight is newton (N).

Mass is a scalar quantity because it has no Weight is a vector quantity because it has a
direction. direction(downward).

Mass is a constant quantity because its value Weight is a variable quantity because it is
remains the same at different distances from different at different distances from the centre
the centre of the earth . of the earth.

Mass can be measured by beam balance Weight can be measured by spring balance .

Mass can be found by formula : m=F/a Weight can found by formula: W= mg

Mass cannot be zero. Weight can be zero.

Mass is the measure of inertia . Weight is a force of gravity.

Q.4: Define momentum. Relate force to change in momentum.

Ans: Momentum:
The quantity of motion in a body is called momentum.
Or
The product of object’s mass and linear velocity is called momentum. It is denoted by
symbol “P”.
Mathematical Form:
Mathematically, it can be written as
Momentum = Mass x velocity
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣⃗
Or ��⃗ �⃗
𝑷𝑷 = 𝒎𝒎 𝒗𝒗
Quantity and Unit:
Momentum is a vector quantity where its direction is same as that of velocity of the body
and the SI unit of momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kgms-1) or Newton-second(Ns).
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Relation of force with change in momentum:

Statement:
The time rate of change of linear momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on
the body.
Mathematically, it can be written as:
�⃗
∆𝐏𝐏
F=
∆𝐭𝐭
Derivation:
According to the Newton’s 2nd law of motion, when a net force “F” is applied on body
having mass “m”, it produces acceleration “a” in the direction of net force which is directly
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to mass of the body. Mathematically, it can be
written as:
𝐹𝐹⃗ = m𝑎𝑎⃗ ………… (i)
Where the acceleration “a” is defined as the time rate of change of velocity.
�⃗𝑓𝑓 − 𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣 ���⃗𝚤𝚤
𝑎𝑎⃗ =
∆𝑡𝑡
Putting the value of “a” in eq (i)
�⃗𝑓𝑓 − 𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣 ���⃗𝚤𝚤
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑚 � �
∆𝑡𝑡
���������⃗−
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ���⃗𝚤𝚤
𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣
𝐹𝐹⃗ = …………..(2)
∆𝑡𝑡
As 𝑃𝑃�⃗= m𝑣𝑣⃗ , therefore 𝑃𝑃�⃗𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⃗𝑓𝑓 and 𝑃𝑃�⃗𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⃗𝑖𝑖 , So, eq (2) becomes
�����⃗
𝑃𝑃 ���⃗𝚤𝚤
𝑓𝑓 − 𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹⃗ = ……………(3)
∆𝑡𝑡
As ∆𝑃𝑃�⃗ = ���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 − ��⃗
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤
So eq (3) becomes
��⃗
�⃗ = ∆𝑷𝑷…………………(4)
𝑭𝑭
∆𝒕𝒕
Eq (4) shows the relation between net force and change of momentum of a body. Thus, the time
rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on it.

Q.5: Define Isolated system. Explain the law of conservation of momentum.

Ans: Isolated System:
An isolated system is a collection of particles that can interact with each other but whose
interactions with the environment outside the collection have a negligible effect on their motions.
Example:
The gas molecules enclosed in a container can be considered as an isolated system of
interacting bodies in which the gas molecules collide with each other and with the walls of the
container. Other forces, such as gravitational force etc. are considered to have a negligible effect
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on the motions of the gas molecules and container. So, in isolated system, the bodies exert forces
on each other which are very large as compared with external forces.
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Statement:
If there is no external force applied to a system of particles (Isolated system) then the total
momentum of that system remains constant.
i.e. ∆𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎
Or
In the absence of an external force (isolated system), the initial momentum (Pi) of the system must
be equal to the final momentum (Pf).
����⃗𝒊𝒊 = 𝑷𝑷
i.e. 𝑷𝑷 ����⃗𝒇𝒇
Mathematical Derivation:
As we know that:
��⃗
∆𝑷𝑷
𝑭𝑭 =
∆𝒕𝒕
For an isolated system, there is no net force acting i.e. F=0. Therefore, Newton’s Second law in
terms of momentum can be written as:
∆𝑃𝑃�⃗
0= ...... (1)
∆𝑡𝑡
As ∆𝑃𝑃�⃗ = ���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 − ��⃗
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤 , so eq (1) becomes
�����⃗
𝑃𝑃 ���⃗𝚤𝚤
𝑓𝑓 − 𝑃𝑃
0=
∆𝑡𝑡
By cross Multiplication:
0 × ∆𝑡𝑡 = ���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 − ��⃗
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤
0 = ���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 − ��⃗𝚤𝚤
𝑃𝑃
0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = ���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 − ��⃗
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤 +𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
����⃗
𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 = ����⃗
𝑷𝑷𝒇𝒇 ........... (2)
Eq (2) shows that the initial momentum of system is equal to the final momentum in the absence
of an external force which satisfies the law of conservation of momentum.
Examples:
1. Collision of objects
2. Firing of a gun
3. Explosion of bombs
4. Propulsion of rockets etc.
In all the above examples, the systems are initially at rest. Therefore, their initial momentum is
��⃗𝚤𝚤 = 0 . Let all these systems consist of two parts of masses “m1” and “m2” with velocities
zero i.e. 𝑃𝑃
“v1” and “v2” then their final momentum is given by
��⃗
Pf = m1 v1 + m2 v2
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Now, by the law of conservation of momentum

��⃗ı = P
P ��⃗f
0 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
Or -m1 v1 = m2 v2
So, both parts of the system will have an equal but opposite momentum. However, if we add up
the momentum of both parts, the sum of total momentum will be zero.

Q.6: Define collision and explosion. Explain change in momentum in terms of collision and
explosion.
Ans: Collision:
An event during which particles come close to each other and interact by means of forces
is called collision.
Change in momentum in term of collision:
The forces due to the collision are assumed to be much larger than any external forces
present.
Consider a system consisting of two objects A and B of masses “m1” and “m2” moving with
velocities “u1” and “u2” respectively as shown in figure. The total momentum of the system before
collision is given by,
��⃗
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤 = m1u1+m2u2
Let “v1” and “v2” be the velocities of the masses after collision. Then, the total momentum
of the system after collision is given by,
���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 =m1v1+m2v2
Now, by law of conservation of momentum,
��⃗ ���⃗𝑓𝑓 -------------- (1)
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤 =𝑃𝑃
Therefore, eq (1) becomes
m1u1+m2u2= m1v1+m2v2--------------- (2)
OR
Initial momentum= final momentum
Before collision after collision
Eq(2) shows that the total initial momentum of the system before collision is equal to
the total final momentum of the system after collision. Thus, the total momentum during the
collision will be conserved in an isolated system, by the law of conservation of momentum.

u1 u2 v1 v2

m1 m2 m1 m2 m1
m2
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Before Collision During Collision After Collision

Explosion:
The process in which the particles of the system move apart from each other after an intense
interaction is known as explosion.
Change in Momentum in terms of Explosion:
If the system is isolated, its total momentum during the explosion will be conserved, by the
law of conservation of momentum. Explosion is the opposite of collision.
Consider an isolated system of bullet of mass “m1” and gun of mass “m2”. Before firing, the
velocity of the bullet as well as that of gun is zero. Therefore, the total momentum of both objects
before firing is zero. So, we have,
Pi=0
After firing, the bullet moves with velocity “v1” in one direction and the gun recoils with velocity
‘’v2” in the other direction. Therefore, the total momentum of the system after firing is given by
�⃗f = m1����⃗
P 𝑣𝑣1 + m2����⃗
𝑣𝑣2
Now, by law of conservation of momentum
��⃗
𝑃𝑃𝚤𝚤 = ���⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓
0 =m1𝒗𝒗����⃗𝟏𝟏 + m2𝒗𝒗
����⃗𝟐𝟐
Hence, both gun and bullet will have an equal but opposite momentum. However, if we add up the
momentum of both gun and bullet, the sum of total momentum will be zero.

Q7: What is friction? What are microscopic basis of friction? What is normal force, how it
affects friction.
Friction:
The force which always opposes the motion of one body over another body in contact with
it is called force of friction.
It is denoted by “f”.
Examples:
Friction exists between,
1. The ground and the wheels of a car
2. Water and fish swimming through it.
3. A flying cricket ball and air etc.
Quantity and unit:
Friction is a vector quantity and its SI unit is newton(N).

Microscopic description of friction:

Every object has a rough surface, even surfaces that appear to be very smooth to the naked
eye can actually look quite rough when examined under a microscope. Thus, if different surfaces
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are observed under microscope, it can be seen that there are ups and downs (irregularities) on these
surfaces. Whenever the surfaces are rolled or slide over one another, their ups and downs are
interlocked with each other that opposes the relative motion of each surface and gives rise to
friction force. So, the main cause of friction is the roughness of the surface. The more rough and
uneven surface, the more will be the cause of friction.
Normal force (FN)
A contact force perpendicular to the contact surface that prevents two objects from passing
through one another is called normal force (FN).
Consider a book is placed on a horizontal table’s surface. By
Newton’s third law, the book exerts the force on the table due to its
weight that is acting downward and as a reaction, table also exerts a
force on the book in upward direction i.e. a normal force (FN) of
table. If no other vertical forces act, then the normal force on the
book by table is equal in magnitude to the book’s weight i.e. FN=W
But if the surface of the table is not horizontal, then the
normal force is not vertical and is not equal in magnitude of the
book. In this case a book slightly moves on an inclined plane of the
table and become stop after covering some distance due to force of
friction.
Even on a horizontal surface, if there
are other vertical forces acting on the book
then the normal force is not equal in
magnitude to the weight of the book. In this
case, normal force on the book increases
that further increases the frictional force.
As we know that, f=μFN…………(i)
According to equation(i), friction is
directly proportional to the normal force.
Greater is the normal force, FN greater will
be the force of friction “f”. i.e.
fα FN and vice versa.

Q8. Differentiate between static and kinetic friction by giving an example. Find the
expression for the coefficient of kinetic and static friction.
Static friction:
The maximum force of friction that is opposite to the applied force and prevents the body
from moving is called static friction. It is denoted by “fs”.
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Mathematical form:
fs=μsFN
Kinetic friction:
The force of friction that acts against during motion of an object in a direction opposite to
the direction of motion is called kinetic friction. It is denoted by “fk”.
Mathematical form:
fk=μkFN
Example:
When we slide a wooden block placed on a table, then the following four forces acts on the
block at the same time. i.e.
1. The weight “W” of the body is acting downward.
2. The normal force “FN” which is acting upward.
3. The applied force “F”.
4. The force of static friction “fs” which is acting in opposite direction to the applied force as
shown in figure A.
The weight “W” and normal force “FN” balance each other. Now when the applied force “F”
acts on the block, still the block does not move. Such force of friction at this stage is called static
friction “fs”.
If we increase the applied force further gradually, the static friction also increases and finally
a stage comes when the static friction reaches to its maximum value. Such maximum value of
static friction is called maximum static friction or limiting friction “fs, max”.
The maximum static friction does not increase further more and the block begins to move due
to maximum applied force. The friction is still present while the block is moving due to applied
force. Such force of friction during the motion of the body is called kinetic friction “fk”. Usually,
kinetic friction is always less than static friction (fk < fs).

Coefficient of static friction (μs):

As we know that, the static friction “fs” is directly proportional to the normal force “FN”
acting on the body i.e.,
fsα FN
Or
fs = μsFN
Where “μs” is a constant of proportionality known as the coefficient of static friction and
depends on the nature of surfaces in contact before sliding.
Thus, the coefficient of static friction “μs” can be written as
𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔
μs =
𝑭𝑭𝑵𝑵
Coefficient of kinetic friction(μk):
Similarly, the kinetic friction “fk” is directly proportional to the “FN”. i.e.,
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fkα FN
or
fk = μkFN
Where “μk” is known as coefficient of kinetic friction and depends on the nature of surfaces
in contact during sliding.
Thus, the coefficient of kinetic friction “μk” can be written as:
𝒇𝒇𝒌𝒌
μk =
𝑭𝑭𝑵𝑵
As “μ” is the ratio of forces (two similar quantities), therefore it has no unit.
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Q9: What are the advantages and disadvantages of friction? Also give methods to reduce
and improve friction.
Ans: Advantages of friction:
Some advantages of friction are given below:
1. We can walk on the ground with the help of friction between the soles of our shoes and the
ground.
2. The nails remain fixed in the walls and wood due to friction.
3. The lighting of a match stick is another useful application of friction.
4. The moving vehicles can be stopped by applying brakes due to friction.
5. Friction enables us to write on paper.

Disadvantages of friction:
Some disadvantages of friction are given below:
1. The friction can produce heat in various parts of running machine.
2. Friction reduces the speed of moving vehicles to a great extent.
3. The various parts of machines become useless due to friction.
4. Cars, buses, trains, machines etc lose a part of their energy in overcoming friction due to
which their efficiency decreases.

