School of Physics & Materials Studies, FSG-UiTM-Shah Alam

PHY568
Electricity and Magnetism (E&M)
Introduction to the course

School of Physics & Materials Studies, FSG-UiTM-Shah Alam

Faisal H. A. Mathkoor
(FSG-UiTM-Shah Alam)
Phone: +60182300956
Email: [email protected]

School of Physics & Materials Studies, FSG-UiTM-Shah Alam

 What is E&M?
The fundamental force responsible for electricity,
magnetism, stable atoms and chemistry.

Although conceived of as distinct

phenomena until the 19th century,
electricity and magnetism are now known
to be components of the unified field of
electromagnetism. Particles with electric
charge interact by an electric force, while
charged particles in motion produce and
respond to magnetic forces as well.
Magnetism and electricity are related terms,
more like two sides of the same coin because
a changing magnetic field creates electric
current and similarly, a changing electric
field creates magnetic force. Both are
invisible forces that coexist and the relation
between them is fundamental to the
conveniences of the modern world.
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https://www.newscientist.com/definition/electromagnetism/
 What is E&M?

When asking what electromagnetism, one of four known

fundamental forces of nature, does, it is perhaps easier
first to say what it doesn’t do. It doesn’t keep our feet on
the ground, Earth swinging around the sun, or the stars
and galaxies in the universe moving on large scales: this is
the domain of gravity. It doesn’t bind fundamental
particles together in the atomic nucleus, or determine their
decay: the strong and weak nuclear forces do that.

But pretty much every other phenomenon that happens on

scales between those two depends on electromagnetism.

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https://www.newscientist.com/definition/electromagnetism/
 What is E&M?

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 What is E&M?

https://blog.constellation.com/2
021/05/10/what-is-electricity-
and-how-does-it-work/

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 What is E&M?

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 What is E&M?

https://blog.constellation.com/2
021/05/10/what-is-electricity-
and-how-does-it-work/

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 What is E&M?

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https://www.worksheetsplanet.com/download-picture/
 What is E&M?

Magnetism, phenomenon associated with magnetic fields, which arise

from the motion of electric charges. This motion can take many forms. It
can be an electric current in a conductor or charged particles moving
through space, or it can be the motion of an electron in an atomic orbital.
Magnetism is also associated with elementary particles, such as the electron,
that have a property called spin.
https://www.britannica.com/science/magnetism

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 What is E&M?

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https://slideplayer.com/slide/10660106/
 What is E&M?
Electricity and magnetism were the subject of much
investigation and experimentation by 19th century physicists
such as Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. It was
Maxwell who in the 1860s showed that electricity and
magnetism are in fact two aspects of one unified
phenomenon:

moving electric currents caused magnetic fields, and magnetic

fields induce electric currents to flow. Maxwell also showed in
his classical theory of electromagnetism that electric and
magnetic fields always propagated at the same constant speed:
the speed of light, c.

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https://www.newscientist.com/definition/electromagnetism/
 Giants of E & M

Ampere (1775 - 1836

Gauss (1777 - 1855)

Maxwell (1831 - 1879)

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Faraday (1791 - 1867)
 E&M

This takes us to the nub of what 20th century quantum field

theory revealed electromagnetism to be. It is the fundamental force that
acts between all particles that possess electric charge, positive and
negative: like charges repel, whereas opposite charges attract.
(Something similar is true of magnetic north and south poles, with the
odd and unexplained difference that they always come in pairs: there are
no magnetic “monopoles” that can move independently of one another.)

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https://www.newscientist.com/definition/electromagnetism/
 E&M

According to quantum electrodynamics, or QED, the quantum

field theory that now explains electromagnetism, its force
carrying particle – its “boson”, exchanged between all
charged particles – is the photon, the quantum of light.
Photons of different energies are associated with waves of
different frequencies, and the electromagnetic spectrum is the
name given to the gamut of them all, from low-frequency
radio waves past visible light to high-frequency gamma rays.

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https://www.newscientist.com/definition/electromagnetism/
 E&M

As such, electromagnetism is responsible for far more than just

electricity and magnetism. It is the force that binds negatively
charged electrons to positively charged atomic nuclei, ensuring
that stable atoms can be formed and that chemistry – including
the chemistry of life – can happen. It is also responsible for all
sorts of everyday forces such as friction that ultimately result
from the interactions of electrons at an atomic level.

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https://www.newscientist.com/definition/electromagnetism/
 E vs M (comparison chart)
Although conceived of as distinct
phenomena until the 19th century,
electricity and magnetism are now known
to be components of the unified field of
electromagnetism. Particles with electric
charge interact by an electric force, while
charged particles in motion produce and
respond to magnetic forces as well.

Magnetism and electricity are related terms,

more like two sides of the same coin because
a changing magnetic field creates electric
current and similarly, a changing electric
field creates magnetic force. Both are
invisible forces that coexist and the relation
between them is fundamental to the
conveniences of the modern world.

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 Maxwell’s Equations [5]
The manifestation of the mathematical beauty on the representation of
the relations that govern the electromagnetic phenomena.

[5] Ellingson, Steven W. (2020) Electromagnetics, Vol. 2. 19

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 Course description

The course covers content on electromagnetic fields with topics on:

the electromagnetic model, vector analysis up to the del operator,
static electric and magnetic fields, time varying electric and magnetic
fields, interactions between electric and magnetic fields and solutions
of electromagnetic problems, steady electric currents, static electric
and magnetic fields, time-varying fields and Maxwell’s Equations in
three dimensions.

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 Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the concepts, laws and the theories of electricity and magnetism.

2. Apply the concepts, laws and theories in solving problems related

to electricity and magnetism.

3. Present a summary on the concepts of physics obtained from

scientific sources in the area of electricity and magnetism.

