CHAPTER > 07

Equilibrium
KEY NOTES

˜ In a reversible reaction, the point at which there is no further Equilibrium Involving Dissolution
change in concentration of reactants and products is called of Solid or Gases in Liquids
equilibrium state. ˜ For dissolution of solid in liquids, the solubility is
It may be represented by constant at a given temperature.
H2 O( l) r H2 O(vap.) e.g. Sugar (solution) r Sugar (solid)
˜ The mixture of reactants and products in the equilibrium ˜ For dissolution of gases in liquids, i.e.
state is called an equilibrium mixture. CO2 (gas) r CO2 (in solution)
The concept of equilibrium is applicable for both physical This is equilibrium is governed by Henry’s law, which states
and chemical processes. that, mass of a gas dissolved in a given mass of a solvent at
Equilibrium in Physical Processes any temperature is proportional to the pressure of the gas
above the solvent.
A physical equilibrium is a state at which two phases of a
compound can co-exist and an equilibrium is established General Characteristics of Equilibria
between these two states. Involving Physical Processes
Physical equilibrium may be obtained by the following phase Some important characteristics of physical equilibrium are as
transformation processes. follows :
˜ Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a given
Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
temperature.
Ice(s) r Water(l)
˜ All the measurable properties remains constant.
Rate of melting of ice = rate of freezing of water
˜ Both the opposing processes occur at the same rate and there
Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium is a dynamic but stable condition.
H2 O( l) r H2 O (vap.) ˜ The physical equilibrium is characterised by constant value
Rate of evaporation of water = rate of condensation of of one of its parameter (such as melting point) at a given
water vapours temperature.
Solid-Vapour Equilibrium Equilibria in Chemical Processes
Certain solids on heating directly change from solid to vapour The equilibrium that involves only chemical change is called
state (sublimation) chemical equilibrium. It is also called dynamic equilibrium.
e.g., I 2 (s) r I 2 (vap.)
The variation of concentration of reactants and products in a For a general reaction,
reversible reaction can be seen as , aA + bB r cC + dD
[C]c [D]d
KC =
C or D (Products) [A]a [B]b
Concentration

[C]c [D]d [RT]c + d

Kp =
[A]a [B]b [RT]a+ b
A or B (Reactants) [C]c [D]d [RT](c + d ) − (a+ b)
Kp =
[A]a [B]b
[C]c [D]d  n
or Kp = ( RT) ∆n Q p = CRT ; C =
Time Equilibrium
[A]a [B]b  V 
Attainment of chemical equilibrium K p = K C ( RT) ∆n
Note Use of isotope (deuterium) in the formation of ammonia
where, ∆n = (number of moles of gaseous products) −
clearly indicates that, chemical reactions reach a state of
(number of moles of gaseous reactants).
dynamic equilibrium in which rates of forward and reverse
The unit of K p is expressed in bar.
reactions are equal and there is no net change in composition.
— Equilibrium in a system having more than one phase is
Law of Chemical Equilibria and called heterogeneous equilibrium.
Equilibrium Constant
It involves pure solids or liquids.
Law of chemical equilibrium states that, the value obtained
e.g. CaCO3 (s) r CaO(s) + CO2 ( g)
by dividing the product of concentration of products raised
to the respective stoichiometric coefficient in a balanced [CaO(s)] [CO2 ( g)]
KC =
chemical equation by the product of concentration of [CaCO3 (s)]
reactants raised to their individual stoichiometric coefficients
∴ K C = [CO2 ( g)] and K P = p CO2
is constant. i.e.
[C ]c [ D ]d Applications of Equilibrium Constant
For a reaction, aA + bB z cC + dD; KC =
[ A ]a [ B ]b The value of equilibrium constant is helpful in many ways :
where, [A], [B], [C] and [D] are molar concentration of ˜ Predicting the extent of reaction
A, B, C and D at equilibrium and K C is equilibrium constant. If K C > 103 , products predominates over reactants and
The unit of K C is mol L−1 . reaction proceeds completion.
Note The above equilibrium equation is also known as law of mass If K C < 10−3 , then reactants predominates over products
action.
and reaction proceeds rarely.
˜ The characteristics of equilibrium constant are as follows :
If K C is in the range 10−3 to 103 , appreciable concentrations of
— The value of equilibrium constant for a particular
both reactants and products are present.
reaction is always constant and depends only upon the
temperature of a reaction. ˜ Predicting the direction of a reaction
— If the reaction is reversed, the value of equilibrium Q = K C , reaction in equilibrium.
constant is reversed, i.e. K′C =
1 Q < K C , reaction proceeds in forward direction.
KC Q > K C , reaction proceeds in backward direction.
— If an equation is divided by a factor of ‘n’, the new
Here, Q is reaction quotient.
equilibrium constant is the nth root of the previous
value. i.e. K′ C =(K C )1/ n
Relationship between Equilibrium Constant ( K ),
Reaction Quotient (Q) and Gibbs’ Energy (G)
— If the equation is multiplied by a factor of ‘n’, the new ˜ Gibbs free energy and reaction quotient are related as
equilibrium constant is nth root of the previous value.
i.e. K′ C = ( K C ) n ∆G = ∆G° + RT ln Q
where, ∆G° = Standard Gibbs energy
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria
At equilibrium, ∆G = 0 and QC = K C , therefore the equation
˜ The equilibrium constants for the two types of equilibria viz becomes
homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria are as follows : −∆G°
∆G° = − RT ln K or ln K =
— For homogeneous equilibria, all the reactants and RT
products are in the same phase. Taking antilog on both sides, we get
e.g. N2 ( g) + 3 H2 ( g) r 2NH3 ( g) K = e−∆G°/ RT
KEY NOTES
˜ The equation, K = e−∆G°/ RT helps in predicting the — Effect of temperature change High temperature favours
spontaneity of the reaction as, endothermic reaction and low temperature favours
exothermic reaction.
— If ∆G° < 0; e−∆G° / RT > 1 ⇒ K > 1
— Effect of inert gas addition At constant volume, there is
Therefore, forward reaction is spontaneous. no effect of addition of inert gas. While, at constant
— If ∆G° > 0; e−∆G° / RT < 1 ⇒ K < 1 pressure, when inert gas is added, reaction goes in the
Therefore, backward reaction is spontaneous. direction in which there is an increase in the number of
moles of the gases.
Factors Affecting Equilibria — Effect of catalyst A catalyst increases the rate of forward
(Le-Chatelier’s Principle) reaction as well as the backward reaction, so it does not
˜ According to Le-Chatelier’s principle, if any of the factors effect the equilibrium and equilibrium constant.
that determine the equilibrium condition of a system is
changed, the system will move in such a direction, so that Ionic Equilibrium
effect of the change is reduced or nullified or opposed. ˜ Equilibria that involve ions only are studied under
˜ Different factors affecting equilibrium are as follows : different class called ionic equilibrium.
— Effect of concentration change Change in the
˜ Michael Faraday classified the substances into two
concentration of either reactant (s) or product(s), shift the categories based on the ability to conduct electricity.
reaction in such a direction in which the effect of change i.e. electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
is minimised or nullified. ˜ Strong electrolytes on dissolution in water are ionised
— Effect of pressure change Increase in pressure, shifts the almost completely, while the weak electrolytes are only
equilibrium in that direction, where the number of moles partially dissociated.
of the gas or pressure decreases and vice-versa.

˜ Different theories related to acids and bases are as follows :

Concept Acids Bases Examples
+ − + −
Arrhenius concept Furnish/release H ions in Furnish/release OH ions in HCl s H + Cl ; NaOH s Na + + OH−
their aqueous solution. their aqueous solution. ( Acid ) ( Base)
Strong acids HClO4 , HCl , HBr , HI, HNO3
Weak acids HF , CH3COOH
Strong bases NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH) 2
Weak bases NH4OH, Al(OH)3

Lewis concept Accept a pair of electrons, Donate a pair of electrons to H+ + OH− → H2O
i.e. acids are electron form coordinate bond, (Acid) ( Base)
deficient compounds. i.e. bases are electron rich Acids BF3 , AlCl 3 , Fe3+ , Al 3+ , Cu2+ , SF6 (vacant d-orbitals)
compounds.
•• ••
Bases H2 O •• , NH3 , OH −

Bronsted-Lowry Acid is a proton donor. Base is a proton acceptor. Add proton

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4++ (aq) +O H – (aq)

Base Acid Conjugate Conjugate
acid base

Loses proton

Note Å The acid-base pair which differ by a proton are said to form a conjugate acid-base pair.
Å If Bronsted acid is a strong acid, then its conjugate base is weak and vice-versa.