Methods of reducing friction:

Some methods of reducing friction are given below:
1. If we polish the rough surfaces, they become smooth and friction is reduced.
2. Friction can be reduced by applying lubricants (oils or grease) between the parts of
machinery or any rough surface.
3. Friction can be reduced by converting sliding friction into rolling friction by using ball
bearings
4. To reduce air friction, the front portions of cars and airplanes are made oblong in shape.
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Q10: What is tension? If two connected bodies of masses m1 and m2 are

hanging from the ends of a string which is passing over a pulley, find the
values of tension and acceleration in it.
Ans: Tension:
The pulling force exerted by a stretched rope, string or cable on an object
to which it is attached is called a tension force. It is denoted by “T”.
Explanation:
Tension is always a pull force. Hence, the direction of a tension force is
always the direction in which one would pull the object with a string or rope.
Suppose a person is holding an object of mass “m” at rest with the help of a
string as shown in figure. The object exerts a force on the hand through the string in downward
direction due to its weight “W”. By Newton’s third law, the force which is exerted by the string
on hand is called the tension in the string. As the object is at rest, the magnitude of tension is equal
to that of weight of the object i.e., T=W

Acceleration and Tension in Atwood’s machine:

Consider, motion of two bodies “A” and “B” having masses m1 and m2 (with m1 is greater
than m2) are suspended by an extensible string which passes over a frictionless pulley. Such
arrangement is known as Simplified Atwood’s machine. In such an arrangement (m1>m2), m1 will
move downward and m2 will move upward. Since, tension “T” and acceleration “a” will be same
for both bodies.
Mathematical form:
In order to find acceleration and tension in the string, be proceed as follows.
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Two forces acting on mass “m1” are:

1. Weight acting downward= W1= m1g
2. Tension in the string acting upward = T
So, the net force acting on “m1” is given by:
Fnet= m1a
W1 + (-T) = m1a
W1 -T = m1a ∴ W1= m1g
m1g-T = m1a ………(i)
Similarly, two forces acting on mass “m2” are:
1. Weight acting downward = W2 = m2g
2. Tension in the string (upward) = T
Now, the net force acting on “m2” is given by,
Fnet= m2a
T + (-W2) = m2a
T- W2 = m2a ∴ W2 = m2g
T- m2g =m2a (ii)
For finding acceleration:
Adding eq(i) and eq (ii)
m1g – T + T- m2g = m1a + m2a
m1g- m2g = m1a + m2a
(m1-m2)g = (m1+ m2)a
Divide (m1+ m2) on both sides
(𝑚𝑚1 −𝑚𝑚2 ) (𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑔𝑔 = 𝑎𝑎
(𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 ) (𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 )
(𝑚𝑚1 −𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑔𝑔 = 𝑎𝑎
(𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 )

Or
(𝑚𝑚1 −𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑔𝑔 … … … ..iii
(𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 )

For finding tension in string:

Dividing eq (i) and eq (ii)
𝑚𝑚1 𝑔𝑔−𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚1 𝑎𝑎
=
𝑇𝑇−𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑎
𝑚𝑚1 𝑔𝑔−𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚1
=
𝑇𝑇−𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚2

By cross multiplication
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m2(m1 g- T) = m1(T – m2g)

m1m2g - m2T = m1T - m1m2g
m1m2g + m1m2g = m1T + m2T
2m1m2g = (m1 + m2)T
Divide (m1 +m2) on both sides
2𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑔 (𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 )𝑇𝑇
=
𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2
2𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑔
=T
𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2

Or
2𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑔
T= (iv)
𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2

Equation (iv) represents the Tension “T” in the string.

Q11: What is uniform circular motion? What are the factors on which magnitude of
acceleration (centripetal acceleration) in uniform circular motion depends.
Ans: Uniform circular motion:
“If a body moves in a circular path with a uniform speed, its motion is called uniform
circular motion.”
Or
“When the speed of a moving object does not change as it travels in the circular path, it is
called uniform circular motion.
Examples:
1. Motion of earth around the sun.
2. Motion of electrons around the nucleus.
3. Motion of fan etc.
Centripetal acceleration:
The acceleration which is produced by changing the direction of motion of a body moving
in a circular path with constant (uniform) speed is called centripetal acceleration. It is denoted by
“ac”.
Explanation:
We know that during the circular motion, the direction of velocity of the body changes at
every point continuously due to which an acceleration is produced which is known as centripetal
acceleration. It is perpendicular to the velocity of the body and is directed towards the center of
the circle.
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Mathematical form:
Mathematically it can be written as:
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
ac = (i)
𝒓𝒓
Unit:
The SI unit of centripetal acceleration is meter per second square (m/s2 or ms-2).
Factors:
According to eq (i) the centripetal acceleration “ac” depends on the following two factors
in uniform circular motion.
1. Velocity of the body (v)
2. Radius of circle (r)
Eq (i) shows that the centripetal acceleration is directly proportional to the square of velocity
of the body which means greater is the speed of the body, greater will be the centripetal
acceleration. Also, centripetal acceleration is inversely proportional to the radius of the circle (r)
which means smaller is the radius of circular path, greater will be the centripetal acceleration.

Q12: What is centripetal force? Explain how centripetal force is used in banking of roads
and centrifugation.
Centripetal force:
The force which compels a body to move in a circular path is called centripetal force.
It is denoted by “Fc”.
Mathematical form:
𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
Fc = V
𝒓𝒓
Where “m” is the mass of the body, “v” is the velocity of
the body and “r” is the radius of the circle.
Explanation
We know that in circular motion, the direction of velocity
of the body changes at every point continuously. Thus,
acceleration is produced during such motion and the force V
required for the production of centripetal acceleration is known
as centripetal force which is directed forwards the centre of the
circle.
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Applications of centripetal force:

The centripetal force plays an important role in our daily life. Some of the useful applications
of centripetal force are given below:

1. Banking of road:
To make the outer edge of a curved road is a little higher than the its inner edge is known
as banking of road.
When a car takes a turn along a round track, sufficient centripetal force is required. In the
absence of this force, the car will skid off the road to the outward direction due to inertia. The force
of friction between tyres and the road provides this centripetal force and keeps the car moving on
the curved path. However, if the road is slippery due to rain or snow, this reduces the friction which
in turn reduces centripetal force of taking turn.
In this case, we use a technique “banking of road curves” in order to provide sufficient
centripetal force to the turning vehicles by making the outer edge of a round track is slightly higher
than that of the inner edge. In this case the normal force ‘FN’ of the road is resolved into two
components i.e. ‘FNx’ and ‘FNy’.
The horizontal component ‘FNx’ balances the weight of a car whereas the vertical
component ‘FNy’ of normal force increases the friction which provides sufficient centripetal force
due to which the vehicles take a safe turn.

Centrifuge:
Centrifuge is a device which is used for the separation of liquids of unequal densities. Its
operation depends upon centripetal force.
Construction and working:
A simplest type of centrifuge consists of a wheel which rotates horizontally and some
buckets are attached to the wheel vertically. Now, if a mixture of unequal densities are introduced
into the buckets and the wheel is allowed to rotate rapidly, the liquid becomes separate that is the
heavy liquid remains farther from the axis of rotation while the lighter liquids remains nearer to it.
This means that the heavier liquids are at the bottom of the buckets when the centrifuge is stopped.
Examples:
The same centrifuge principle can be used in some commonly used devices in our daily
life i.e. cream separator and washing machine dryer are the examples of centrifuge.
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TOPIC WICE QUESTION

Q1. Describe various type of friction.
Ans. Types of friction:
There are two types of frictional forces which are given below
1. Sliding friction 2. Rolling friction
1. Sliding friction:
The force which opposes the sliding of one solid body over the surface of another solid
body is called sliding friction. This kind of friction is caused by the roughness of surfaces in
contact.
Types of sliding friction:
Sliding friction is of two types which are given below;
a. Static friction b. Kinetic friction
a. Static friction:
The minimum force of friction that is opposite to the applied force and prevents the body
from moving is called static friction. It is denoted by fs.
b. Kinetic friction:
The frictional force that acts against during motion of an object in a direction opposite to
the direction of motion is called kinetic friction. It is denoted by fk.
Example:
Whenever a wooden cart is dragged over a road then the friction produced is called sliding
friction.
2. Rolling friction:
When a body rolls over a surface, the force of friction is called rolling friction.
Explanation:
It is commonly observed that a body with wheels move easily as compared to a body of
same size without wheels. Thus, rolling friction is much less than a sliding friction because the
contact surface area is much less in rolling than in sliding friction.
Example:
Whenever a ball is rolled over the ground the friction produced is called rolling friction
because small surface area of both ball and ground are in contact with each other that offer less
resistance.
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Q2. Discuss the graphical interpretation of

friction.
Ans. Graphical interpretation of friction:
The graph between applied force ‘F’ and
frictional force ‘f’ shows that when the applied force
increases the static frictional force ‘fc’ also
increases until it reaches a certain maximum value called
limiting friction ‘fs max’.
At this point the object starts moving and frictional force rapidly decreases to a smaller
kinetic friction ‘fk’ value, which nearly remains constant.
Q3. Define and explain centripetal force.
Ans. Centripetal force:
The force which compels a body to move in a circle is called centripetal force. It is denoted
by ‘Fc’.
Explanation:
We know that in circular motion, the direction of velocity
of body changes continuously. Thus, acceleration is produced
during such motion. The force required for the production of
centripetal acceleration is known as centripetal force and it is
always directed towards the centre of circle. In the absence of
centripetal force, the object will travel in a straight line. Hence,
the effect of centripetal force is to continuously change the
direction of moving object, forcing it to move in a circle.
Mathematical form:
Let ‘m’ be the mass of an object which is compelled to move in a circle of radius ‘r’ with
the constant speed ‘v’. Centripetal force ‘Fc’ produces centripetal acceleration ‘ac’ in the body
which can be written as:
𝑣𝑣2
ac = =
𝑚𝑚
Now, according to the Newton second law of motion:
Fc = mac (i)
Putting value of ac in eq (i):

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Fc = (ii)
𝑟𝑟

Quantity and Unit:

The centripetal force is a vector quantity and its SI unit is Newton (N).
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Factors on which it depends:

According to eq (ii), the centripetal force depends upon the following three factors:
1. Mass of the body
2. Velocity of the body
3. Radius of the circle
Greater the mass and velocity of the body, greater will be the centripetal force. Also, smaller
is the radius of circular path, greater will be the centripetal force.
Example:
The moon revolves around the earth because of centripetal force which is provided by the
gravitational force between moon and the earth.
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Q4. Write a note on cream separator.

Ans. Cream separator:
A cream separator is a centrifugal device which is used to separate cream from milk. It
works on the principle of centrifuge.
Construction:
It consists of a set of blades connected to an axis by means of a metallic rod which is driven
by an electric motor.
Working:
As milk is a mixture of light and heavy particles, the turning blades of this device spins the
milk due to which the light and heavy particles of milk are separated. The light particles (cream)
gather near the axis of rotation while the heavy particles of milk go away from the axis of rotation.
In this way, cream is separated from milk.

Q5. Write a note on washing machine dryer.

Ans. Washing machine dryer:
A washing machine dryer is a device which is used to dry the wet clothes quickly. It works
on the principle of centrifuge.
Construction:
It consists of a cylinder having small holes on its wall and a rotor which is driven by an
electric motor.
Working:
When wet clothes are placed in this cylinder and it is rotated rapidly. Due to this, water
moves outward to the wall of cylinder and is drained out through the holes. In this way, the clothes
become dry quickly.
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CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1. Why does dust fly off, when a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick?
Ans. When we beat a carpet with a stick, the carpet is set into motion while the dust particles inside
the carpet are at rest and tends to remain at rest due to inertia. As the dust particles do not move
with the carpet, so they get removed from the carpet.

Q2. If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove some of the excess water
by shaking them, why does this work?
Ans. We can remove some of the excess water from our wet hands by shaking them due to inertia.
When we shake our hands, the hands come into state of motion while the drops of water are at rest
and tend to remain at rest due to inertia. As a result, these drops are removed from our hands.

Q3. Why a balloon filled with air move forward when its air is released?
Ans. When air is released from balloon, the balloon exerts an action force on the air and pushes it
out in the backward direction. While the rushing out air exerts an equal reaction force on the
balloon in forward direction. As a result, the balloon moves forward.
We can also explain this in terms of the law of conservation of momentum. The air and balloon
forms an isolated system whose total momentum is initially zero. Now, when air is released, it
rushes out with great momentum in the backward direction. Now to conserve the momentum, the
balloon moves forward with the same momentum.

Q4. Why does a hosepipe tend to move backward when the fire man directs a powerful
stream of water towards fire?
Ans. It is an example of Newton’s third law as well as law of conservation of momentum. By
Newton’s third law of motion, when the fire man directs a hose pipe towards fire, the water shoots
out from the pipe in forward direction which is an action on water. While as a reaction, the water
also exerts the same force on the pipe in backward direction. As a result, the house pipe moves
backward.
Similarly, it can be explained by the law of conservation of momentum, the water and pipe forms
an isolated system whose total momentum is zero. Now, when the water is released from the pipe
it comes out with great momentum in the forward direction. Now, to conserve the momentum, the
pipe moves in backward direction.

Q5. Your car is stuck in wet mud. Some students on their way to class see your predicament
and help out by sitting on the trunk of your car to increase its traction. Why does it help?
Ans. When a car stuck in wet mud, the friction between tyres and mud decreases. As a result, the
car cannot move. Now, when the students sit on the trunk of the car, the weight of car increases
due to which the normal force ‘FN’ on the car also increases.
As we know that:
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f = μFN………..eq (i)
According to eq (i), force of friction (f) is directly proportional to the normal force (FN) which
means that greater the normal force, greater will be the force of friction. Thus, the increase in
friction helps the car to come out of the mud easily.