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 Course Plan (1)

Chapter 1: The Electromagnetic Model

Week Date Chapter / Topics
• Course Briefing
1 18 - 22 March • Introduction
• The Electromagnetic Model

Coulomb’s law

Fill the entrance exit survey (EES, must be filled in week 1)

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 Course Plan (2)
ChapterDate
Week
2: Vector AnalysisChapter / Topics
• Introduction
• Vector addition and subtraction, A ± B
• Vectors Product A ∙ B, A × B
2 25 - 29 March
• Orthogonal coordinate systems
• Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
A× B  B× A •
•
Differential length, area and volume, dl, ds, dv
The del operator ∇, Gradient of a Scalar Field
• Divergence of a Vector Field, ∇ ∙ 𝑽
Many physical quantities are vector quantity, 3 1 - 5 April
they are expressed by magnitude and • Curl of a Vector Field, ∇ × 𝑽
direction. Vectors reduces cumbersome • The Laplacian, ∇2
expressions of these quantities into simple • Flux and the Divergence Theorem
compact beautiful forms.
4 15 – 19 April • The Line Integral and Stoke’s Theorem

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 Course Plan (3)
Chapter 3: Static Electric Field
Week Date Chapter / Topics
• Introduction
• Coulomb’s Law
• The Electric Field Intensity, E
5 22 – 26 April
• Electric Fields due to point and Continuous
Charge Distributions for Line, Surface and
Volume Charge Densities, 𝜆dl, 𝜎ds, 𝜌dv
• The Electric Flux Density, Φ
6 29 April – 3 May • Gauss’s Law
• Electric Potential, V, or 𝜙
• Potential Energy of a Charge Distribution
7 6 - 10 May • Current Density, J

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 Course Plan (4)
Chapter 4: Static Magnetic Field
Week Date Chapter / Topics
• Introduction
13 – 17 May
8 • The Biot-Savart Law
• The Magnetic Field Intensity for a Line Current
• The Magnetic Field Intensity for other Current Configurations
9 20 - 24 May • Ampere’s circuit Law
Maxwell’s equations • The Magnetic Flux Density, B
• Maxwell’s Equations for Static Electromagnetic Fields
10 3 - 7 Jun • Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials

• Magnetic Forces
11 10 – 14 Jun • Magnetic Torques
Biot-Savart’s Law
Lorentz force

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 Course Plan (5)

Chapter 5: Time Varying Fields and Maxwell’s equations

Week Date Chapter / Topics

17 – 21 Jun • Introduction
12 • Time Varying Fields: Transformer and Motional e.m.f., Faraday’s Law

13 24 - 28 Jun • Maxwell’s Equations in Final Forms

• Charged Particles in electric and magnetic fields
145 1 - 5 July

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 Course Plan (6)

Revision and Final Exam

Week Date Chapter / Topics

15 8 – 12 July REVISION WEEK

16 - 17 15 July – 4 August FINAL EXAM

You are on the shoulder, see the full picture.

Remember, remember, remember…. Practice, practice, practice.
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 Course Plan (7)
Academic Calendar

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 Course Plan (8)
Assessment
Week
% Of Description
Activity (Date)
Marks
Assignment Chapter 1 - Chapter 2
20% Week 6
(Written Assignment)
One individual final
Week 9
Test 20% report

One individual final

Assignment Week 12
20% report
(Video Presentation)
Chapter 1 - Chapter 5
Final Exam 40%
Total 100%

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 Useful Practice(Simulation)

Simulation software:
• Freeware: GeoGebra, Scilab.
• Shareware (not free): MATLAB (UiTM has a
license, see the library), Mathematica, Maple.

PhET (https://phet.colorado.edu) is useful to visualize

some basics. It works as a virtual lab in some sense
for natural sciences.

https://www.geogebra.org
https://www.scilab.org
You can build your own code (if you like, I encourage you to do
so). Python programming language is my recommendation (easy
and simple and has wide applications and it’s free).
https://www.python.org

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 A message to the student

“Electromagnetic theory is generally regarded by students as one of the most difficult courses
in physics or the electrical engineering curriculum. But this conception may be proved
wrong if you take some precautions. From experience, the following ideas are provided to
help you perform to the best of your ability with the aid of this textbook:”
Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics-Oxford University Press (2018) 7th edition

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 Ideas to help you (1)

1. Pay particular attention to vector analysis, the mathematical tool for this
course. Without a clear understanding of this section, you may have
problems with the rest of the course.

2. Do not attempt to memorize too many formulas. Memorize only the basic
ones, which are usually boxed, and try to derive others from these. Try to
understand how formulas are related. There is nothing like a general formula
for solving all problems. Each formula has limitations owing to the
assumptions made in obtaining it. Be aware of those assumptions and use
the formula accordingly.

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 Ideas to help you (2)

3. Try to identify the key words or terms in a given definition or

law. Knowing the
meaning of these key words is essential for proper application
of the definition or law.
4. Attempt to solve as many problems as you can. Practice is
the best way to gain skill.

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 Ideas to help you (3)

The best way to understand the formulas and assimilate the material is by
solving problems. It is recommended that you solve few exercises and
problems of the given to you on the lecture notes. Few exercises have to
be solved immediately following each the illustrative examples.

Sketch a diagram illustrating the problem before attempting

to solve it mathematically. Sketching the diagram not only makes the
problem easier to solve, but also helps you understand the problem by
simplifying and organizing your thinking process.

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 Ideas to help you (4)

You may use MATLAB to do number crunching and plotting. A brief introduction to
MATLAB is provided in Appendix C (file). Important formulas (You will not use all of
them) in calculus, vectors, and complex analysis are provided in Appendix A (file).

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