KEY NOTES
Ionisation Constant and Ionic The base ionisation constant is represented by K b and is
Product of Water given as :
The ionisation constant of water and its ionic product is given [M + ][OH− ] Cα 2
Kb = =
as : [MOH] 1 −α
K w = [H+ ] [OH−] = 1. 0 × 10−14 at 298 K
Kb
where, K w is the ionic product of water. and degree of ionisation is given as, α =
C
pH scale Higher the value of K b, more basic is the base.
˜ In order to represent, the hydronium ion concentration
more conveniently in terms of molarity, Sorensen Relation between K a and K b
introduced scale, called pH scale. ˜ In case of a conjugate acid-base pair
pH = − log [H+ ] Ka × Kb = Kw
If pH < 7, acidic solution, pH = 7 neutral, if pH > 7, basic ˜ The pK value of the conjugate acid and base are related to
solution. each other by the equation :
˜ pK w is a very important quantity for aqueous solutions and pK a + pK b = pK w = 14 (at 298 K )
controls the relative concentrations of hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions as their product is a constant. i.e. Here, pK a = − log K a and pK b = − log K b
pK w = pOH + pH = 14 Polybasic Acids and Polyacidic Bases
˜ Acids having more than one ionisable proton per molecule
Ionisation of Acids and Bases
of acids are known as polybasic or polyprotic acids. For
Ionisation Constants of Weak Acids dibasic acids, like H2X have two ionisation constants and
For a reaction, for tribasic acids like H3 PO4 , have three ionisation
+ −
HX( aq) + H2 O( l) a H O ( aq) + X ( aq)
3
constants.
Initial conc. C 0 0 ˜ It is more difficult to remove a positively charged proton
At equil C( 1 − α ) Cα Cα
from a negative ion due to electrostatic forces.
The ionisation or dissociation constant is given as, That’s why, the higher order ionisation constants ( K a2 , K a3 )
are smaller than lower order ionisation constant (K a1 ).
[H+ ][X− ] Cα 2
Ka = = ˜ The extent of dissociation of an acid depends on the
[HX] 1 −α strength and polarity of the H — A bond.
If α < < 1 ⇒ (1 − α ) = 1 and degree of ionisation is given as, For example,
Ka 1  1 Size increases
α= or ∝ ∝ V ∴ C ∝  →
 V
—
C C HF << HCl << HBr << HI
K a is a dimensionless quantity. The larger the value of K a, →
Acidic strength increases
stronger is the acid.
Thus, the degree of dissociation is proportional to the Electronegativity increases
— →
square root of dilution for weak electrolytes. This is the CH4 << NH3 < H2 O < HF
statement of Ostwald’s law. →
Acidic strength increases
Ionisation Constant of Weak Base
For a reaction, Note The equilibrium constant for a net reaction obtained
− after adding two (or more) reactions equals the products of
MOH( aq) - M ( aq) + OH ( aq)
+
equilibrium constant for individual reactions, i.e.
Initial conc. C 0 0
K net = K1 × K 2 × ...........
At equil. C(1 − α ) Cα Cα

KEY NOTES
Salt Hydrolysis
˜ The salts formed by reaction between acids and bases get ionised in water and exist as hydrated ions. The reaction of ions
with water is known as hydrolysis or salt hydrolysis.
˜ Depending upon the nature of acid and base from which a salt is obtained, the salts are categories into four types as
tabulated below :

Salt of Example K h (hydrolysis constant) h (degree of hydrolysis) pH of solution

weak acid and strong base CH3COONa Kw Kw 1 1 1
pK w + pK a + logC
Ka Ka ⋅ C 2 2 2

strong acid and weak base NH4Cl Kw Kw 1 1 1

pK w − pK b − log C
Kb Kb ⋅ C 2 2 2

weak acid and weak base CH3COONH4 Kw Kw 1 1 1

pK w + pK a − pK b
Ka ⋅ Kb Ka ⋅ Kb 2 2 2

strong acid and strong base NaCl Does not undergo hydrolysis

Buffer Solutions
˜ The solutions which resist change in their pH on dilution Category I Soluble Solubility > 0.1M
or an addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called Category II Slightly soluble 0.01 M < Solubility < 0.1M
buffer solutions.
Category III Sparingly soluble Solubility < 0.01M
˜ The different types of buffer solutions are as follows :
— A buffer solution having pH less than 7 is called as an
˜ A solid salt of the general formula, Mxp + Xyq − with molar
acidic buffer, e.g. CH3 COOH + CH3 COONa. solubility ‘S’ in equilibrium with its saturated solution
The pH of an acidic buffer is given by may be represented by the equation.
p+ q−
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as A xBy (s) z xA ( aq) + yB ( aq)
[Conjugate base, A −]
pH = pK a + log K sp = [A p + ]x[B q− ]y = ( xS) x( yS) y = x xy y S (x+ y )
[Acid, HA]
[Salt] S (x+ y ) = K sp / x xy y
or, pH = pK a + log
[Acid] S = ( K sp / x xy y )1 / x+ y
— A buffer solution having pH greater than 7 is called as
where, K sp is called the solubility product.
basic buffer, e.g. NH4 OH + NH4 Cl. The pH of basic
buffer is given by Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as, Applications of K sp
[Conjugate acid, BH+ ] ˜ The value of Q (ionic product) and K sp (solubility) product
pOH = pK b + log
[Base, B] are helpful for predicting, whether a precipitate is formed
[Salt] or not.
or pOH = pK b + log In general,
[Base]
if Q > K sp, then precipitation takes place.
In terms of pH, it can be written as :
if Q < K sp, then no precipitation takes place.
[Conjugate acid, BH+ ]
pH = pK a + log if Q = K sp , the reaction is at equilibrium.
[Base, B]
˜ The solubility of salts of weak acids like phosphates
Note If molar concentration of base and its conjugate acid is same,
increases with decrease in pH as at lower pH, the anion
then the pH of the buffer solution will be same as the pK a
gets protonated and, hence its concentration decreases.
value for the base.
Common Ion Effect
Solubility and Solubility Product The decrease in the ionisation of a weak electrolyte by the presence
˜ Lattice enthalpy and solvation enthalpy play a key role in of a common ion from a strong electrolyte is called common ion
deciding the solubility of salts in a particular solvent. effect. e.g. Ionisation of a weak acid (HA) decreases in the presence
˜ Depending upon the solubility, salts are categories into of a strong acid such as HCl because H+ as common ion combines
with A − to form HA. It is used in (a) purification of common salt (b)
three groups.
in qualitative analysis (c) salting out of soap.

KEY NOTES
CHAPTER 07 > Equilibrium 181

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Equilibrium in Physical and Chemical

Process alongwith Dynamic Equilibrium
1 Which of the following is the example of a reversible 5 The method of preparation of ammonia can be
reaction? represented graphically as
(a) Pb(NO3 )2 ( aq ) + 2NaI ( aq ) → PbI2 ( s )+ 2NaNO3 ( aq ) N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) r 2NH3 ( g )
(b) 2Na ( s ) + 2H2 O( l ) → 2NaOH ( aq ) + H2 ( g )
(c) AgNO3 ( aq ) + HCl ( aq ) → AgCl ( s ) + HNO3 ( aq ) X

Molar concentration
(d) KNO3 ( aq ) + NaCl ( aq ) → KCl ( aq ) + NaNO3 ( aq )
2 In an experiment, if we expose three watch glasses Y
containing separately 1 mL each of acetone,
ethyl alcohol and water to atmosphere and repeat the Z
experiment with different volumes of the liquids in a
warmer room. It is observed that, in all such cases the Time
liquid eventually disappears and the time taken for
complete evaporation depends on In the above graph, X,Y and Z respectively are
(a) the nature of the liquid (b) the amount of the liquid (a) N2 , H2 and NH3
(c) the temperature (d) All of these (b) NH3 ,H2 and N2
3 The partial pressure of ethane over a solution (c) H2 , N2 and NH3
containing 6.56 × 10 −3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the (d) N2 , NH3 and H2
solution contains 5.00 × 10 −2 g of ethane, then what 6 In the chemical reaction,
will be the partial pressure of gas? N 2 + 3H 2 s 2NH 3
(a) 6.2 bar (b) 5.6 bar (c) 7.6 bar (d) 7.3 bar at equilibrium point,
4 When the two reactions occur at the same rate, the (a) equal volumes of N2 and H2 are reacting
system reaches (b) equal masses of N2 and H2 are reacting
(a) a state of completion (c) the reaction has stopped
(b) a state of equilibrium (d) the same amount of ammonia is formed, as it is
(c) 90% completion decomposed into N2 and H2
(d) 50% completion