Q6. How does friction help you walk? Is it kinetic friction or static friction?
Ans. A frictional force exists between the ground and sole of our shoes. When we walk forward,
we push the ground with feet in the backward direction while in reaction, the ground also exerts a
force (friction) in forward direction which moves us forward. Because of this frictional force, we
are able to walk on the ground. Without friction, it is not possible for us to walk on the ground.
This is static friction because when we walk on the ground, our feet are at rest for a moment
which provides the static friction between our feet and ground. Hence, we walk due to static
friction instead of kinetic friction.

Q7. The parking brake on a car causes the air wheels to lockup. What would be the likely
consequence of applying the parking brake in a car that is in rapid motion?
Ans. While driving fast on a road, if the parking brake (hand brake) is applied, the rear wheels of
the car will be lock up. But the front wheels are in motion and according to inertia, the front wheels
try to maintain their state of motion. As a result, the car will skid in such situation.
Q8. Why is the surface of a conveyor belt made rough?
Ans. The surface of a conveyor belt is made rough just to increase the force of friction between
the belt and the objects which are placed on the surface of belt. Because on rough surface,
irregularities are more due to which area of contact increases the force of friction. As a result, the
things lying on the belt remain safe from falling down.

Q9. Why does a boatman tie his boat to a pillar before allowing the passengers to step on the
river bank?
Ans. When the passengers jump from the boat on the river bank, they actually push the boat with
their feet in the backward direction. In this way, the boat would move away from the bank and the
passengers may fall in water. So, to avoid the backward push of the boat, it is first tied to the pillar
before allowing the passengers to step on the river bank.

Q10. In uniform circular motion, is the velocity constant? Is the acceleration constant?
Explain.
Ans. In uniform circular motion, the velocity does not remain constant because the direction of
velocity of the body changes continuously from point to point and this direction of velocity is
always tangent to circle at each point. Whereas, the centripetal acceleration is directed towards the
centre of circular path and its direction remain unchanged. Due to uniform circular motion, the
centripetal acceleration remains constant throughout the motion.
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Q11. You tie a brick to the end of the rope and whirl the brick around you in a horizontal
circle. Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let go of the rope.
Ans. According to Newton’s third law of motion, for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. When we tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl it in a circle of radius ‘r’, we provide
centripetal force to the brick through the rope. Whereas the brick also exerts centrifugal force on
our hands through the rope in a direction away from the centre of the circle. So, the reaction of the
centripetal force is centrifugal force. Now, if we let go the rope suddenly then the brick will move
in a straight line away from the centre of the circle due to centrifugal force.

Q12. Why the posted speed for a turn is lower than the speed limit on most highways?
Ans. When a car takes a turn, the necessary centripetal force v is provided by the force of friction
between the road and tyres. We know that the centripetal force ‘Fc’ is given by:
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
Fc = = ………. eq (i)
𝑟𝑟
eq (i) shows that higher the speed of the car, greater amount of centripetal force is required to move
along a circular path. At higher speed, it is not possible for the frictional force to provide necessary
centripetal force for the car to take a safe turn. As a result, the car will skid away due to insufficient
centripetal force. So, to avoid such risky situation, the driver should keep the speed of the car lower
while taking a turn.
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NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Q1. 1580kg car is travelling with a speed of 15.0 m/s. what is the magnitude of the horizontal
net force that is required to bring the car to a halt in a distance of 50.0m.
Data:
Mass = m = 1580kg
Initial velocity = vi = 15m/s
Final velocity = vf = 0m/s
Distance covered = s = 50m
Find:
Force required to stop the car = F =?
Solution:
As we know that
F = ma……………. eq (i)
First, we find ‘a’ by using 3rd equation of motion
2as = vf2 _ vi2
Or
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 −𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊
a=
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
By putting values:
(0)−(15)2
a=
2×50
0−225
a=
100
−225
a=
100
a = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐/𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐
The negative sign shows deceleration.
Now, putting value of ‘a’ in eq(i)
F = ma
F = 1580 × -2.25
F = -3555N
F = -3.555 × 103 N
Or
F = -3.55 × 103 N

Q2. A bullet of mass 10g is fixed with a rifle. The bullet takes 0.003s to move through barrel
and leaves with a velocity of 300m/s. What is the force exerted by the rifle?
Data:
Mas = m = 10g
10
m=
1000
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m = 0.01kg
Time = t = 0.003s
Initial velocity = vi = 0m/s
Final velocity = vf = 300m/s
Find:
Force = F =?
Solution:
We know that
F = ma ………… eq (i)
1st we find ‘a’ by using formula
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 −𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊
a=
𝒕𝒕
By putting values
300−0
a=
0.003
300
a=
0.003
a = 100,000 m/s2
Now, putting value of ‘a’ in eq (i)
F = ma
F = 0.01 ×100,000
F = 1000N

Q3. A 2200 kg vehicle travelling at 94km/h(26m/s) can be stopped in 21s by gently applying
the barkers. It can be stopped in 3.8s. if the driver slams on the brakes. What average force
is exerted on the vehicle in both of these stops.
Data: -
Mass = m =2200kg
Initial velocity = vi = 94km/hr
94 ×1000
vi =
3600
vi = 26m/s
st
Time taken in 1 case = t1 = 21s
Time taken in 2nd case = t2 = 3.8s
Final velocity = vf = 0m/s
Find:
Force required in 1st case = F1 =?
Force required in 2nd case = F2 =?
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Solution; -
As we know that
F1 = ma1 …………… (i)
st
1 we find “a1” by using formula
vf − vi
a1 =
t1
by putting values
0−26
a1 =
21
−26
a1 =
21
a1 = -1.23m/s2
Now, putting value of a1 in eq (i)
F1 = ma1
F1 = 2200 × (−1.23)
F1 = -2706N
F1 = -2.706 × 103 N
OR
F1 = -2.7 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑 N
For finding F2 , we know that
F2 = ma2 …………….. (ii)
st
1 we find “a2” by using formula
Vf− V
i
a2 =
t2
By putting values
0−26
a2 =
3.8
−26
a1 =
3.8
a2 = -6.84m/s2
Now, putting value of a2 in eq (ii)
F2 = ma2
F2 = 2200 × (−6.84)
F2 = -15048N
F2 = -1.5 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒 N
For finding average force “F”:
F1 +F2
F=
2
(−2.7 x 103 )+ (−1.5 × 104 )
F=
2
−2.7 ×103 −1.5 × 104
F=
2
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−2.7 ×103 −0.15 × 103

F=
2
−2.85×103
F=
2
F = -1.42 x 103 N
Q4. You want to move a 500N crate across a level floor. To start the crate moving, you have
to pull with a 230N horizontal force. Once the crate “breaks loose” and starts to move, you
can keep it moving at constant velocity with only 200N. What are the co-efficient of static
and kinetic friction?
Data: -
Normal force = weight of crate
FN = W
FN = 500N
Static friction = fs = 230N
Kinetic friction = fk = 200N
Find
Co-efficient of static friction = 𝜇𝜇s =?
Co-efficient of kinetic friction = 𝜇𝜇k =?
Solution
For finding 𝜇𝜇s, using formula
fs
𝜇𝜇s =
FN
230
𝜇𝜇s =
500
𝝁𝝁s = 0.46
For finding 𝜇𝜇k, using formula
fk
𝜇𝜇k =
FN
200
𝜇𝜇k =
500
𝝁𝝁k = 0.4

Q5. Two bodies of masses 3kg and 5kg are tied to string which is passed over a pulley. If the
pulley has no friction, find the acceleration of the bodies and tension in the string.
Data:
Mass of 1st body = m1 = 5kg
Mass of 2nd body = m2 = 3kg
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8m/s2
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Find
Acceleration = a=?
Tension in the string =T=?
Solution:
1st we find “a”, by using formula
𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏 −𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
a=( )g
𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏 +𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
5−3
a=( ) × 9.8
5+3
2
a= ( ) × 9.8
8

a= 0.25 × 9.8
a= 2.45m/s2
For finding T, using formula
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
T =( )g
𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏 +𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐

2×5×3
T= × 9.8
5+3
30
T= × 9.8
8

T= 3.75 × 9.8
T= 36.75N

Q6. Determine the magnitude of the centripetal force exerted by the rim of a car’s wheel on
a 45.0 kg tire. The tire has 0.408 meter radius and is rotating at a speed of 30.0 m/s.
Data:
Mass = m = 45 kg
Radius= r = 0.480m
Speed= v = 30 m/s
Find:
Centripetal force = Fc = ?
Solution:
We know that
𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝟐𝟐
Fc =
𝐫𝐫
By putting values
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45×302
Fc =
0.480
45×900
Fc =
0.480
40500
Fc =
0.480
Fc = 84375 N
Fc = 8.4375 × 104 N
or
Fc = 8.44 × 104 N

Q7. A motorcyclist is moving along a circular wooden track of a circus (death well) of radius
5m at a speed of 10m/s. If the total mass of motorcycle and the rider is 150 kg, find the
magnitude of centripetal force acting on him?
Data:
Mass = m = 150 kg
Radius= r = 5m
Speed= v = 10 m/s
Find:
Centripetal force = Fc = ?
Solution:
We know that
𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝟐𝟐
Fc =
𝐫𝐫
By putting values
150×102
Fc =
5
150×100
Fc =
5
15000
Fc =
5
Fc = 3000 N

Q8: A car of mass 1000kg is running on a circular motorway interchange near swabi with a
velocity of 80m/s, the radius of circular motorway interchange is 800m. How much
centripetal force is required?
Data:
Mass = m = 1000 kg
Radius= r = 800m
Velocity= v = 80 m/s
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Find:
Centripetal force = Fc = ?
Solution:
We know that
𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝟐𝟐
Fc =
𝐫𝐫
By putting values
1000×802
Fc =
800
1000×6400
Fc =
800
64000
Fc =
8
Fc = 8000 N
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Assignment
Assignment 3.1
Find the acceleration produce in engine force of 3500N in car of mass 600 Kg and truck of
mass 2400 kg.
Data:
Force = F = 3500 N
Mass of car = m1 =600 kg
Mass of truck = m2 = 2400 kg
Find:
Acceleration produced in car = a1 = ?
Acceleration produced in truck = a2 = ?
Solution:
For finding a1, using formula
F = ma
Or
F = m 1 a1
𝐅𝐅
a1 =
𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏
By putting values
3500
a1 =
600
a1 = 5.83 m/s2
For finding a2, using formula
F = m 2 a2
𝐅𝐅
or a2 =
𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
By putting values
3500
a2 =
2400
a2 = 1.458 m/s2
Or
a2 = 1.46 m/s2

Assignment 3.2
The weight of an astronaut and his space suit on the moon is only 250N. How much do they
weigh on earth? What is the mass on the moon? On earth? (Take acceleration due to gravity
for earth as gE = 9.8m/s2 and moon as gM = 1.6m/s2)
Data:
Weight of astronaut on moon = W = 250 N
Acceleration due to gravity on earth = gE = 9.8 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity on moon = gm = 1.6 m/s2
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Find:
a) Mass on moon = mm = ?
b) b. Mass on earth = mE = ?
c) c. Weight on earth = WE =?
Solution
For finding mm , using formula
W = mg
W = mmgm
𝐖𝐖
Or mm =
𝐠𝐠 𝐦𝐦
250
mm =
1.6
mm = 156 kg
(b) As mass is constant everywhere, so mass of astronaut on earth will be also 156kg. i.e.,
mE = 156kg
(c) For finding WE, we know that
WE = mEgE
WE = 156 ×9.8
WE = 1528.8 N
WE = 1.528 × 103N
Or
WE = 1.5 x 103N

Assignment 3.3
The fastest recorded speed for a golf ball hit by a golfer is 75.8 m/s (273km/hr). If mass
of golf ball is 46g, what is the magnitude of its momentum?
Data
Velocity = V = 75.8m/s
Mass = m = 46g
46
m= kg
1000
m= 0.046kg
Find
Momentum = P = ?
Solution
We know that
P = mv
By putting values
P = 0.046 × 75.8
P = 3.4868Ns
Or P = 3.49 Ns
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Assignment 3.4
Calculate the force required to stop a car of mass 1200 kg and a loaded truck of mass
9000kg in 2 second, if they are moving with same velocity of 10ms-1.
Data
Mass of car = m1 = 1200 kg
Mass of truck = m2= 9000kg
Time = t= 2s
Initial velocity = vi =10 ms-1
Final velocity = vf= 0 ms-1
Find
Force required to stop a car = F1 = ?
Force required to stop a truck = F2 = ?
Solution
As we know that
F1 = m1a (i)
st
1 we find “a”, by using formula
𝐯𝐯 −𝐯𝐯
a= 𝐟𝐟 𝐢𝐢
𝐭𝐭
By putting values
0−10
a=
2
−10
a=
2
a = -5ms-1
Now putting values of “a” in eq (i)
F1 = m1a
F1= 1200 × -5
F1 = -6000N
For finding F2, we know that
F2 = m2a
By putting values
F2 = 9000 × -5
F2 = - 45000N
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Assignment 3.5
In carrom board game the stricker of mass having mass 0.015kg sliding to the right at
velocity of 0.40m/s makes head on collision with a disk having mass 0.005kg that is
initially at rest. After the collision, stricker moves to the right along the direction of disk
at 0.20m/s. Find the final velocity of the disk.
Data
Mass of stricker = m1 = 0.015kg
Mass of disk = m2 = 0.005kg
Initial velocity of stricker = u1 = 0.40m/s
Final velocity of stricker = v1 = 0.20m/s
Initial velocity of disk = u2 = 0m/s
Find
Final velocity of disk = v2 = ?
Solution
By using law of conservation of momentum
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1u1 + m2u2 - m1v1 = m1v1 - m1v1 + m2v2
m1u1 + m2u2 - m1v1 = m2v2
Divide “ m2” on both sides
m1 u1 +m2 u2 −m1 v1 m 2 v2
=
m2 m2
m1 u1 +m2 u2 −m1 v1
= v2
m2
Or
𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏 𝐮𝐮𝟏𝟏 +𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐 −𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏 𝐯𝐯𝟏𝟏
𝐯𝐯𝟐𝟐 =
𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
0.015×0.40+0.005×0−0.015×0.20
𝑣𝑣2 =
0.005
0.006+0−0.003
v2 =
0.005
0.003
v2 =
0.005
𝐯𝐯𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦/𝐬𝐬

Assignment 3.6
A 200kg cannon at rest contains a 10kg cannon ball. When fired, the cannon ball leaves the
cannon with a speed of 90m/s. what is the recoil speed of cannon?
Data:
Mass of a cannon ball = m1 = 10kg
Mass of a cannon = m2 = 200kg
Velocity of cannon ball after fire = v1 = 90m/s
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Find:
Velocity of cannon after fire = v2 = ?
Solution:
We know that
Pf = P i ∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 0
Pf = 0
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
m1v1 - m1v1 + m2v2 = 0 – m1v1
m2v2 = – m1v1
Divide “m2” on both sides
𝑚𝑚2 𝑣𝑣2 −𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣
= 1 1
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
−𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏
v2 =
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
−(10 ×90)
v2 =
200
−900
v2 =
200
v2 = -4.5m/s
The negative sign shows that the cannon is pushed in opposite direction of cannon ball.

Assignment 3.7
A 5kg heavy leather bag is placed on a horizontal wooden plank. How much force is required
to set it in motion if the coefficient of friction between the plank and bag is 0.1?
Data:
Mass of bag = m = 5kg
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8m/s2
Coefficient of friction = μk= 0.1
Find:
Normal force = FN = ?
Force = fk= ?
Solution:
As we know that
fk= μkFN…………………….(i)
First we find FN , we know that
FN = Weight of the bag
FN = W ∴w = mg
FN = mg
FN = 5 × 9.8
FN = 49N
Now, putting value of ‘FN’ in eq (i)
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fk = μkFN
fk= 0.1 × 49
fk= 4.9N
Or
fk= 5N

Assignment 3.8
Two bodies of mass 3.5kg and 1.5kg are tied to ends of string which passes over a pulley.
Find
a. The acceleration of bodies
b. The tension in the string
Data:
Mass of 1st body = m1 = 3.5kg
Mass of 2nd body = m2 = 1.5kg
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8m/s2
Find:
Acceleration = a = ?
Tension in string = T = ?
Solution;
For finding ‘a’ ,using formula
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 −𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
a=( )g
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 +𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
3.5−1.5
a=( ) 9.8
3.5+1.5
2
a = ( ) 9.8
5
a = 0.4 × 9.8
a = 3.92 m/s2
Or
a = 4 m/s2
For finding ‘T’, using formula
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
T=( )g
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 +𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐×𝟑𝟑.𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓
T= 𝟑𝟑.𝟓𝟓+𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓
×9.8
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓
T= 𝟓𝟓
×9.8
T = 2.1 × 9.8
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T = 20.58N
T = 20.6N
Or
T = 21N

Assignment 3.9
A pilot is flying a small plane at 56.6m/s in a circular path with a radius of 188.5m. The
centripetal force needed to maintain the plane’s circular motion is 1.89×104N. What is the
plane’s mass?
Data:
Velocity = v = 56.6m/s
Radius = r = 188.5m
Centripetal force = Fc = 1.89×104N
Find:
Mass = m = ?
Solution:
We know that
mv2
Fc =
𝑟𝑟
Or
𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜 ×𝐫𝐫
m=
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
1.89×104 ×188.5
m= (56.6)2
356.265×104
m=
3203.56
m = 0.11120 × 104
m = 01112.0 × 10−4 × 104
m = 1112.0 104−4
Or
m = 1112kg
PHYSICS
Class 9th (KPK)

NAME: __________________________

F.NAME: _________________________

CLASS:___________ SECTION: ________

ROLL #: _____ SUBJECT: ____________

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Chapter # 4

TURNING EFFECTS OF FORCES

COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS:

Q1. What are force diagrams? Define like and unlike parallel force with examples.
Ans. Force Diagrams:
In force diagrams, the objects on which force are shown is reduced to a dot at its centre and
the force acting on the object are represented by arrows pointing away from it.
Explanation:
If we were to draw a force diagram of a book (object) placed at rest on table, we
would reduce book to a dot and draw two arrows representing forces acting on it. There are two
forces acting on a book, one is the weight of the book, pulling it downward and the other force is
normal force due to the table pushing the book upward. Both forces are
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. These two forces are an
example of balanced force where they cancel out each other and the
book (object) remains in state of equilibrium.

In case of free fall object:

In case of freefall objects, the force due to gravity on the book is
unbalanced and the book accelerates downward, in this case the force
diagram of a free fall book (object).

Like parallel force:

Like parallel force are those forces which are parallel to each other and having the same
direction. They may have same or different magnitude.

Example:
When we lift a box with double support we are applying like parallel
force from each support. These forces may not equal but parallel and act in
the same direction as shown in fig.

Unlike parallel forces:

Unlike parallel forces are those force which are parallel to each other but they are opposite
in direction.
For Example:
When we apply force with our both hands on steering wheel of a
car to turn it. The force from one hand may be greater than other. Here,
we are applying unlike parallel forces as shown in fig.
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Chapter # 4
Q2. Explain the addition of forces, in connection with head to tail rules.
Ans. Addition of Forces:
Addition of forces is a process of obtaining a single force (Resultant force) which
produces the same effect as produced by number of forces acting together.
Explanation:
Forces are vector quantities and may be added geometrically by drawing them to
common scale and placing them head to tail.
The addition of forces is simple for parallel force. In case of like parallel forces,
add the magnitude of vectors (forces) and in case of unlike parallel forces, subtract the magnitude
of vectors.
Addition of Non – Parallel Forces:
When the forces are non-parallel that are acting at angle other than 0 o and 180o
Then for addition of such vectors (forces), we apply a special method called Head to tail rule in
order to find their resultant force (Vector)
Head to tail rule:
According to head to tail rule, we will get a resultant force (vector) by drawing the
representative lines of the given forces in such a way that the tail of first force vector joins with
the head of last force vector.
Resultant force:
A resultant force is the sum of two or more forces which is obtained by joining the
tail of first force vector to the head of last one. It is represented by “FR”. This method of adding
forces is known as “head to tail rule” of addition of forces.
Example:
Consider two persons pulling a cart such that their force vectors are drawn to same
scale to calculate the net or resultant force applying on a cart, the following steps must be followed
to add the vectors by head to tail rule.
1. Draw a first force vector “FA” which shows that the force exerted by first person on the cart
and making an angle 𝜃𝜃A with x – axis.
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Chapter # 4
Draw a second force “FB” which shows that the force exerted by second person on the cart and
making an angle 𝜃𝜃B with x – axis

2. Join the tail of second force vector “FB” with the head of first force vector (FA) in the given
direction.

3. Now, the net or resultant force “FR” can be obtained by

joining the tail of first vector “FA” to the head of the last force
vector “FB”.
Mathematically, the magnitude of resultant vector can be written
as:
FR = FA + FB
This rule for vector addition can be extended to any number of
forces.

Q3. Define moment of a force. Give its mathematical description and elaborate the factors
on which it depends?
Ans: Torque or Moment of force:
The turning effect produced in a body about a fixed point due to applied force is
called torque or moment of force.
Explanation:
Torque is the cause of changes in rotational motion and is similar to force, which causes
changes in translational motion. For example, opening a door or tightening a nut with spanner etc.
Torque may rotate an object in clock wise or anticlock wise direction.
Mathematical Form:
Torque is equal to the product of applied force “F” and the moment arm “d” which is the
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of rotation. Mathematically,
it can be written as:
Torque = Force × moment arm (perpendicular distance)
Or
𝜏𝜏= F × d
Quantity and Unit:
Torque is a vector quantity and its S.I unit is “Newton meter (Nm)”
Factors Affecting Torque:
Torque depends upon the following two factors
1. Magnitude of force (F) 2. Moment arm or perpendicular distance (d)
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Chapter # 4
1. Magnitude of Applied Force (F):
Torque is directly proportional to the force applied “F” which means greater is the
magnitude of force, greater will be the torque produced. If the force is applied near the axis of
rotation, moment arm will be small and turning effect will be poor. But if the force is applied at
the pivot point then it will cause no torque since the moment arm would be zero i-e d = 0
2. Moment Arm (d):
Moment arm plays an important role in producing torque and it is directly proportional to
the torque. Greater is the moment arm, greater will be the torque produced by applying less
effort and vice versa.
Example:
To open the door, force ‘F’ is applied at perpendicular distance “d” from the axis of
rotation. By increasing the moment arm ‘d’ or applied force ‘F’, torque ‘𝒯𝒯’ will also increases.
So, the closer you are to the door hinges (i-e the smaller ‘d’ is), the harder it is to push. That is
why, the door’s handle is made at the maximum distance from the hinges.

Q4. What is resolution of forces? Explain with an example how force can be resolved into
rectangular components.
Ans: RESOLUTION OF FORCES:
The process of splitting a force vector into two or more force vectors is called
resolution of forces.
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS:
A vectors (Force) is resolved into two components which are mutually
perpendicular to each other, such components are called rectangular components of a force vector
i. e horizontal component and vertical component.
Example:
Consider a force vector ‘F’ which is represented by line �����⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 making an angle 𝜃𝜃
with x-axis.

Resolution of force (F):

To resolve the force vector 𝐹𝐹⃗ into its
components, draw a perpendicular PQ on axis from point
������⃗ and �����⃗
“P”. Suppose 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 represents two forces i-e 𝐹𝐹⃗ x and
𝐹𝐹⃗ y. So,
i. Force ‘OQ’ is along x-axis i-e 𝐹𝐹⃗ x represents
horizontal component.
ii. Force ‘QP’ is along y-axis i-e 𝐹𝐹⃗ y represents vertical
components.
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Chapter # 4

By applying head to tail rule, we see that sum of vector𝐹𝐹⃗ x and 𝐹𝐹⃗ x is equal to resultant force vector
𝐹𝐹⃗ i-e
F = Fx + Fy
Therefore, Fx and Fy are the rectangular components of force vector F.

For Finding Magnitude of Rectangular Components:

The magnitude of ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 and ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 can be determined by using trigonometric ratios.
For Horizontal Component ����⃗
𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 :
Now considering the right angle triangle ∆OPQ , we use the ratio cos𝜃𝜃 in order to
find the value of ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Cosθ =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
Cosθ = :. OQ = Fx , OP = F
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
Cosθ =
𝐹𝐹
By cross multiplication, we get
���⃗𝑥𝑥 = Fcosθ ---- (i)
𝐹𝐹
For Vertical Component Fy:
To find the value of Fy, we use the ratio sin θ
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Sinθ =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
Sinθ = :. QP = Fy, OP =F
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
Sinθ =
𝐹𝐹

By cross Multiplication, we get

Fy = F Sinθ ---------- (ii)
So, we can calculate the magnitude of ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 and ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 components of force vector by using
eq (i) and (ii)
For finding magnitude of force �𝑭𝑭⃗:
If the values of rectangular components Fx and Fy of a force vector are known, we
can determine the magnitude of Resultant force 𝐹𝐹⃗
According to Pythagoras theorem
(Hyp)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2
F2 = Fx2 + Fy2
Taking square root on both side:
√𝐹𝐹 2 = �𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦2
F = �𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦2
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Chapter # 4
For Direction θ:
The direction (θ) of 𝐹𝐹⃗ in right angle triangle OPQ is determined by using trigonometric
ratio of tanθ.
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
tan θ =
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
tan θ =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
tan θ =
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
θ = tan-1
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥

Q5. What is Couple? Explain with examples.