TOPIC 2~ Law of Chemical Equilibrium and

Equilibrium Constant
7 The active mass of 64 g of HI in a 2L flask would be What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the
(a) 0.25 mol/L (b) 0.50 mol/L following reaction at the same temperature?
(c) 0.025 mol/L (d) 32.0 mol/L 1
SO 3 ( g ) r SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g )
8 Given that, equilibrium constant for the reaction, 2
CBSE AIPMT 2012
2SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) r 2SO 3 ( g ) −3 −3
(a) 1.8 × 10 (b) 3.6 × 10 (c) 6 × 10−2 (d) 1.3 × 10−5
has a value 278 at a particular temperature.
 9 Given the reaction between two gases represented by The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction is
A2 and B 2 to give the compound AB ( g ) as (a) 4 (b) 2/9
A2 ( g ) + B 2 ( g ) r 2 AB ( g ) (c) 2 (d) 4/9

At equilibrium, the concentration of 15 Two moles of HI were heated in a sealed tube at

A2 = 3.0 × 10 −3 M, of B 2 = 4.2 × 10 −3 M and of 440°C till the equilibrium was reached. HI was found
to be 22% decomposed. The equilibrium constant for
AB = 2.8 × 10 −3 M. If the reaction takes place in a dissociation is
sealed vessel at 527°C, then the value of KC will be (a) 0.282 (b) 0.0796
CBSE AIPMT 2012 (c) 0.0199 (d) 1.99
(a) 2.0 (b) 1.9 (c) 0.62 (d) 4.5
16 In the equilibrium, AB z A + B , if the equilibrium
10 The equilibrium, concentration of A is double, then equilibrium
N 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) r 2NO( g ) concentration of B will be
is established in a reaction vessel of 2.5L capacity. (a) half (b) twice
The amount of N 2 and O 2 taken at the start were 1 1
(c) th (d) th
respectively 2 moles and 4 moles. Half a mole of 4 8
nitrogen has been used at equilibrium. The molar 17 For the reaction,
concentration of nitric oxide is N 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) r 2NO( g ),
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.6 (d) 0.1
the equilibrium constant is K1 . The equilibrium
11 The equilibrium constant for the reaction, constant is K 2 for the reaction,
H 2 ( g ) + CO 2 ( g ) g H 2O( g ) + CO( g ) 2NO( g ) + O 2 ( g ) r 2NO 2 ( g ).
is 1.80 at 1000°C. If 1.0 mole of H 2 and 0.1 mole of
What is K for the reaction :
CO 2 are placed in 1 L flask, the final equilibrium 1
concentration of CO at 1000°C is NO 2 ( g ) r N 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g )
2 CBSE AIPMT 2011
(a) 0.573 M (b) 0.385 M
1 1
(c) 5.73 M (d) 0.295 M (a) (b)
( K1K 2 ) ( 2K 1 K 2 )
12 For the reaction, 1/ 2
1  1 
I 2 (g ) g 2I( g ); KC = 37.6 × 10 −6 (c) (d)  
( 4K1K 2 )  K1K 2 
at 1000 K. If 1.0 mole of I 2 is introduced into a 1.0 L
18 Consider the following reversible chemical reactions,
flask at 1000 K, at equilibrium
K1
(a) [ I2 ] > [ I] (b) [ I2 ] = [ I] A2 ( g ) + B 2 ( g ) a 2 AB (g ) …(i)
(c) [ I2 ] < [ I] (d) Unpredictable K2

13 1.1 mole of A is mixed with 2.2 mole of B and the

6 AB ( g ) a 3 A ( g ) + 3B
2 2 (g ) …(ii)
mixture is kept in a 1 L flask till the equilibrium, The relation between K1 and K 2 is JEE Main 2019
A + 2B k 2C + D is reached. At equilibrium, (a) K 2 = K 13 (b) K 1 K 2 = 3
0.2 mole of C is formed. The equilibrium constant 1
(c) K 2 = K 1−3 (d) K 1 K 2 =
would be 3
(a) 0.002 (b) 0.004 19 The equilibrium constants for the reaction,
(c) 0.001 (d) 0.003
Zn ( s) + Cu 2+ ( aq ) l Zn 2+ ( aq ) + Cu ( s) and
14 When 3 moles of ethyl alcohol are mixed with
Cu ( s) + 2Ag + ( aq ) s Cu 2+ ( aq ) + 2Ag ( s)
3 moles of acetic acid, 2 moles of ester are formed at
equilibrium. According to the equation, are K1 and K 2 respectively. The equilibrium constant
CH 3COOH( l) + C 2 H 5OH( l) g for the combined reaction is
CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ( l) + H 2O( l) (a) K 1 × K 2 (b) K 1 + K 2
(c) K 1 − K 2 (d) K 1 / K 2
CHAPTER 07 > Equilibrium 183

TOPIC 3~ Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria

with its Applications
20 For reaction in equilibrium, The value of KC at this temperature will be
H 2 (g ) + I 2 (g ) g 2HI( g ) (a) 6.4 × 1012 L mol −1 (b) 7.479 × 1011 L mol −1
Choose the correct option. (c) 7.00 × 10−11 L mol −1 (d) 5.66 × 106 L mol −1
[HI( g )]2 26 5.1 g NH 4SH is introduced in 3.0 L evacuated flask at
(a) K C =
[H2 ( g )] [I2 ( g )] 327°C. 30% of the solid NH 4SH decomposed to NH 3
[ HI( g )]2 [ RT ]2 and H 2S as gases. The K p of the reaction at 327°C is
(b) K p =
[ H2 ( g )]RT ⋅ [ I2 ( g )] RT (R = 0.082 atm mol −1 K −1 , molar mass of
(c) In this reaction, Kp = K C , i.e. both equilibrium S = 32 g mol −1 molar mass of N = 14 g mol −1 )
constants are equal JEE Main 2019
(d) All of the above −4
(a) 0.242 × 10 atm 2
(b) 0.242 atm 2
−3
21 For the reaction, (c) 4.9 × 10 atm 2
(d) 1 × 10−4 atm 2
1 27 If 0.2 mole of H 2 ( g ) and 2.0 moles of S( s) are mixed
SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) r SO 3 ( g)
2 in a 1m 3 vessel at 90°C, the partial pressure of
if K p = KC ( RT ) where the symbols have usual
x
H 2S( g ) formed according to the reaction,
meaning, then the value of x is (assuming ideality). H 2 ( g ) + S( s) s H 2S( g ),
JEE Main 2014 ( K p = 6.8 × 10 −2 ) would be
1 1
(a) −1 (b) − (c) (d) 1 (a) 0.072 atm (b) 0.610 atm (c) 0.38 atm (d) 0.423 atm
2 2
22 For the equilibrium, 28 The partial pressure of carbon monoxide from the
following data will be
2NOCl( g ) S 2NO( g ) + Cl 2 ( g ), the value of the ∆
equilibrium constant, KC is 3.75 × 10 −6 at 1069 K. CaCO 3 ( s) z CaO( s) + CO 2 ↑; K p1 = 8 × 10 −2
The value of K p for the reaction at this temperature
CO 2 ( g ) + C( s) z 2CO( g ); K p2 = 2
will be
(a) 0.2 atm (b) 0.6 atm (c) 0.8 atm (d) 0.4 atm
(a) 0.133 (b) 1.242 (c) 0.033 (d) 0.00033
23 Consider the reaction, 29 For the following equilibrium,
N 2O 4 ( g ) z 2NO 2 ( g )
N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH 3 ( g ) a K p is found to be equal to KC . This is attained when
The equilibrium constant of the above reaction is K p .
(a) T = 1K (b) T = 273 K
If pure ammonia is left to dissociate,the partial
(c) T = 1218
. K (d) T = 1715
. K
pressure of ammonia at equilibrium is given by
(Assume that pNH 3 << p total at equilibrium) 30 At equilibrium, the concentration of
JEE Main 2019 . ×10 −3 M
N 2 = 30
3/ 2
3 K 1p/ 2 P 2 3/ 2
3 K 1p/ 2 P 2 K 1p/ 2 P 2 K 1p/ 2 P 2 O 2 = 4. 2 ×10 −3 M and NO = 2 . 8 ×10 −3 M
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 16 16 4
in a sealed vessel at 800 K and 1 atm pressure.
5
24 At a certain temperature and total pressure of 10 Pa, What will be K p for the given reaction?
iodine vapour contains 40% by volume of I-atoms. N 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) r 2NO( g )
I 2 (g ) z 2 I (g ) (a) 0.328 atm (b) 0.622 atm (c) 0.483 atm (d) 0.712 atm
The value of K p for the equilibrium is 31 The values of K p / KC for the following reactions at
(a) 2.67 × 104 Pa (b) 7.2 × 105 Pa 300 K are, respectively (At 300 K, RT = 2462
. dm 3
−1
(c) 3.67 × 105 Pa (d) 4.66 × 107 Pa atm mol ) JEE Main 2019