Ans. Couple:
Two equal and opposite parallel forces acting along different lines on a body is called
a couple.
Explanation:
Couple does not produce any translational motion but only rotational motion. In other words,
the resultant force of a couple is zero but the resultant of a couple is not zero. It is a pure moment.
The shortest distance between two couple forces is called couple arm.
Example:
Consider an example of steering wheel gripped by two hands is
often a couple. Each hands grips the wheel at points on opposite sides
of the shaft. When both hands apply a force F1 and F2 that is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction, the wheel rotates. So, a pure
couple always consists of two opposite forces equal in magnitude. If
both hands apply a force in same direction, the wheel will not rotate
Other Example:
Similarly, in our daily life, we come across many object which work on the
principle of couple. e.g.
1. Exerting force on bicycle pedals
2. Winding up the spring of a toy car
3. Opening and closing the cap of a bottle
4. Turning of a water tap etc.

Q6. Define equilibrium. Explain its types and state the two conditions of equilibrium
Equilibrium:
Definition:
The state of a body in which under the action of several forces acting together, there is no
change in translational motion as well as rotational motion is called equilibrium.
Or
If there is no change in state of rest or of uniform motion of a body, the body is said to be
in state of equilibrium.
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Chapter # 4
Type of Equilibrium:
There are two type of equilibrium which are as follow.
1. Static equilibrium
2. Dynamic equilibrium
1. Static equilibrium:
When a body is at rest under the action of several forces acting together and several
torques acting, the body is said be in static equilibrium
Example:
For example, a book is resting on the table and two forces are acting on it i-e weight of
book and reaction force of table. Both forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. So,
the net force is zero and the book is said to be in state of static equilibrium.
2. Dynamic Equilibrium:
When a body is moving at uniform velocity under action of several forces acting together, the
body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
The dynamic equilibrium is further divided into two types
1. Dynamic Translational equilibrium
2. Dynamic Rotational Equilibrium
1. Dynamic Translational Equilibrium:
When a body is moving with uniform linear velocity, the body is said to be in dynamic
translational equilibrium.
Example: For example, a paratrooper falling down with constant velocity is in state of
dynamic translational equilibrium
2. Dynamic Rotational Equilibrium:
When a body is moving with uniform rotation, the body is said to be in dynamic rotational
equilibrium.
Example: For example, a Compact disk (CD) rotating in CD player with constant
angular velocity is in state of dynamic rotational equilibrium

Conditions of Equilibrium:
There are two conditions of equilibrium which are necessary for a body to be
fulfilled
First Condition of Equilibrium:
When the sum of all the forces acting on the body is Zero, then first condition of
equilibrium is satisfied
Mathematically: Mathematically, if 𝐹𝐹⃗ net is the sum of force ����⃗
F1 , ����⃗
F2 , ����⃗
F3 … … … … . . ����⃗
Fn then
𝐹𝐹⃗ net = ����⃗
F1 + ����⃗
F2 + ����⃗
F3 … … … … . . ��������⃗
+Fn
Or
�𝑭𝑭⃗net =∑ �𝑭𝑭⃗= 0
Where ∑ represents the sigma or summation.
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Chapter # 4
Second Condition of Equilibrium:
When the sum of all the torques acting on the body is zero then the second condition of equilibrium
is satisfied.
Mathematically:
Mathematically , if τnet is the sum of forces τ1 , τ2 , τ3 … … … … … τn , then
𝜏𝜏𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ���⃗
��������⃗ 𝜏𝜏1 + ���⃗
𝜏𝜏2 + ………𝜏𝜏����⃗=
𝑛𝑛 0
Or
𝝉𝝉 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = ∑ 𝝉𝝉
��������⃗ �⃗ = 0
First condition is valid up to translational motion while the second condition is up to
rotational motion. Thus, for complete equilibrium both the first and second conditions of
equilibrium must be satisfied by a body.

Q7. State and explain principle of moments with example.

Ans. Principle of Moments:
Statement:
For an object to be in equilibrium the sum of the clockwise torque taken about the pivot
must be equal to the sum of anti – clock wise torque taken about the same pivot this principle is
known as principle of moments.
i.e. sum of Anti clock wise Torque = Sum of Clock Wise Torque
Ʃ τ1 = Ʃ τ2
Second condition of equilibrium is also called principle of moments.
Examples:
In the given figure, a rod is balance about pivot. Here torque produced by “w1” and “w2” is anti-
clockwise and torque produced by “w3” is clockwise.
Mathematically
Clockwise torque = Anti-clockwise torque
Ʃ 𝛕𝛕𝟑𝟑 = 𝛕𝛕𝟏𝟏 + Ʃ 𝛕𝛕𝟐𝟐
(6 × 2) = (5 × 2) + (2 × 1)
12 = 12
Hence, there is only one clock wise
moment about the turning point, but two
anti-clock wise moments add up to balance
it.
For second condition of equilibrium, the
sum of all these torques must be zero.
𝛕𝛕𝟏𝟏 + Ʃ 𝛕𝛕𝟐𝟐 + 𝛕𝛕𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝛕𝛕𝟏𝟏 + Ʃ 𝛕𝛕𝟐𝟐 + 𝛕𝛕𝟑𝟑 = 𝒐𝒐 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
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Chapter # 4
Q8. What is centre of mass Or centre of gravity Explain how CM/CG can be determined?
Is there any difference between CM and CG?
Ans: Centre of Mass (CM):
The centre of mass of the body is the point about which mass is
equally distributed in all direction. It is denoted by “CM”.
The identification of this point is possible by applying a force at this point which
will produce linear acceleration.
Center of Gravity (CG):
The Centre of gravity of the body is a point inside or outside a body at which whole
weight of the body appears to act. It is denoted by “CG”
Explanation:
Everybody has a centre of mass (CM) where whole mass of a body is located and the CM
is also the point at which the force of gravity is acting vertically downward i-e “CG”. For most of
the time, these two points are lie at the same position in an object.
Determination of CG and CM for regular shaped bodies:
The centre of gravity “CG” and centre of mass “CM” of regular shaped
bodies is located at the geometrical centre of the body. So the CG and CM of different symmetric
bodies are shown in following table.
Position of CM&
Name of Object Shapes of objects
CG

1 Circle Centre of circle CG

Square or Intersection of CG
2
Rectangular plate diagonals CM

Intersection of
3 Triangular Plate CG &
medians
CM

4 Uniform rod Centre of rod CG & CM

Determination of CG and CM for irregular shaped bodies:

The CG or CM of irregular shaped bodies can be determined
with the help of plumb line. If we take an irregular shaped object
and make up a plumb line, then suspend it randomly from at least
three different points and trace the plumb lines location. So, the
point of intersection of all three plumb lines is the CG or CM of an
object.
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Chapter # 4
Difference between CG and CM:
The CG is based on weight of a body where as the CM is based on mass of a body. Also,
CG depends on the gravitational field whereas CM does not depend upon the gravitational field.
So, when the gravitational field across an object is uniform, the centre of mass and centre of
gravity are in exactly the same position. However, near the surface of earth or on the surface of
earth, the gravitational force is uniform, therefore CM and CG are present at the same point inside
or outside a body. However, when gravitational field is non – uniform, the CM and CG does not
lie at same point in an object. The CG will move closer to regions of the object in a stronger
gravitational field, where as CM is unmoved.

Q9. Explain the stability of the objects with reference to position of centre of mass.
Stability:
The stability of an object refers to the ability of an object to come back in its original
position after removing the force which was applied for its disturbance.
Or
Stability is a measure of how hard it is to displace on object or system from equilibrium
Explanation:
The degree of stability depends on how the position of centre of mass (CM) or centre of
gravity (CG) of an object change when disturbed by some external force and how much it has the
tendency to come back to its original position.
States of Equilibrium:
On the basis of stability of an object, there are three states of equilibrium which are as
follow
1. Stable Equilibrium
2. Unstable Equilibrium
3. Neutral Equilibrium
1. Stable Equilibrium:
When a body in equilibrium is slightly disturbed, its CM moves up and after removing
external force, the CM of a body comes to its original position and regain its stability This state
of equilibrium is called stable equilibrium.
Example:
It is observed that if a book lifted from its edge, the CM of the book raised
and when released, it comes back to its original position because the
vertical line of action of weight passing through CM of body still falls
inside the base and the torque caused by the weight of the body brings
Book
back the body to its original position.
Other examples of stable equilibrium are table, chair, box and brick lying on the floor.

2. Unstable Equilibrium:
When a body in equilibrium is slightly disturbed and its CM moves down and cannot come
back to its original position after removing external force. This state of equilibrium is called
unstable equilibrium.
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Chapter # 4
Example:
A pencil is made to stand on its tip in equilibrium state. If it is slightly disturbed
from its position, its CM will lower and it will not come back to its original
position. Because the vertical line of weight passing through CG/CM of the body
falls outside the base of the body and the torque caused by weight of pencil
topples it rather than bring it back to its original position.
Other example of Unstable equilibrium are vertically standing cylinder cones
and funnels etc.

3. Neutral Equilibrium:
When a body is slightly disturbed and its CM does not change from its original position. This state
of equilibrium is called neutral equilibrium.
Example:
For example, when a ball is kicked to roll, its CM is neither raised
nor lowered. This means the CM is at the same height as below and vertical
line of action of weight always remain within the base of the body.

Topic Wise Questions

Q1. Explain the process of force for like and unlike parallel forces.
Ans. Addition of Forces:
Addition of forces is a process of obtaining a single force which produces
the same effect as produced by a number of forces acting together
Addition of like parallel forces:
The addition of like parallel force can be done by adding the magnitudes of vectors.
For Example:
1. 5N + 5N = 10N
2. 5N + 10N = 15N

Where the length of arrow line shows the magnitude of force and the arrow head shows the
direction of force.
Addition of Unlike Parallel Forces:
The addition of unlike parallel forces can be done by subtracting the magnitude of vectors.
For Example:
1. -5N +5N = 0N

2. -5N 10N = 5N

3. -10N 5N = -5N

By following these rules, we can add or subtract the parallel forces.

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Chapter # 4
Q2. Define rotational motion and discuss the terms that cause the rotational motion in an
object.
Ans. Rotational Motion:
Motion where all the points of an object moves about a single fixed axis is called
rotational motion.
Examples:
The motion of a top, the wheel of a bicycle and car, the hands of clock and the
blades of fan are the examples of rotational motion.
Terms that causes Rotational Motion:
There are the following terms that help to produce rotational motion in an object.
1. Rigid Objects
2. Axis of Rotation
1. Rigid Objects:
Rigid objects are objects of fixed form that do not distort or deform (change shape) as they move.
For rotational motion, objects should be rigid because all particles are fixed and distance between
particles does not change after applying an external force in rigid bodies.
2. Axis of Rotation:
Another term that causes rotational motion in an object is the axis of rotation. Axis of rotation is
the line about which rotation takes place. This line remains at rest during rotational motion of the
extended object while the other points of the body move in circles about this line. It may be a
pivot, hinges or any other support around which all particles of an object can rotate.

Q3. Define the types of torque or Define the senses of rotation.

Ans. Types of Torque:
There are two types of torque which are as follow:
1. Clockwise torque
2. Anticlockwise torque
1. Clockwise torque:
If the object rotates in clockwise direction, the torque is known as clockwise torque. The clockwise
torque is always taken negative.
2. Anti-Clockwise torque:
If the object rotates in anticlockwise direction, the torque is known as anticlockwise torque. The
anticlockwise torque is always taken positive.
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Chapter # 4
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1. Can the rectangular component of the vector be greater than vector itself? Explain
Ans. No, the magnitude of rectangular components cannot be greater than the magnitude of vector
itself.
Reason:
In the given figure, “Fx” and “Fy” represents the rectangular
components of a vector “F” which is given by:
Fx = Fcosθ ----(i)
And Fy = Fsinθ -----(ii)
As the values of sinθ and cosθ may be equal to “1” but cannot
be greater than”1”. So, according to eq (i) and (ii), “Fx” and
“Fy” may be equal to “F” or will be less than “F” but cannot
be greater than “F”.

Q2. Explain why door handles are not put near hinges?
Ans. The door handles are not put near the hinges because in this way more turning effect is
produced by applying less effort. As we know that torque depends upon force applied and moment
arm. Greater is the moment arm, greater will be the torque produced by applying small force and
the door will open easily.
Conversely by putting the door’s handle near hinges, moment arm will be small
and turning effect will be poor and the door will not open easily. That is why the handles are not
put near the hinges.

Q3. Can a small force ever exert a greater torque than a larger force? Explain.
Ans. Yes, a small force can exert a greater torque than a larger force, if the small force has a large
enough moment arm.
As we know that,
Ʈ = F × d -------(i)
Eq (i) clearly shows that torque depends on both applied force and moment arm.
Moment arm also plays an important role in producing torque. If the moment arm at which small
force is acting is greater than the moment arm at which large force is acting, then the torque
produced by small force will be greater than the larger force.
For example,
Let F1 = 2N and d1 = 10m
Then , Ʈ1 = F1 × d1
Ʈ1 = 2 x 10
Ʈ1 = 20 Nm
And
Let F2 = 5N and d2 = 2m
Then, Ʈ2 = F2 × d2
Ʈ2 = 5 × 2
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Chapter # 4
Ʈ2 = 10Nm
It is clear from this example that Ʈ1> Ʈ2. Thus, torque produced by smaller force is greater
than larger force by taking large value of moment arm.