25 At 450 K, K p = 20
. × 1010 /bar for the given reaction at N 2 (g ) + O 2 (g ) 2NO( g )
a
equilibrium, N 2O 4 ( g ) 2NO 2 ( g )
a
2SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) z 2SO 3 ( g ) N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH 3 ( g )
a
 (a) 1, 24.62 dm 3 atm mol −1 , 606.0 dm 6 atm 2 mol −2 (a) 10.0 (b) 7.0
(b) 1, 24.62 dm 3 atm mol −1 , 1.65 × 10−3 dm −6 atm −2 mol 2 (c) 8.0 (d) 12.0
(c) 24.62 dm 3 atm mol −1 , 606.0 dm 6 atm −2 mol 2 , 34 The value of KC for the reaction, 2A r B + C is
. × 10−3 dm −6 atm −2 mol 2
165 2 × 10 −3 . At a given time, the composition of reaction
(d) 1, 4.1 × 10−2 dm −3 atm −1 mol, mixture is [ A ] = [ B ] = [C ] = 3 × 10 −4 M. JIPMER 2018
606 dm 6 atm 2 mol −2 In which direction, the reaction will proceed?
32 If the value of an equilibrium constant for a particular (a) Forward direction
(b) Reverse direction
reaction is 1.6 ×10 , then at equilibrium the system
12
(c) At equilibrium
will contain CBSE AIPMT 2015
(d) None of the above
(a) all reactants
(b) mostly reactants 35 3.00 moles of PCl 5 kept in 1L closed reaction vessel
(c) mostly products was allowed to attain equilibrium at 380 K. The
(d) similar amounts of reactants and products composition of the mixture at equilibrium will be,
(Given KC =1.80)
33 For the reaction,
(a) [PCl 5 ] = 1.59 M, [PCl 3 ] = [Cl 2 ] = 1.41 M
H 2 (g ) + I 2 (g ) s 2HI ( g ); KC = 57.0 at 700 K.
(b) [PCl 5 ] = 1.41 M, [PCl 3 ] = [Cl 2 ] = 1.59 M
The molar concentration of [H 2 ] = 0.10 M, (c) [PCl 5 ] = 1.81 M, [PCl 3 ] = [Cl 2 ] = 1.75 M
[I 2 ] = 0.20 M and [HI] = 0.40 M.
(d) [PCl 5 ] = 1.75 M, [PCl 3 ] = [Cl 2 ] = 1.81 M
The reaction quotient, QC of the reaction is

TOPIC 4 ~ Equilibrium Constant (K), Reaction Quotient (Q) and

Gibbs’ Energy (G) with Factors Affecting Equilibria
36 The correct equation of equilibrium constant in terms 39 Hydrolysis of sucrose gives,
of Gibbs energy is Sucrose + H 2O s Glucose + Fructose
− ∆G ° / RT
(a) K = e Equilibrium constant (KC ) for the reaction is 2 × 1013
(b) K = e− ∆G / RT at 300 K. The value of ∆G° at 300 K is
(c) K = e∆G ° / RT (a) 3.52 × 105 J mol −1
(d) K = e∆G / RT (b) 5.12 × 105 J mol −1
(c) 7.64 × 104 J mol −1
37 Using the equation ( K = e − ∆G ° / RT ), the reaction
(d) −7.64 × 104 J mol −1
spontaneity can be interpreted in terms of the value of
40 The standard Gibbs energy change at 300 K, for the
∆G° as
reaction, 2A s B + C is 2494.2J. At a given time,
(a) If ∆G° < 0,the reaction proceeds in the forward direction
the composition of the reaction mixture is
to such an extent that the products are present [ A ] = 1/ 2, [ B ] = 2 and [C ] =1/ 2. The reaction proceeds
predominantly. in the (R = 8 . 314 J/K mol, e = 2.718) JEE Main 2014
(b) If ∆G° > 0,the reaction proceeds in the forward direction
(a) forward direction because Q > K C
to such a small extent that only a very minute quantity of
(b) reverse direction because Q > K C
product is formed.
(c) forward direction because Q < K C
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) reverse direction because Q < K C
(d) None of the above
41 Which one of the following informations can be
38 The value of ∆G° for the phosphorylation of glucose obtained on the basis of Le-Chatelier’s principle?
in glycolysis is 13.8 kJ/mol. The value of KC at (a) Dissociation constant of a weak acid
298 K is
(b) Entropy change in a reaction
(a) 7.72 × 10−4 (b) 5.62 × 10−4 (c) Equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction
(c) 4.81 × 10−3 (d) 3.81 × 10−3 (d) All of the above
42 A pressure change obtained by changing the volume 44 For the reversible reaction,
can affect the yield of products in case of a gaseous N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) r 2NH 3 ( g ) + Heat
reaction, where
(a) the total number of moles of gaseous reactants and total The equilibrium shifts in forward direction
number of moles of gaseous products are different CBSE AIPMT 2014
(b) the total number of moles of gaseous reactants and total (a) by increasing the concentration of NH3 ( g )
number of moles of gaseous products are same (b) by decreasing the pressure
(c) number of moles of reactants > number of moles of (c) by decreasing the concentrations of N2 ( g ) and H2 ( g )
products (d) by increasing pressure and decreasing temperature
(d) number of moles of reactants < number of moles of 45 Ostwald’s process for the manufacture of nitric acid
products involves the reaction,
43 Production of ammonia according to the reaction, 4NH 3 ( g ) + 5O 2 ( g ) l4NO( g ) + 6H 2O( l);
N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) s 2NH 3 ( g ); ∆H = + QkJ
∆H = − 92.38 kJ mol −1 Which of the following factors will not affect the
is an exothermic process. At low temperature, the concentration of NH 3 at equilibrium?
reaction shifts in (a) Addition of catalyst
(a) forward direction (b) Decrease of temperature
(b) backward direction (c) Increase of pressure
(c) either forward or backward direction (d) Increase of volume
(d) None of the above

TOPIC 5 ~ Ionic Equilibrium with Concept of

Acids, Bases and Salts
46 While, comparing the ionisation of hydrochloric acid 48 Which of the following cannot act both as Bronsted
with that of acetic acid in water we find that though acid and as Bronsted base? NEET (Odhisa) 2019
both of them are polar covalent molecules, former is (a) HCO−3
completely ionised into its constituent ions, while the
(b) NH3
latter is only partially ionised (< 5%).
(c) HCl
The reason is that,
(d) HSO−4
(a) ionisation depends upon the strength of the bond and
the extent of solvation of ions produced 50 Which of the following is least likely to behave as
(b) ionisation depends upon the strength of the bond only Lewis base? CBSE AIPMT 2011
(c) extent of solvation of ions produced −
(a) OH (b) H2 O
(d) hydrochloric acid is stronger than acetic acid
(c) NH3 (d) BF3
47 In the reaction, 51 Which one of the following is the weakest acid?
Adds proton
(a) HCl
NH3(aq) + H2O(l ) s NH+4(aq) + OH – (aq ) (b) HF
X Y Conjugate Conjugate
acid base
(c) H2 SO4
Loses proton (d) HNO3

X and Y respectively are 52 Which equilibrium can be described as an acid-base

(a) neutral and acid (b) acid and base reaction using the Lewis acid-base definition, but not
(c) base and acid (d) base and neutral using Bronsted-Lowry definition?
48 Conjugate base for Bronsted acids H 2O and HF are (a) NH3 + CH3 COOH f CH3 COO− + NH+4
(a) H3 O+ and F− , respectively NEET 2019 (b) H2 O + CH3 COOH f H3 O + + CH3 COO−
− −
(b) OH and F , respectively
(c) 4NH3 + [Cu(H2 O)4 ]2+ f [Cu(NH3 )4 ]2+ + 4H2 O
(c) H3 O+ and H2 F+ , respectively
(d) OH− and H2 F+ , respectively (d) 2NH3 + H2 SO4 f 2NH+4 + SO24 −
186 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 6 ~ Ionisation of Acids and Bases

53 In the following reaction, 61 For a reaction,
H 2O ( l) + H 2O( l) f H 3O ( aq ) + OH ( aq )
+ −
CH 3COOH( aq ) s H + ( aq ) + CH 3COO − ( aq )
Acid X Conjugate acid
H + ( aq ) + Ac − ( aq )
Y
or HAc ( aq ) l
X and Y respectively are
The value of pH of the solution resulting on addition
(a) base and conjugate acid (b) acid and conjugate base
of 0.05 M acetate ion to 0.05 M acetic acid solution
(c) base and conjugate base (d) acid and conjugate acid
is (K a = 1.8 × 10 −5 ).
54 The correct order of increasing [H 3O + ] in the aqueous
(a) 5.72 (b) 3.87
solution is (c) 4.24 (d) 4.74
(a) 0.01M H2 S < 0.01 M H2 SO4 < 0.01 M NaCl
. × 10 −5 is
62 The pH of 0.10 N acetic acid having K a = 18
< 0.01 M NaNO2
(a) 2.9 (b) 5.6
(b) 0.01 M NaCl < 0.01 M NaNO2 < 0.01 M H2 S
(c) 6.8 (d) 3.4
< 0.01 M H2 SO4
(c) 0.01 M NaNO2 < 0.01 M NaCl < 0.01 M H2 S 63 A 0.01 M ammonia solution is 5% ionised. The
< 0.01 M H2 SO4 concentration of OH − ion is
(d) 0.01 M H2 S < 0.01 M NaNO2 < 0.01 M NaCl (a) 0.005 M (b) 0.0001 M
< 0.01 M H2 SO4 (c) 0.0005 M (d) 0.05 M

55 The decreasing order of strength of the bases OH − , 64 2g of NaOH is dissolved in water to make 1L
solution. The pH of solution is
NH −2 , H — C ≡≡ C − and CH 3 — CH 2− is
(a) 10.25 (b) 8.256
(a) CH3 — CH2− > NH2− > H — C ≡≡ C − > OH− (c) 12.70 (d) 10.89
(b) H — C ≡≡ C − > CH3 — CH2 > NH2 > OH− 65 The pH of 0.01 M NaOH (aq) solution will be
(c) OH− > NH−2 > H — C ≡≡ C− > CH3 — CH−2 (a) 7.01 (b) 2
(d) NH2− −
> H — C≡≡ C > OH — CH3 — CH2− (c) 12 (d) 9
66 The pH of a mixture when a 50 mL solution of pH =1
56 Which of the following salts is the most basic in
aqueous solution? JEE Main 2018 is mixed with a 50 mL of pH = 2 is
(a) Al ( CN )3 (b) CH3 COOK (a) 0.56 (b) 1.26
(c) FeCl 3 (d) Pb(CH3 COO )2 (c) 1.76 (d) 2.06

57 The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of 67 Assuming complete ionisation, the pH of 0.1 M HCl
−3 is 1. The molarity of H 2SO 4 with the same pH is
soft drink is 3.8 × 10 M. The value of its pH is
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.05 (d) 2.0
(a) 4.32 (b) 5.12 (c) 3.31 (d) 2.42
68 How many litres of water must be added to 1 L of an
58 If the ionisation constant of acetic acid is 1.8 × 10 −5 , aqueous solution with a pH of 1 to create an aqueous
at what concentration will it be dissociated to 2%? solution of pH of 2? JEE Main 2013
(a) 1 M (b) 0.018 M (a) 49 L (b) 9 L
(c) 0.18 M (d) 0.045 M
(c) 79 L (d) 59 L
59 The dissociation constant of acetic acid at a given
69 If 50 mL of 0.1 HBr is mixed with 50 mL 0.2 M
temperature is 1.69 × 10 −5 . The degree of dissociation
NaOH, find pH of resulting mixture JIPMER 2019
of 0.01 M acetic acid in the presence of 0.01 M HCl
is equal to (a) 2.7 (b) 12.7
−2 −7 (c) 10.7 (d) 1.3
(a) 0.41 × 10 . × 10
(b) 018
(c) 0.169 × 10−2 (d) 0.013 × 10−4 70 A weak base BOH is titrated with a strong acid HA.
When 10 mL of HA is added, pH is found to be 9.00 and
60 A 0.2 molar solution of formic acid is 3.2% ionised. when 25 mL is added, pH is 8.00. The volume of the
Its ionisation constant is acid required to reach the equivalence point is
(a) 9.6 × 10−3 (b) 2.1 × 10−4 (a) 55 mL (b) 40 mL
(c) 1.25 × 10−6 (d) 4.8 × 10−5 (c) 30 mL (d) 50 mL
71 Following solutions were prepared by mixing 76 In the following observation.
different volumes of NaOH and HCl of different Acid Ka1 Ka2 (X )
concentrations : NEET 2019
−2 −5
Oxalic acid 5.9 × 10 6.4 × 10
M M
I. 60 mL HCl + 40mL NaOH Ascorbic acid 7.4 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−12
10 10
M M Sulphurous acid 1.7 × 10−2 6.4 × 10−8
II. 55 mL HCl + 45 mL NaOH
10 10 (Y ) Very large 1.2 × 10−2
M M Carbonic acid 4.3 × 10−7 (Z )
III. 75 mL HCl + 25 mL NaOH
−4
5 5 Citric acid 7.4 × 10 1.7 × 10−5 4.0 × 10−7
−3 −8
M
IV. 100 mL HCl + 100mL NaOH
M Phosphoric acid 7.5 × 10 6.2 × 10 4.2 × 10−13
10 10
pH of which one of them will be equal to 1? X , Y and Z respectively are
(a) IV (b) I (a) K = K a 1 × K a 2 , phosphorous acid, 6.5 × 10−11
(c) II (d) III (b) K a 3 , phosphorous acid, 6.5 × 10−11
72 The pK b for fluoride ion at 25°C is 10.83, the (c) K = K a 1 × K a 2 , sulphuric acid, 5.6 × 10−11
ionisation constant of hydrofluoric acid at this (d) K a 3 , sulphuric acid, 5.6 × 10−11
temperature is
(a) 2.72 × 10−5 77 The process of interaction between water and
(b) 3.52 × 10 −3 cations/anions or both of salts is called
(a) hydration (b) hydrolysis
(c) 6.76 × 10−4
(c) dehydration (d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) 5.38 × 10−2
78 The pK a of acetic acid and pK b of ammonium
73 The pH 0.005 M codeine (C18 H 21 NO 3 ) solution is hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively.
. . Its pK b value is
995 Calculate the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
(a) 8.92 (b) 5.80 JEE Main 2017
(c) 3.76 (d) 4.29 (a) 4.765 (b) 5.012 (c) 7.005 (d) 6.098
74 The extent of dissociation of an acid depends on 79 pH of a salt solution of weak acid (pK a = 4) and weak
(a) polarity base (pK b = 5) at 25°C is AIIMS 2019
(b) strength and polarity (a) 6.5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 7.5
(c) dipole moment
80 A 100 mL, 0.1 M solution of ammonium acetate is
(d) None of the above
diluted by adding 100 mL of water. The pH of the
75 The degree of ionisation of a compound depends on resulting solution will be
(a) size of solute molecules
(pK a of acetic acid is nearly equal to pK b of NH 4OH)
(b) nature of solute molecules CBSE AIPMT 2012
(c) nature of vessel used (a) 4.9 (b) 5.9 (c) 7.0 (d) 10.0
(d) quantity of electricity passed