Q4. Why it is better to use a long spanner rather than a short one to loosen rusty nut?
Ans. As we know that torque depends upon force applied and moment arm. As torque is directly
proportional to the moment arm which means greater is the moment arm, greater will be torque
produced So, it is easier to loosen a rusty nut by using a long spanner rather than a short spanner
because more turning effect is produced on the nut by increasing the moment arm with less effort.

Q5. The gravitational force acting on a satellite is always directed towards the center of the
earth. Does this force exert torque on satellite?
Ans. The gravitational force is always directed towards the centre of the earth. In this situation,
the line of gravitational force is passing through the centre of gravity of the satellite and the
moment arm is equal to zero (θ=1800). Therefore, this force cannot exert torque on the satellite.
We can also prove it mathematically,
As we know that
Ʈ = dFsinθ ---------(i)
Here, the angle θ = 1800 between d and F. So, eq (i) becomes
Ʈ = d Fsin1800 :. sin 1800 = 0
Ʈ = dF(0)
Ʈ=0
Hence, it shows that no torque is exerted on satellite by gravitational force.

Q6. Can we have situations in which an object is not in equilibrium, even though the net
force on it is Zero? Give two examples.
Ans. As we know that for a complete equilibrium, the following two conditions must be satisfied
i-e
(i) ƩF = 0
(ii) ƩƮ = 0
Now if ƩF is equal to zero but ƩƮ is not equal to zero, then the body will rotate and will not be in
state of complete equilibrium.
Example1:
When a steering wheel of a car is rotated with two equal and opposite forces, then it will
not be in state of equilibrium. Here the net force is zero but the net torque is not zero. Hence, the
wheel is not in state of equilibrium.
Exqample2:
When the pedals of a bicycle are rotated, the net force is equal to zero but the net torque
exists in the system. Therefore, due to net torque, the pedals are not in state of equilibrium.
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Chapter # 4
Q7. Why do tightrope walkers carry a long, narrow rod?
Ans: A tightrope walker uses long narrow rod for getting balanced condition and prevent himself
from falling over the rope. For example, if the walker leans towards right and produces clockwise
torque then he moves the rod in such a way to create anticlockwise torque. Both torques will
cancel the effect of each other and thus, he will remain in state of equilibrium. The long and
balancing rod also lowers the centre of gravity (CG) of walker which helps in maintaining the
stability while walking over the tightrope

Q8. Why does wearing high – heeled shoes sometimes cause lower back pain?
Ans. Wearing high – heeled shoes causes lower back to arch more than normal because it pushes
the body weight in the forward direction which exerts more pressure on the ball of the foot. So,
the position of centre of gravity (CG) of a body is also shifts forward. As heel height increases,
stability decreases. Now, to maintain the balanced condition, the body tries to change its positions
and posture in order to oppose the forward push. In doing so, the back muscles become tense and
over used and that can cause the lower back pain.

Q9. Why it is more difficult to lean backwards. Explain?

Ans: We know that the degree of stability of a body depends on how the position of centre of
gravity (CG) changes when disturbed by applying force. So, when a person leans backward, the
position of centre of gravity (CG) of the body changes in such a way that increase the instability.
As a result, it becomes difficult for a body to remain in state of equilibrium. That’s why it is more
difficult to lean backward.

Q10. Can a single force applied to a body change both its translational and rotational motion
Explain?
Ans. Yes, a single force applied to a body can change both its translational and rotational motion.
As we know that a force applied at the centre of mass will cause translational motion and a torque
will cause rotational motion. So, if the force is applied at the centre of mass of a body, it will
perform translational motion only. But, if the force is applied at a point other than centre of mass
(CM), the body will also rotate along with translational motion. For example, if a football is kick
off, it will perform both translational and rotational motion because football will rotate as it moves
forward.

Q11. Two forces produce the same torque Does it follow that they have the same magnitude?
Explain Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let go of the rope.
Ans. If two forces produce the same torque, then it does not necessary that they have the same
magnitude. They may or may not have the same magnitude depending upon the values of both
force and moment arm. Because torque depends upon forces as well as moment arm i .e Ʈ = F ×
d.
Case1:
Let F1 = 5N and d1 = 1m
then , Ʈ1 = F1 × d1
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Chapter # 4
Ʈ1 = 5 × 1
Ʈ1 = 5 Nm
And F2 = 5 N and d2 = 1 m
then , Ʈ2 = F2 × d2
=5×1
=5 Nm
In case 1, we can get the same torque for two same forces by taking the same value of moment
arm.

Case 2:
Let, F1 = 5N and d1 = 2m
then, Ʈ1 = F1 × d2
= 5 × 2 => 10Nm
and, F2 = 10N and d1 = 1m
then, Ʈ2 = F2×d2
=10×1
= 10Nm
In case 2, we can also get the same torque for two different forces by taking different values of
moment arm.

CHAPTER: 04
NUMERICAL QUESTION
1. To open a door force of 15N is applied at 300 to the horizontal, find the horizontal and
vertical components of force.
Data:
Force Applied = F = 15N
Angle = θ = 300
Find:
(a) Horizontal component of force = Fx = ?
(b) Vertical Component of force = Fy = ?
Solution:
(a) For finding “Fx”, we know that
Fx = Fcosθ
Fx = Fcos300 :. cos300 = 0.866
Fx = 15 × 0.866
Fx = 12.99N
Or
Fx = 13N
(b) For finding “Fy”, we know that
Fy = Fsinθ
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Chapter # 4
Fy = 15 sin 300 :. sin 300 = 0.5
Fy = 15 × 0.5
Fy = 7.5 N
2. A bolt on a car engine needs to be tightened with a torque of 40Nm. you use a 25 cm long
wrench and pull on the end of the wrench perpendicularly. How much force do you have to
exert?
Data:
Torque = Ʈ = 40Nm R.W
Moment arm = d = 25cm
25 Ʈ = F×d
d=
100
d = 0.25 m Ʈ F×d
=
Find: 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
Force Applied = F = ? Ʈ
Solution: =F
𝑑𝑑
As we know that
Ʈ
Ʈ=F×d or F =
𝑑𝑑
Or
Ʈ
F=
𝒅𝒅
Putting values
40
F=
0.25
F = 160N

3. Sana whose mass is 43 kg, sits 1.8m from the centre of a see saw. Faiz whose mass is
52 kg, wants to balance Sana. How far from the centre of see saw should Faiz sit?
Data:
Mass of Sana = m1 = 43 kg
Sana’s moment arm = d1 = 1.8 m
Mass of Faiz = m2 = 52 kg
Find:
Faiz’s moment arm = d2 = ?
Weight of Sana = W1 = ?
Weight of Faiz = W2 = ?
Solution:
For finding “W1”, using formula

W1 = m1g
W1 = 43 × 9.8
W1 = 421.4N
For finding “W2”, using formula
W2 = m2g
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Chapter # 4
W2 = 52 × 9.8
W2 = 509.6N
Now, For finding “d2” using the principle of moment.
Anticlockwise Torque= clockwise torque
Ʈ1 = Ʈ2
W1 × d1 = W2 × d2
W1 × d1 W2 × d2
=
𝑊𝑊2 𝑊𝑊2
W1 × d1
= d2
𝑊𝑊2
Or
𝐖𝐖𝟏𝟏 × 𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏
d2 =
𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐
421.4×1.8
d2 =
509.6

758.52
d2 =
509.6

d2 = 1.48m
or d2 = 1.5m
Hence, Faiz should sit at a distance of 1.5 m from the centre of seesaw.

4. Two kids of weighing 300N and 350N are sitting at the ends of 6m long seesaw. The
seesaw is pivoted at its centre. Where would a third kid sit so that the seesaw is in equilibrium
in the horizontal position? The weight of 3rd kid is 250N (Ignore the weight of seesaw).
Data:
Weight of 1st Kid = W1 = 300N
Moment arm of 1st Kid = d1 = 3m
Weight of 2nd kid = d1 = 350N
Moment arm of 2nd kid = d2 = 3m
Weight of 3rd kid = w3 = 250N
Find: Moment arm of 3rd kid = d3 = ?
Solution:
For finding “d3” using the principle of moment
Sum of anticlockwise torque = Sum of clockwise torque
Ʈ1 + Ʈ3 = Ʈ2
W1 x d1 + W3 x d3 = W2 x d2
Subtract “W1 x d1” on both sides
W1 × d1 - W1 × d1 + W3 × d3 = W2 × d2 – W1 × d1
W3 × d3 = W2 × d2 – W1×d1
Divide “W3” on both sides
𝑊𝑊3 × 𝑑𝑑3 𝑊𝑊2 × 𝑑𝑑2−W1×d1
=
𝑤𝑤3 𝑊𝑊3
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Chapter # 4

𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐 × 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐−𝐖𝐖𝟏𝟏×𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏
d3 =
𝑾𝑾𝟑𝟑
By putting values
350 × 3−300 × 3
d3 =
250
1050−900
d3 =
250
150
d3 =
250
d3 = 0.6m

5. Two children push on opposite sides of a door during play. Both push horizontally and
perpendicular to the door. One child pushes with a force of 20N at a distance of 0.60m from
the hinges, and the second child pushes at a distance of 0.50m. What force must the second
child exert to keep the door from moving? Assume friction is negligible.
Data:
Force of 1st child = F1 = 20N
Moment arm of 1st child = d1 = 0.60m
Moment arm of 2nd child = d2 = 0.50m
Find:
Force of 2nd child = F2 = ?
Solution:
By using formula
Ʈ1 = Ʈ2
F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
Divide “d2” on both sides
F1 × d1 F2 × d2
=
d2 d2
F1 × d1
= F2
d2
Or
𝐅𝐅𝟏𝟏 × 𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏
F2 =
𝐝𝐝𝟐𝟐
Putting value
20×0.60
F2 =
0.50
12
F2 =
0.50
F2 = 24N

6. A construction crane lifts building material of mass 1500 kg by moving its crane arm,
calculate moment of force when moment arm is 20m. After lifting the crane arm, which
reduces moment arm to 12 m, calculate moment.
Data:
Mass = m = 1500kg
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Chapter # 4
Moment arm = d = 20 m
Find:
Torque = Ʈ = ?
Solution:
Using formula
Ʈ = F × d --------(i)
As we know that
F=W :. W = mg
F = mg
Putting values
F = 1500 × 9.8
F = 14700 N
Now, putting the value of “F” in eq (i)
Ʈ=F×d
Ʈ = 14700 × 20
Ʈ = 294000 Nm
Data:
Force = F = 14700 N
Moment arm = d = 12m
Find:
Torque = Ʈ = ?
Solution:
As we know that

Ʈ=F×d
Ʈ = 14700 × 12
Ʈ = 176,400 N
Assignments

4.1 Two force are applied one force is 25 N (200 with x – axis) and the other force is 10N
(600 with x-axis). Find the net resultant force.
Data:
Force = F1 = 25 N
Angle 1 = θ1 = 200 with x – axis
Force 2 = F2 = 10N
Angle 2 = θ2 = 600 with x-axis
Find:
Resultant Force = FR = ?
Solution:
1st we select a suitable scale
Let 5N = 1cm
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Chapter # 4
Then, F1 = 25N = 5cm
And, F2 = 10N = 2cm
Now, for finding the resultant, we add 𝐹𝐹⃗ 2 with 𝐹𝐹⃗ 1 by head to tail rule.
Finally, we combine the tail of 𝐹𝐹⃗ 1 with the head of 𝐹𝐹⃗ 2 which gives us the resultant force “FR” .
Thus, �����⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = F represents the resultant force. Now, by measuring the length of vector “FR” by meter
rod, we get,
FR = 6cm
Now, according to given scale, 6cm will be equal to 30N. i-e, 6 × 5 = 30N
So, the magnitude of resultant force “FR” = 30N And to measure the angle “θ” with protector i-e
300 with x-axis.
Hence,
FR = 30N, θ = 300 with x-axis

4.2 While tilling your garden, you exert a force on the handles of the tiller that has
components Fx = 85 N and Fy = 13N. The x-axis is horizontal and y-axis points up. What are
the magnitude and direction of this force?
Data:
Horizontal component of force = Fx = 85N
Vertical components of force = Fy = 13N
Find:
Magnitude of force = F = ?
Direction of force = θ = ?
Solution:
For finding the “F”, using formula
F = �𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 + 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚

F = �(85)2 + (13)2

F = √7225 + 169

F = √7394
F = 85.9N
Or F = 86N
Now, for finding direction “θ”, using formula
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭
θ = tan-1
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭
-1 13
θ = tan
85
θ = tan-1 0.1529
θ = 8.6950
Or θ = 8.70
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Chapter # 4
4.3 20Nm torque is required to open a soda bottle. A boy with a bottle opener apply a force
perpendicularly at 0.1m, what is the magnitude of force required.
Data:
Torque = Ʈ = 20Nm
Moment arm = d = 0.1m
Find:
Force applied = F=?
Solution:
As we know that
Ʈ=F× d
Or
Ʈ
F=
𝒅𝒅

20
F=
0.1

F = 200N

4.4 With a beam two masses m1 and m2 are suspended at distance 0.4m and 0.5m
respectively from suspension point as shown in figure. Ignoring the weight of the balance, if
m2 = 1.6kg, what is the mass m1?
Data:
Moment arm at left = d1 = 0.4m
Moment arm at right = d2= 0.5m
Mass at right =m2 = 1.6kg
Find:
Mass at left = m1 = ?
Weight at right = W2 = ?
Weight at left = W1 = ?
Solution:
As we know that
W2 = m2g
W2 = 1.6 × 9.8
W2 = 15.68N
For finding W1, using formula of principle of moment
Ʈ1 = Ʈ2
W1 × d1 = W2 × d2
Divide “d1” on the both sides
W1 × d1 W2 × d2
=
𝑑𝑑1 𝑑𝑑1
W2 × d2
W1 =
𝑑𝑑1
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Chapter # 4
15.68 × 0.5
W1 =
0.4
W1 = 19.6N
Now, for finding “m1” we know that
W1 = m1g
Or
𝐖𝐖𝟏𝟏
m1 =
𝒈𝒈

19.6
m1 =
9.8
m1 = 2kg
PHYSICS
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Chapter # 5

Gravitation
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS:

1. State and explain the law of universal Gravitation. Also show that the law obeys
Newton’s third law of motion.
Ans. Law of universal Gravitation:
Statement:
Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centers.
Derivation:

Consider two spherical bodies of masses ‘m1’ and ‘m2’ separated by distance ‘r’ as shown
in fig.
According to the Newton’s law of universal
gravitation, the force of gravity ‘Fg’ between them is:
Fg α m1 m2 ---------(i)
1
And Fg α ----------(ii)
𝑟𝑟 2
Combining eq(i) and (ii), we get
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 α 1 2
𝑟𝑟2
𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝑭𝑭𝒈𝒈 =
𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
Where ‘G’ is the constant of proportionality and is known as universal gravitational constant. The
value of ‘G’ is 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2. It does not depend on the medium between the two bodies.

Newton’s third law of motion and universal gravitation:

The law of universal gravitation also obeys the Newton’s third law of motion. We can see that the
force acting on mass ‘m2’ due to mass m1 is F12. Also the force acting on mass m1 due to mass
“m2” is same force ‘F21’, Both these forces are equal but opposite in direction. Therefore, we can
say that the forces acting on two bodies due to gravitation force is the example of action and
reaction i-e
F12 = - F21

2. Determine the mass of earth by applying the law of

gravitation.
Ans. Determination of Mass of Earth:
The mass of the earth can be determined with the help of law of universal
gravitation. Let an object of mass ‘m0’ be placed on the surface of the
earth. The distance between the centre of the body and the earth is equal
to the radius of earth ‘rE’. If the mass of earth is ‘mE’ then the force ‘Fg’
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Chapter # 5

with which the earth attracts the body towards its centre is given by law of gravitation.

𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒐 𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
Fg = G
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
Also, we know that force of gravity (Fg) is equal to the weight of
the body (W). i-e
Fg = W
So,
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
W = G 𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 2
We know that W = mog
𝑚𝑚0 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
mog = G
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 2
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
g=G
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 2
By cross Multiplication, we get
G𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 = g𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2
Divide ‘G’ on both sides,
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 g𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2
=
𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺
𝐠𝐠𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬 = ------ (i)
𝑮𝑮
By putting the values of g, 𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2 and G in eq (i) we will obtain value of 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 .
Gravitational constant = G= 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 ms-2
And, radius of earth rE = 6.4 × 106m
Now,
9.8 × (6.4 × 106 )2
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 =
6.67 × 10−11
9.8 × 40.96 × 1012
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 =
6.67 × 10−11
401.40 × 1012
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 =
6.67 × 10−11
401.40 × 1012 × 1011
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 =
6.67
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 = 60.18 × 1012+11
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 = 60.18 × 1023
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 = 6.018 × 1023+1
𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬 = 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
Thus, the mass of earth is approximately 6 × 1024kg.
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Chapter # 5

3. What is gravitational field and gravitational field strength Show that weight of an
object changes with location.
Ans. Gravitational Field (Gravity as a field force):
Gravitational field is region surrounding the earth in which another object feels force of
attraction toward its centre According to the field theory; every mass creates a gravitational field
composed of field lines that permeates outward into space. The earth creates a gravitational field
that pulls objects towards its centre by force of gravity. At any point, earth’s gravitational Field
can be described by the gravitational field strength (g).
The gravitational field or gravitational field strength is defined as a measure of gravitational force
(Fg) exerted on a per unit mass (m) of an object.
Mathematical Form:
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Gravitational Field =
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Or
𝑭𝑭𝒈𝒈
g=
𝒎𝒎
Quantity and Unit:
The gravitational field (g) is a vector quantity and its unit
is Newton per kilogram i-e Nkg-1
Gravitational Field strength:
The gravitational field strength tells us how strong a
gravitational field is. The gravitational field is represented by field
lines as shown in figure, which shows the strength of gravitational
field decreases, as the distance from the earth increase. The
gravitational field strength of earth near its surface is equal to the
acceleration of free fall (g) at its surface i-e g = 9.8 ms-2
According to Newton’s second law, a = F/m. As gravitational field
Fg
strength (g) is defined as , so the value of ‘g’at any given point
m
is equal to the acceleration due to gravity. For this reason, the
gravitational field strength is 9.8 Nkg-1 means 9.8N force is
exerted on every 1 kg mass of an object. Therefore, the
acceleration is same for any object, regardless of mass.

Weight changes with location:

As we know that weight is the magnitude of force due to gravity i-e W = mog. Now we can
refine our definition of weight as mass time gravitational field strength this new definition helps
to explain why our weight changes with our location in the universe by calculating the value of g
i-e.
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
𝐠𝐠 = 𝟐𝟐
𝒓𝒓𝑬𝑬
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Chapter # 5

This equation shows that gravitational field strength depends only on mass of earth ‘mE’
and radius of earth ‘rE’. Greater will be the value of ‘g’ if lesser the distance from earth’s centre.
Therefore, on the surface of any planet, the value of earth’s centre varies as we change location.
‘g’ as well as our weight will depends on the planet’s mass and radius.

4.How is the Value of ‘g’ changing by going to higher altitude? Write the relevant formula.
Ans. Variation of ‘g’ with altitude:
The value of ‘g’ doesn’t depend upon the mass of the body. It means that light and heavy
bodies should fall towards the centre of earth with constant acceleration. However, the value of
‘g’ depends upon the distance of the body from the centre of the earth. Greater the distance from
the centre of the earth, smaller will be the value of ‘g’. That is why the value of ‘g’ at the poles is
greater than at equator because earth is not a perfect square; its equatorial radius is greater than the
radius at the poles.
Derivation:
Consider a body of mass ‘mo’ placed on earth’s surface, as shown in the figure, now we
know that law of universal gravitation is given by.
𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒐 𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
𝑭𝑭𝐠𝐠 = 𝑮𝑮
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
As,
Fg = W = 𝑚𝑚0 g
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
So, 𝑚𝑚0 g = 𝐺𝐺
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
g = 𝐺𝐺 2 … … … … (i)
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸
If we lift the body to a height “h”, then the value of “g” at the
height is given by
𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒
𝑔𝑔 = 𝐺𝐺 (𝑅𝑅 2
𝑒𝑒 +ℎ)
From equ(i), GmE = gr2E
So,
𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
𝑔𝑔 = 𝐺𝐺 … … … … equ(ii)
(𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 + ℎ)2
Both eq (i) and (ii) shows that ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of distance of the
body from the earth centre. Thus, the value of ‘g’ decreases with altitude (height).

5.Derive the formula for the orbital speed of an artificial satellite.

Ans: Satellites:
Satellites are the objects revolving around the planet in fixed orbits. Artificial satellites are
man-made objects that revolve around the earth or other planets in different orbit with uniform
speed due to gravitational force.
A satellite requires a centripetal force (Fc) to revolve around the earth and this necessary
centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force of attraction between the earth and satellite.
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Chapter # 5

Derivation:
Consider a satellite of mass ‘ms’ revolving in a circular orbit with uniform velocity ‘v’
from earth of mass ‘mE’ Let ‘r’ be the distance between the centre of earth and centre of satellite
as shown in figure.
Now, the gravitational force by Newton’s law of universal gravitation is:
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬 𝒎𝒎𝑺𝑺
Fg= ……….eq (i)
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐
The necessary centripetal force ‘Fc’ required for uniform circular motion is
given by:
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 2
Fc= ……….eq (ii)
𝑟𝑟
As Centripetal force is provided by gravitational force, therefore
Fc = Fg ……….eq (iii)
Now, putting the value of Fg and Fc in eq (iii),
We get
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 2 𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
=
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 2
2 𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
v =
𝑟𝑟
Taking square root on both sides
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
�𝑣𝑣 2 = �
𝑟𝑟

𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣 = �
𝑟𝑟
Where r = rE + h, so
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
𝒗𝒗 = �
𝒓𝒓𝑬𝑬 + 𝒉𝒉
This equation represents the orbital speed of satellite where h is the height of satellite from
surface of earth and ‘𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 ’is the radius of earth. So, the orbital of satellite speed depends upon the
mass of earth and the distance from the centre of the earth to the centre of mass of the satellite and
doesn’t depend upon mass of satellite.
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Chapter # 5

Topic Wise Question

7. Derive a formula to calculate the value of g.
Value of g:
The Newton’s law of Universal gravitation shows that value of g depends on mass of all
reacting bodies and distance to it. So the value of ‘g’ can be determined by using law of gravitation.
Consider an object of mass ‘mo’ placed on the surface of earth and rE is the distance
between their centers as shown in figure The gravitational force between the object and earth is as
follow.
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
Fg = G 𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸 ---------- (i)
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸
As, we know that
Fg = W = mog ----------- (ii)
Comparing eq (i) and (ii)
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
mog = G 𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸
𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
g=G
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
By putting the values of G, mE & rE, we will obtain the value
of g
As,
mE = 6 × 1024 kg
rE= 6.4 × 106 m
G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
6.67 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024
g=
(6.4 × 106 )2
40.02 × 10−11+24
g=
40.96 × 1012
40.02 × 1013
g=
40.96 × 1012
40.02 × 1013 × 10−12
g=
40.96
g = 0.977 × 101
g = 9.77 × 101-1
g = 9.77 × 100 (..100=1)
g = 9.77
or
g = 9.8ms-2
This is value of ‘g’ at the surface of earth.
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Chapter # 5

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:

Q1. If there is an attractive force between all objects, why don’t we feel ourselves gravitating
toward nearby massive buildings?
Ans. Gravitational force pulls us to massive buildings but the forces are relatively small due to
the small masses of us and buildings when compared to the mass of the earth. Therefore, the
attractive force would be almost unnoticeable.

Q2. Does the sun exert a larger force on the Earth than that exerted on the sun by the earth?
Explain.
Ans. By Newton’s third law, the force exerted on the Sun by the Earth is exactly equal to the force
the Sun exerts on the Earth but in opposite direction.

Q3. What is the importance of gravitational constant ‘G’? Why is it difficult to calculate?
Ans. Constant always play an important in bringing the equality in the dimensions on both sides
of an equation and its value depends upon the factors relating the interaction between the two
bodies similar is the case with gravitational constant ‘G’ here it maintains the equality on both
sides of the universal gravitational law’s equation. It’s difficult to calculate it because there’s no
theoretical derivation to it is just an experimentally measured value.

Q4. If Earth somehow expanded to a larger radius, with no charge in mass, how would your
weight be affected? How would it be affected if earth instead shrunk?
Ans: According to law of universal Gravitation
𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
F= ------------ (i)
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
As we know that
F=W=mg
So eq (i) becomes
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
mg =
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
g= ------------ (ii)
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
From eq (ii), we say that force of gravity is inversely proportional to the radius of earth. So if
radius of Earth gets larger weight would get smaller. If the earth shrunk, the radius of earth
decreases and as a result weight gets increases.
Q5. What would happen to your weight on earth if the mass of the earth doubled but its
radius stayed the same?
Ans: As we know that
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
g= ------------ (i)
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
Above eq (i) shows that value of ‘g’ depends on mass of earth ‘𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 ’ and radius of earth ‘𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 ’.
If we only double the mass of earth the value of ‘g’ becomes double and weight depends on the
value of ‘g’. i.e.
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Chapter # 5

W= mg ------------ (ii)
Eq (ii) shows that if value of ‘g’ is doubled, the weight will also double.

Q6. Why lighter and heavier objects fall at the same rate toward the earth?
Ans: Because value of ‘g’ does not depend upon the mass of the body, it depends only on mass of
earth and radius of earth. Therefore, lighter and heavier bodies fall towards earth with same
acceleration.

Q7. The value of ‘g’ changes with location on earth, however we take the same value of ‘g’
as 9.8ms-2 for ordinary calculations why?
Ans: The value of ‘g’ depends upon the distance from the centre of earth. Greater the distance
from the centre of earth, smaller will be the value of ‘g’ and vice versa. The change in the value of
‘g’ is significant only at very large distance. Therefore, we take same value of ‘g’ for ordinary
calculation.

Q8. Moon is attracted by the earth, why it does not fall on earth?
Ans: The moon is natural satellite of the earth. It revolves around the earth in a specific orbit. The
earth attracts the moon towards itself with gravitational force. The gravitational force of earth
provides necessarily centripetal force which compels the moon to move in the circular path.
Because of this orbital motion moon does not fall on earth.