TOPIC 7 ~ Buffer Solutions

81 A mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as 82 100 mL of a solution contains 0.1 M NH 4OH and
buffer solution around pH P and a mixture of 0.1 M NH 4Cl. The pH of the solution will not change
ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide on adding.
acts as a buffer around pH Q . P and Q respectively (a) 20 mL of 0.1 M NH4 OH solution
are (b) 20 mL of 0.1 M NH4 Cl solution
(a) 9.25 and 4.75 (b) 4.75 and 9.25 (c) 10 mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution
(c) 8.74 and 3.87 (d) 3.87 and 8.74 (d) 10 mL of distilled water
83 Which of the following combinations of 87 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is added to 75 mL of 0.1M
CH 3COOH + NaOH would result in the formation of NH 4Cl to make a basic buffer. If pK a of NH +4 is 9.26,
acidic buffer? then the pH of solution is
(a) 1 : 1 mol ratio (b) 2 : 1 mol ratio (a) 4.44 (b) 9.56 (c) 4.74 (d) 5.76
(c) 1 : 2 mol ratio (d) Both (a) and (c)
88 The pKa of HCN is 9.30. The pH of a solution
84 The pH of a buffer solution will be equal to the pK a
of acid, only if prepared by mixing 2.5 moles of KCN and
(a) molar concentration of acid is greater than molar 2.5 moles of HCN in water and making up the total
concentration of conjugate base. volume of 500 mL is
(b) molar concentration of acid is smaller than molar (a) 9.30 (b) 7.30 (c) 10.30 (d) 8.30
concentration of conjugate base. 89 A buffer solution is prepared in which the conc. NH 3 is
0.30 M and the concentration of NH +4 is 0.20 M. If the
(c) molar concentration of acid is equal to the molar
concentration of conjugate base.
(d) molar concentration of acid is almost negligible. equilibrium constant, K b for NH 3 equals1.8 × 10 −5 ,
85 pH of the buffer solution formed by mixing acetic what is the pH of this solution? CBSE AIPMT 2011
acid and sodium acetate taken in equimolar (a) 8.73 (b) 9.08 (c) 9.44 (d) 11.72
concentration will be 90 One litre of a buffer solution containing 0.01 M
[Given : pK a value for CH 3COOH = 4.76] NH 4Cl and 0.1 M NH 4OH having pK b of 5 has pH of
(a) > 4.76 (b) < 4.76 (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 7
(c) = 4.76 (d) << 4.76 91 Which of the following will make basic buffer ?
86 pH of a buffer prepared by adding 10 mL of 0.10 M (a) 100 mL of 0.1 M CH3 COOH + 100 mL of 0.1 M NaOH
acetic acid to 20 mL of 0.1M sodium acetate is equal (b) 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl + 200 mL of 0.1 M NH 4 OH
to (pK a of CH 3COOH = 4.74) (c) 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl + 100 mL of 0.1 M NaOH
(a) 4.74 (b) 5.6 (c) 5.04 (d) 6.02 (d) 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH + 25 mL of 0.1 M CH 3 COOH

TOPIC 8 ~ Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts

92 What will be the molar solubility S of a solid salt with 95 Calculate the molar solubility (S) of a salt like
general formula M xp + X yq − ? zirconium phosphate of molecular formula.
1/ x + y x+ y (Zr 4+ ) 3 (PO 34− ) 4 .
 K sp   K sp 
(a)  y x  (b)  x y  1/ 8 1/ 7
x ⋅ y  x ⋅ y   K sp   K sp 
(a)   (b)  
1/ x + y x+ y  9612  6912
 K sp   K sp 
(c)  x y  (d)  y x  1/ 6 1/ 7
x ⋅ y  x ⋅ y   K sp   K sp 
(c)   (d)  
 5348  8435
93 The solubility product ( K sp ) of solid barium sulphate
at 298 K is 1.1 × 10 −10 . The molar solubility, (S ) of 96 Calculate the solubility of A2 X 3 in pure water,
[Ba 2+ ] and [SO 2− assuming that neither kind of ion reacts with water.
4 ] are
(Given, the solubility product of A2 X 3 ,
(a) 1.05 × 10−7 mol L−1 (b) 1.05 × 10−10 mol L−1
K sp = 1.1 × 10 −23 .)
(c) 1.05 × 10−6 mol L−1 (d) 1.05 × 10−5 mol L−1
94 The K sp of Ag 2CrO 4 , AgCl, AgBr and AgI are (a) 2.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 (b) 5.0 × 10−5 mol L−1
(c) 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 (d) 4.0 × 10−3 mol L−1
respectively, 1.1 × 10 −12 , 1.8 × 10 −10 , 5.0 × 10 −23 ,
8.3 × 10 −17 . Which one solution is added to the 97 The molar solubility of CaF2 (Ksp = 5.3 × 10 −11 ) in
solution containing equal moles of NaCl, NaI and 0.1 M solution of NaF will be NEET (Odhisa) 2019
Na 2CrO 4 ? CBSE AIPMT 2015 (a) 5.3 × 1011 mol L −1 (b) 5.3 × 10−8 mol L −1
(a) Ag I (b) AgCl (c) AgBr (d) Ag 2 CrO4 (c) 5.3 × 10−9 mol L −1 (d) 5.3 × 10−10 mol L −1
 98 The solubility of BaSO 4 in water is 2.42 × 10 −3 gL−1 106 Solubility of calcium phosphate (molecular mass, M)
at 298 K. The value of its solubility product ( K sp ) will in water is W g per 100 mL at 25°C. Its solubility
be, NEET 2018 product at 25°C will be approximately.
3 5
(Given, molar mass of BaSO 4 = 233 g mol −1 ) W 
(a) 107  
W 
(b) 107  
M M
(a) 1.08 × 10−14 mol 2 L−2 (b) 1.08 × 10−12 mol 2 L−2
5 5
(c) 1.08 × 10−10 mol 2 L−2 (d) 1.08 × 10−8 mol 2 L−2 W  W 
(c) 105   (d) 103  
M M
99 Concentration of the Ag + ions in a saturated solution
of Ag 2C 2O 4 is 2.2 × 10 −4 mol −1 . The solubility 107 If S 1 , S 2 , S 3 and S 4 are the solubilities of AgCl in
product of Ag 2C 2O 4 is NEET 2017 water, in 0.01 M CaCl 2 , in 0.01 M NaCl and in
(a) 2.42 × 10 −8
(b) 2.66 × 10−12 0.05 M AgNO 3 respectively at a certain temperature,
−11
the correct order of solubilities is,
(c) 4.5 × 10 (d) 5.3 × 10−12
(a) S1 > S 2 > S 3 > S 4
100 The solubility product of sparingly soluble salt AX 2 (b) S1 > S 3 > S 2 > S 4
is 3.2 × 10 −11 . Its solubility (in mol/L) is AIIMS 2018 (c) S1 > S 2 = S 3 > S 4
(a) 5.6 × 10 −6
. × 10
(b) 31 −4 (d) S1 > S 3 > S 4 > S 2
−4
(c) 2 × 10 (d) 4 × 10−4 108 Three sparingly soluble salt that have same solubility
products are given below.
101 The solubility product (K sp ) of the sparingly soluble
I. A 2 X II. AX III. AX 3
salt Ag 2CrO 4 is 4 ×10 −12 . The molar solubility of the Their solubilities order in a saturated solution will be
salt is (a) II > I > III (b) III > II > I
(a) 1.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 (b) 2 × 10−6 mol L−1 (c) III > I > II (d) II > III > I
(c) 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 (d) 2 × 10−12 mol L−1
109 Given, Ag(NH 3 ) +2 r Ag + + 2NH 3 ;
102 Calculate the volume of water required to dissolve
KC = 6.2 × 10 −8 and K sp of AgCl is 1.8 × 10 −10 at
0.1g lead (II) chloride to get a saturated solution.
298 K. Calculate concentration of the complex in 1 M
(K sp of PbCl 2 = 3.2 × 10 −8 and atomic mass of
aqueous ammonia, if ammonia is added to a water
Pb = 207 u) solution containing excess of AgCl( s) only.
(a) 100 mL (b) 180 mL (a) 0.539 M (b) 0.0539 M
(c) 120 mL (d) 150 mL (c) 0.641 M (d) 0.0641 M
103 The solubility product of Cr(OH) 3 at 298 K is 110 Using the Gibbs energy change, ∆G° = +63.3 kJ for
−31
. × 10 . The concentration of hydroxide ions in a
60 the following reaction,
saturated solution of Cr(OH) 3 will be Ag 2CO 3 ( s) r 2Ag + ( aq ) + CO 32− ( aq )
−31 1 / 4 −31 1 / 4
(a) ( 2.22 × 10 ) (b) (18 × 10 )
−29 1 / 4 −31 1 / 2
the K sp of Ag 2CO 3 ( s) in water at 25°C is,
(c) ( 4.86 × 10 ) (d) (18 × 10 )
(R = 8.314 JK −1 mol −1 ) CBSE AIPMT 2014
104 If the maximum concentration of PbCl 2 in water is −26
(a) 3.2 × 10
0.01 M at 25°C, its maximum concentration in
0.1 M NaCl will be (b) 8.0 × 10−12
(a) 2 × 10−3 M (b) 1 × 10−4 M (c) 2.9 × 10−3
(c) 1.6 × 10−2 M (d) 4 × 10−4 M (d) 7.9 × 10−2

105 At 20°C, the Ag + ion concentration in a saturated 111 pH of saturated solution of Ba(OH) 2 is 12. The value
−4 of solubility product of K sp of Ba(OH) 2 is
solution of Ag 2CrO 4 is 1.5 × 10 mol/L. At 20°C,
CBSE AIPMT 2012
the solubility product of Ag 2CrO 4 will be −7
(a) 3.3 × 10 (b) 5.0 × 10−7
(a) 3.3750 × 10−12 (b) 1.6875 × 10−10
(c) 4.0 × 10−4 (d) 5.0 × 106
(c) 1.6875 × 10−12 (d) 1.6875 × 1011
112 The values of K sp of two sparingly soluble salts 115 The addition of NaCl to AgCl decreases the solubility
−15 −17 of AgCl because
Ni(OH) 2 and AgCN are 2.0 × 10 and 6 × 10
respectively. Which salt is more soluble? (a) solubility product decreases
(b) solubility product remains constant
(a) Ni(OH)2 is more soluble than AgCN
(c) solution becomes unsaturated
(b) AgCN is more soluble than Ni(OH)2
(c) Both Ni(OH)2 and AgCN soluble to same extent (d) solution becomes supersaturated
(d) Ni(OH)2 is soluble but AgCN is insoluble 116 The solubility product ( K sp ) of AgCl is 1.8 × 10 −10 .
113 The value of molar solubility of Ni(OH) 2 in 0.10 M Precipitation of AgCl will occur only when equal
NaOH. If is; then the ionic product of Ni(OH) 2 is volumes of solutions of
2.0 × 10 −15 . (a) 10−4 M Ag + and 10−4 M Cl − are mixed
(a) 6.0 × 10−12 M (b) 8.0 × 10−13 M (b) 10−7 M Ag + and 10−7 M Cl − are mixed
(c) 2.0 × 10−13 M (d) 5.0 × 10−12 M (c) 10−5 M Ag + and 10−5 M Cl − are mixed
114 Dissolution of sodium sulphate is an exothermic (d) 10−10 M Ag + and 10−10 M Cl − are mixed
process. If a saturated solution of sodium sulphate
containing extra undissolved sodium sulphate is 117 What is the minimum pH of a solution having
heated, then concentration 0.10 M of Mg 2+ , from which Mg(OH) 2
(a) more of sodium sulphate will dissolve will not precipitate? K sp Mg(OH) 2 = 1.2 × 10 −11
(b) some sodium sulphate will be precipitated out
(a) 6.04 (b) 4.96
(c) concentration of the solution will not change
(c) 9.04 (d) 5.07
(d) the solution will become supersaturated

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Statement Based Questions (c) Chemical equilibrium, CaCO3 ( s ) k CaO( s ) + O2 ( g )
118 Which of the following statements is incorrect is attained, when CaCO3 ( s ) is heated in an open vessel
regarding equilibrium state ? (d) At equilibrium, the concentration of each of the
(a) The value of ∆G at equilibrium is zero reactants and products becomes constant.
(b) The reaction ceases at equilibrium 121 Consider the graph given below and choose the
(c) Equilibrium constant is independent of initial incorrect statement regarding it.
concentrations of reactants
(d) Catalysts have no effect on equilibrium state C or D
Concentration

119 Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) Boiling point of the liquid depends on the atmospheric
pressure A or B
(b) Boiling point depends on the altitude of the place
(c) At high altitude the boiling point decreases Time Equilibrium
(d) All of the above
(a) The given graph represents the attainment of equilibrium
120 Which one of the following statements is incorrect for a reversible reaction, A + B C+D -
about chemical equilibrium? (b) The rate of forward reaction decreases and that of
(a) Chemical equilibrium is attained whether we start with reverse reaction increases.
reactants or products (c) The two reactions occur at the same rate.
(b) Chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature (d) The reaction can reach the state of equilibrium only if it
starts with A and B.
122 Consider the following statements about the graph 125 Consider the following equilibrium in a closed
given below, container, N 2O 4 ( g ) s 2NO 2 ( g ). At a fixed
temperature, the volume of the reaction container is
Dihydrogen (reactant) halved. For this change, which of the following
statements hold true regarding the equilibrium
Molar concentration

constant ( K p ) and degree of dissociation (α ) ?

(a) K p does not change, but α changes
Dinitrogen (reactant)
(b) K p changes, but α does not change
Ammonia (product) (c) Both K p and α change
(d) Neither K p nor α changes
Time 126 Consider the following figure which shows
dependence of extent of reaction on KC .
I. After a certain time, the composition of the mixture
remains same. Negligible KC Extremely
large
II. The reaction mixture starting with either H 2 or D 2 Reaction hardly
reach equilibrium with same composition. Reaction proceeds
proceeds 10–3 1 103 almost to completion.
III. The constancy in composition indicates that the Both reactants and
reaction has reached equilibrium. products are present
at equilibrium.
Choose the correct statements.
(a) Only I (b) Only II Point out of the correct statement(s) for the above
(c) I and III (d) I, II & III graph.
123 Consider the following graph and choose the (a) If K C > 103 , products predominate over reactants, i.e. if
incorrect statements. K C is very large, the reaction proceeds nearly to
completion.
(b) If K C < 10−3 , reactants predominate over products, i.e.
Concentration