Q9. Why for some height larger and smaller satellites must have same orbital speeds?
The orbital speed depends upon the mass of earth and distance from the centre of earth to the centre
of mass of satellite and does not depend upon the mass of satellite. Therefore, for some particular
distance from the centre of earth, all the satellites have the same orbital speed irrespective of the
size of satellite.

Chapter No 05
Assignments
5.1 The mass of earth is 6 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg and that of the moon is 7.4 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg. If the distance
between the earth and the moon is 3.84×1𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 km, calculate the force exerted by the earth on
the moon,
Data:
Mass of earth = 𝑚𝑚1 = 6×1024 kg
Mass of moon = 𝑚𝑚2 = 7.4 ×1022 kg
Distance = r= 3.84×105 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 3.84 ×105 × 103 m
= 3.84 × 108 cm
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 × 10−11 N𝑚𝑚2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−2
Gravitational force = Fg = ?
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Chapter # 5

Solution:
By using formula
𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎
Fg = G 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒓𝒓
Putting Values
6.67×10−11 ×6×1024 ×7.4×1022
=
(3.84×108 )2

6.67×6×7.4×10−11+24+22
=
14.7456×1016
296.148 ×1035
=
14.7456×1016

= 20.083 × 1035−16
= 20.083 × 1019 N
Fg = 2.008 × 1020 N
Fg = 2 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 N

5.2 If the radius of the moon is 1.74 ×1𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 m and have acceleration due to gravity on its
surface as 1.6𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎−𝟐𝟐 . Calculate the mass of moon.
Data:
Radius of Moon = r = 1.74 × 106 m
Acceleration due to gravity on moon = g = 1.6𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −2
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 × 10−11 N𝑚𝑚2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−2
Find: Mass of moon = m = ?
Solution:
By using formula
𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐
m=
𝑮𝑮
Putting Values
𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟔×(1.74×106 )2
=
𝟔𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 ×10−11
𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟔×3.027×1012
=
𝟔𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 ×10−11
4.843×1012
=
6.67 ×10−11

= 0.726 ×1012+11
= 0.73 × 1023 kg
m = 7.3 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg
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Chapter # 5

5.3 An astronaut of mass 65.0 kg (weighting 637N on earth) is walking on the surface of the
moon, which has a mean radius of 1.74 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 m and a mass of 7.35 ×1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg. What is the
weight of the astronaut on moon? What is the free – fall acceleration at the surface of the
moon?
Data:
mass of astronaut = m = 65kg
Radius of moon = rM = 1.74×106 m
Mass of moon = 𝑚𝑚𝑀𝑀 = 7.35 × 1022 kg
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 ×10−11 N𝑚𝑚2 k𝑔𝑔−2
Find:
Weight of astronaut = W= ?
Free – fall acceleration on moon = gM= ?
Solution:
By Using Formula
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑴𝑴
g=
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑴𝑴
Putting values
6.67 ×10−11 ×7.35 ×1022
=
(1.74×106 )2

6.67 ×7.35 ×10−11+22

=
3.027×1012
49.02 ×1011
=
3.027×1012

= 16.19 × 1011−12
= 16.19 ×10−1 m/𝑠𝑠 2
= 16.2 × 10−1 m/𝑠𝑠 2
g = 1.62 m/𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐
Now we find weight of Astronaut
As we know that
W = mg
Putting values
= 65 × 1.62 N
= 105.3 N
W = 105 N
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Chapter # 5

5.4 Calculate the value of ‘g’ at 1000 km and 35900 km above the earth surface
i. Calculate value of ‘g’ at 1000 km.
Data:
Radius of earth = rE = 6.4 ×106 m
Acceleration due to gravity = g= 9.8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −2
Height above earth surface = h= 1000km
= 1000 × 103 𝑚𝑚
= 103 × 103 m
= 103+3 m
= 1×106 m
FIND:
Value of ‘g’ at height h = 𝑔𝑔ℎ =?
SOLUTION:
By using formula
𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐫𝐄𝐄𝟐𝟐
𝐠𝐠 𝐡𝐡=
(𝐫𝐫𝐄𝐄 +𝐡𝐡)𝟐𝟐
Putting Values
9.8×(6.4×106 )2
=
(6.4×106 + 1×106 )2

9.8×40.96×1012
=
(7.4×106 )2

401.408×1012
=
54.76×1012
= 7.33 ×1012−12 m/𝑠𝑠 2
gh = 7.33 m/s2

ii. Calculate value of ‘g’ at 35900 km

Data:
Radius of earth = 𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 = 6.4 ×106 m
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m𝑠𝑠 −2
Height above earth surface = h = 35900 km
= 35900 × 103 m
=35.9×103 ×103 m
= 35.9 ×106 m
FIND:
Value of ‘g’ at height h = 𝑔𝑔ℎ = ?
SOLUTION:
By using formula
𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉 =
(𝒓𝒓𝑬𝑬 +𝒉𝒉)𝟐𝟐
Putting Values
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Chapter # 5

=
𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉 = 0.22 m/𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐

5.5 If a satellite orbits the earth at 2,000 km above sea level, how fast must the orbiting
satellite travel to maintain a circular orbit?
Data:
Height of satellite above earth surface = h = 2000 km
= 2000×103 m
= 2.0 × 103 ×103 m
= 2 × 106 m
Mass of Earth = 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 = 6 ×1024 kg
Radius of Earth = 𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 = 6.4 ×106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67×10−11 N𝑚𝑚2 k𝑔𝑔2
Find: Orbital Speed = v = ?
Solution:
By using formula
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
v =�
𝒓𝒓𝑬𝑬 +𝒉𝒉

6.67×10−11 ×6×1024
=�
6.4×106 +2×106

40.02×10−11+24
=�
8.4×106

40.02×1013
=�
8.4×106

= √4.76 × 1013−6
= √4.76 × 107
= √47.6 × 106
= 6.899 × 103 m/s
v = 6.899 x 103 m/s

Numericals
1.Pluto’s moon Charon is unusually large considering Pluto’s size, giving them the character
of a double planet. Their masses are 1.25 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg and 1.9 ×1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg, and their average
distance from one another is 1.96 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒 km. What is the gravitational force between them?
Data:
Mass of Pluto’s Moon= m1 = 1.25×1022 kg
Mass of Pluto’s = m2 = 1.9×1021 kg
Distance between Pluto’s and Pluto’s Moon = r = 1.96× 104 km
= 1.96 × 104 × 103 m
= 1.96 ×104+3 m
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Chapter # 5

= 1.96 ×107 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 × 10−11 N𝑚𝑚2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−2
FIND:
Gravitational force = Fg = ?
Solution:
𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎
Fg = 𝑮𝑮 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒓𝒓
6.67×10−11 �1.25×1022 �(1.9×1021 )
=
(1.96×107 )2
6.67×1.25×1.9×10−11+22+21
=
3.84×1014
15.84×1032
=
3.84 ×1014
32−14
= 4.12 × 10 N
Fg = 4.12 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 N

2.The mass of Mars is 6.4 ×1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg and having radius of 3.4 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 m. Calculate the
gravitational field strength (g) on Mars surface.
Data:
Mass of Mars =𝑚𝑚𝑀𝑀 = 6.4 ×1023 kg
Radius of Mars = 𝑟𝑟𝑀𝑀 = 3.4×106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Gravitational strength on Mars = 𝑔𝑔𝑀𝑀 = ?
Solution:
By using formula
𝐆𝐆𝐦𝐦𝐌𝐌
𝐠𝐠 𝐌𝐌 = 𝟐𝟐
𝐫𝐫𝐌𝐌
6.67×10−11 ×6.4×1023
=
(3.4×106 )2
6.67×6.4×10−11+23
=
11.56×1012
42.68×1012
=
11.56×1012
= 3.69×1012−12 m/𝑠𝑠 2
𝒈𝒈𝒎𝒎 = 3.69 m/𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐

3.Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the only moon in the solar system known to have a
substantial atmosphere. Find the acceleration due to gravity on Titan’s surface, given that
its mass is 1.35× 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and its radius is 2570km.
DATA:
Mass of Titan = mT = 1.35×1018 kg
Radius of Titan = rT = 2570km
= 2570 × 103m
= 2.57 × 103 × 103 m
= 2.57 × 106 m
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Chapter # 5

Gravitational constant = G = 6.67×10-11 Nm2kg-2

FIND:
Gravity on Titan’s surface = gT = ?
SOLUTION:
By using Formula
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑻𝑻
gT =
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑻𝑻
6.67×10−11 ×1.35×1018
=
(2.57×106 )2
6.67×1.35×10−11+18
=
6.6049×1012
9.0045×107
=
6.6049×1012
7−12
gT = 1.36 ×10 m/𝑠𝑠 2
gT = 1.36 × 1𝟎𝟎−𝟓𝟓 m/𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐

4.At which altitude above Earth’s surface would the gravitational acceleration be 4.9m/s2
Data:
Gravitational acceleration at height = gh= 4.9m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8m/s2
Radius of Earth = rE= 6.4×106 m
Find:
Altitude above earth’s Surface = h = ?
Solution:
By Using Formula
𝒈𝒈 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
gh =
(𝒓𝒓𝑬𝑬 +𝒉𝒉)𝟐𝟐
Rearrange the formula
𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2
(rE+h)2 =
𝑔𝑔ℎ
𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸2
rE + h = �
𝑔𝑔ℎ

𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
h=� - rE
𝒈𝒈𝒉𝒉
Putting Value
9.8×(6.4×106 )2
=� - 6.4×106
4.9

9.8×40.96×1012
=� - 6.4×106
4.9

401.408×1012
=� - 6.4 ×106
4.9
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Chapter # 5

= √81.92 × 1012 - 6.4 ×106

= 9.05 ×106 - 6.4×106
= (9.05-6.4) ×106
h = 2.65 ×106 m
or
h = 2.6 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 m

5.Assume that a satellite orbits Earth 225km above its surface. Given that the mass of Earth
is 6 × 1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg and the radius of Earth is 6.4 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎, What is the satellite’s orbital speed?
Data:
Height above earth surface=h=225km
= 225× 103 m
= 0.225×103 ×103 m
= 0.255×106 m
Mass of Earth = mE = 6×1024 kg
Radius of Earth = rE = 6.4× 106 m
Gravitational Constant = G = 6.67×10−11 Nm2 kg-2
Find:
Satellite’s orbital speed =v=?
Solution:
By using formula
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
v=�
𝒓𝒓𝑬𝑬 +𝒉𝒉

Putting values
6.67 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024
𝑣𝑣 = �
6.4 × 106 + 0.225 × 106

6.67 × 6 × 10−11+24
𝑣𝑣 = �
(6.4 + 0.225) × 106

40.02 × 1013
𝑣𝑣 = �
6.625 × 106

13−6
𝑣𝑣 = �6.040 × 10

7
𝑣𝑣 = �6.040 × 10

6
𝑣𝑣 = �60.4 × 10 m/s

v= 7.77×1𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑 m/s
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Chapter # 5

6.The distance from centre of earth to centre of moon is 3.8×1𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖 m. Mass of earth is
6×1𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 kg. What is the orbital speed of moon?
Data:
Mass of earth = mE = 6 × 1024 kg
Distance between Earth and moon = r = 3.8× 108 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 × 10-11Nm2kg-2
FIND:
Orbital speed of moon = v= ?
Solution:
By using formula
𝑮𝑮𝒎𝒎𝑬𝑬
v=�
𝒓𝒓
Putting values
6.67 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024
𝑣𝑣 = �
3.8 × 108

40.02 × 10−11+24
𝑣𝑣 = �
3.8 × 108

40.02 × 1013
𝑣𝑣 = �
3.8 × 108

𝑣𝑣 = �10.53 × 1013−8

𝑣𝑣 = �10.53 × 105

𝑣𝑣 = �105.3 × 104 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

v= 10.26 ×102 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
v = 1.026×103 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
v = 1.02 ×1𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔

7.The Hubble space telescope orbits Earth (mE=6× 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) with an orbital speed of
7.6× 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑 m/s. Calculate its altitude above Earth’s Surface.
Data:
Mass of Earth = mE = 6× 1024 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Radius of Earth = rE = 6.4× 106 𝑚𝑚
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2kg-2
Orbital speed = v = 7.6 ×103 m/s
Find:
Altitude = h = ?
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Chapter # 5

Solution:
By using Formula
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
v=�
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 + ℎ

Taking square on both sides

2
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣 2 = �� �
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 + ℎ
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣 2 =
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 + ℎ
Rearranging equation
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 + ℎ = 2
𝑣𝑣
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸
ℎ = 2 − 𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣
Putting Values
6.67 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024
ℎ= − 6.4 × 106
(7.6 × 103 )2
6.67 × 6 × 10−11+24
ℎ= − 6.4 × 106
57.76 × 106
40.02 × 1013
ℎ= − 6.4 × 106
57.76 × 106
ℎ = 0.6928 × 1013−6 − 6.4 × 106
ℎ = 00.6928 × 107 − 6.4 × 106
ℎ = 6.928 × 106 − 6.4 × 106
ℎ = (6.928 − 6.4) × 106
ℎ = 0.5286 × 106
ℎ = 528.6 × 106−3
ℎ = 528 × 103
ℎ = 528 × 103 𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 528 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∴ 103 = kilo