HI
if K C is very small, the reaction proceeds rarely.
HI
(c) If K C is in the range of 10−3 to 103 , appreciable
H2, I2 H2, I2
concentrations of both reactants and products are
Equilibrium
present
Time Time
(d) All of the above
(a) If total number of H and I atoms are same in a given
volume, then same equilibrium mixture is obtained. 127 Which of the following statement is incorrect
(b) Chemical equilibrium in the reaction regarding the formation of salt NaCl ?
H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) 2HI( g ) can attained from reactant
- (a) It exist in solid state as a cluster of positively charged
side only. chloride ions and negatively charged sodium ions.
(c) The concentration of H 2 and I2 decreases while that of (b) Sodium and chloride ions are held together due to
HI increases with time. electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged
(d) The reaction can proceed in the reverse directing by species.
starting with HI alone. (c) When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the
124 For the reaction, electrostatic interactions are reduced by a factor of 80.
(d) Ions of NaCl in water are free to move in the solution.
2SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) → 2SO 3 ( g ),
128 Carboxylic acids readily dissolve in aqueous sodium
. kJ mol −1 and K c = 17
∆H = − 572 . × 1016 .
bicarbonate, liberating carbon dioxide. Which one of
Which of the following statement is incorrect? the following statement is correct?
JEE Main 2019 (a) The free carboxylic acid and its conjugate base are of
(a) The equilibrium constant decreases as the temperature comparable stability
increases. (b) The free carboxylic acid is more stable than its
(b) The addition of inert gas at constant volume will not conjugate base
affect the equilibrium constant. (c) The conjugate base of the carboxylic acid is more stable
(c) The equilibrium will shift in forward direction as the than the free carboxylic acid
pressure increases. (d) The conjugate acid of the carboxylic acid is more stable
(d) The equilibrium constant is large suggestive of reaction than the free carboxylic acid
going to completion and so no catalyst is required.
129 Which one of the following statements is incorrect? II. The value of equilibrium constant is dependent on
(a) The degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte increases initial concentration of the reactants and products.
with dilution III. Equilibrium constant is temperature dependent
(b) Strong electrolytes are ionised completely at all having one unique value for a particular reaction
concentrations represented by a balanced equation at a given
(c) Addition of NH4 Cl to NH4 OH increases the ionisation temperature.
of the latter IV. The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is
(d) Increase of temperature increases the ionisation directly proportional to the equilibrium constant for
130 Which of the following statement is correct? the forward reaction.
(a) Acidic buffer consist of a strong acid and its salt with The correct statement(s) is/are
weak base in a fixed proportion. (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) Only III (d) All of these
(b) pH of the buffer solution changes by dilution.
134 Consider the following statements about the figure
(c) Natural buffer are the solution of salts of weak acid and
weak base. given below
(d) Glycine + glycine hydrochloride is an example of acidic t1 t2
buffer. Equilibrium Equilibrium
H2 re-established
131 Consider the following statements regarding physical
processes. [I2]
I. Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a
given temperature.
II. Both the opposing processes occur at the same rate [HI]
and there is a dynamic but stable condition.
III. All measurable properties of the system remain Not at Time
equilibrium
constant.
H2 added
IV. When equilibrium is attained for a physical process,
it is characterised by constant value of one of its I. On addition of H2 ( g ) to the reaction mixture at
parameters at a given temperature. equilibrium, the equilibrium of the reaction is
V. The magnitude of such quantities at any stage indicates disturbed.
the extent to which the physical process has proceeded II. To restore equilibrium, the reaction proceeds in the
before reaching equilibrium. backward direction.
Which of the following statements is correct? III. This is in accordance with the Le-Chateliers principle
(a) I, III and V (b) I, III and IV IV. Change in the concentration of either reactants or
(c) III, IV and V (d) All of these products shift the reaction in the direction in which the
132 Consider the following statements about an effect of change is minimised or nullified .
experiment in which two 100 mL measuring cylinders Select the correct statements and choose the correct
(marked as A and B) and two glass tubes each of option.
40 cm length is taken cylinder A is filled nearly half (a) Only I (b) I and II
with coloured water and cylinder B is kept empty. (c) II and III (d) I, III and IV
I. On intertransferring coloured solution between the 135 Consider the following statements for a given
cylinders, there will no further change in the levels of reaction,
colloured water in both the cylinders.
Fe 3+ ( aq ) + SCN − ( aq ) l [Fe(SCN)]2+ ( aq )
II. This experiment indicates the dynamic nature of the Yellow Colourless Deep red
process .
Select the correct statement and choose the correct option. I. The equilibrium constant,
(a) Only I (b) Only II [Fe(SCN) 2+ ( aq )]
KC =
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these [Fe 3+ ( aq )][SCN− ( aq )]
133 Consider the following statements regarding the II. A reddish colour appears on adding two drops of
equilibrium constants. 0.002 M potassium thiocyanate solution to 1 mL of
I. Expression for the equilibrium constant is not 0.2 M iron (III) nitrate solution due to the formation
applicable when concentrations of the reactants and of [Fe(SCN)] 2+ . The intensity of the red colour
products have attained constant value at equilibrium becomes constant on attaining equilibrium.
state.
 III. The equilibrium can be shifted in either forward or I. The reactions that proceed nearly to completion and
reverse directions depending on our choice of only negligible concentrations of the reactants are
adding a reactant or a product. left.
IV. The equilibrium can be shifted in the opposite II. The reactions in which only small amounts of
direction by adding reagents that remove Fe 3+ or products are formed and most of the reactants
SCN− ions. remain unchanged at equilibrium stage.
Choose the correct statement(s). III. The reactions in which the concentrations of the
(a) Only I (b) I, III and IV reactants and products are comparable, when the
system is in equilibrium.
(c) I and II (d) All of these
Which of the following is a correct option?
136 Consider the following statements.
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
I. In general, the temperature dependence of the (c) Both I and III (d) I, II and III
equilibrium constant depends on the sign of ∆H for
the reaction.
II. The equilibrium constant for an exothermic
II. Assertion and Reason
reaction (negative, ∆H ) decreases as the ■ Directions (Q. Nos. 140-149) In the following
temperature increases. questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a
III. The equilibrium constant for an endothermic statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct
reaction (positive, ∆H ) increases as the answer out of the following choices.
temperature increases. (a) Both A and R are correct; R is the correct explanation
IV. Temperature changes affect the equilibrium of A
constant and rates of reactions. (b) Both A and R are correct; R is not the correct
Choose the correct statements. explanation of A
(a) I and II (b) III and IV (c) A is correct; R is incorrect
(c) I, II and III (d) I, II, III and IV (d) A is incorrect; R is correct
137 Consider the following statement about the 140 Assertion (A) For dissolution of gases in liquids, on
equilibrium, increasing the temperature or decreasing the pressure
2SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) s 2SO 3 ( g ); ∆H ° = −198 kJ the amount of gas dissolved decreases.
I. On decreasing the temperature as well as pressure Reason (R) For dissolution of gases in liquids, the
equilibrium shifts in forward direction. concentration of a gas in liquid is inversely
II. On increasing temperature and pressure equilibrium proportional to the pressure (concentration) of the gas
shifts in forward direction. over the liquid.
III. On decreasing the temperature and increasing the 141 Assertion (A) There is an equilibrium between the
pressure, equilibrium will shift in forward direction. gaseous molecules and dissolved molecules of the gas
Choose the correct statement. under pressure.
(a) I and II (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) I, II and III
Reason (R) Such equilibrium is governed by Henry’s
138 Consider the following statements. law.
I. The pH of a mixture containing 400 mL of 0.1 M 142 Assertion (A) N 2O 4 ( g ) s 2NO 2 ( g ) is the
H2 SO4 and 400 mL of 0.1 M NaOH will be
approximately 1.3. example of homogeneous equilibria.
II. Ionic product of water is temperature dependent. Reason (R) For this reaction, KC has unit L/mol and
III. A monobasic acid with K a = 10−5 has a pH = 5. The K p has unit bar.
degree of dissociation of this acid is 50%. 143 Assertion (A) In the dissociation of PCl 5 at
IV. The Le-Chatelier’s principle is not applicable to constant pressure and temperature, addition of
common-ion effect. helium at equilibrium increases the dissociation PCl 5 .
The correct statements are JEE Main 2019 Reason (R) Helium removes Cl 2 from the field of action.
(a) I, II and IV (b) II and III 144 Assertion (A) A solution of FeCl 3 in water produces
(c) I and II (d) I, II, and III
brown precipitate on standing.
139 Based on the extent to which the reactions proceed to
reach the state of chemical equilibrium, the reactions Reason (R) Hydrolysis of FeCl 3 in water produces
may be classified as brown precipitate of Fe (OH) 3 .
145 Assertion (A) If a volume is kept constant and an Column I Column II
(Process) (Conclusion)
inert gas such as argon is added which does not take
part in the reaction, the equilibrium remains C. Solute (s) s solute 3. pH 2 O constant at given
(solution) temperature.
undisturbed.
D. Gas (g) s Gas (aq) 4. Melting point is fixed at
Reason (R) It is because, the addition of an inert gas given temperature.
at constant volume does not change the partial
pressure or the molar concentrations of the Codes
substance involved in the reaction. A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1
146 Assertion (A) Michael Faraday classified the (b) 1 2 3 4
substances into two categories based on their ability (c) 4 3 2 1
to conduct electricity. (d) 3 4 1 2
Reason (R) One category of substances conduct
151 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the
electricity in their aqueous solutions and are called
correct option from the codes given below.
electrolytes, while the other do not and are, thus
referred to as non-electrolytes. Column I Column II
147 Assertion (A) Higher order ionisation constant (Name of the fluid) (pH)
( K a2 , K a3 ) are smaller than the lower order A. Human blood 1. 2.2
ionisation constant ( K a1 ) of a polyprotic acid. B. Milk 2. 4.2
Reason (R) It is more difficult to remove a
C. Human saliva 3. 7.4
positively charged proton from a negative ion due to
Coulombic forces. D. Lemon juice 4. 6.8
148 Assertion (A) Common ion effect is defined as a E. Gastric juice 5. 6.4
shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that
provides more of an ionic species already present in Codes
the dissociation equilibrium. A B C D E
(a) 2 5 3 4 1
Reason (R) Common ion effect is a phenomenon
(b) 1 2 3 4 5
based on the Le-Chatelier’s principle. (c) 3 4 5 1 2
149 Assertion (A) Buffer system of carbonic acid and (d) 1 3 5 4 2
sodium bicarbonate is used for the precipitation of 152 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the
hydrolysis of third group elements. correct option from the codes given below.
Reason (R) It maintains the pH to a constant value
about 7.4. Column I Column II
(Hydrolysis of the salts) (Example)
III. Matching Type Questions A. Weak acid and strong base 1. NH4Cl
150 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the
correct option from the codes given below. B. Strong acid and weak base 2. CH3COONH4

C. Weak acid and weak base 3. CH3COONa

Column I Column II
(Process) (Conclusion)
Codes
A. Liquid s vapour 1. Concentration of solute in A B C
solution is constant at a
given temperature. (a) 3 2 1
(b) 1 2 3
B. Solid s liquid 2. [Gas (aq)]/ [gas (g)] is
constant at a given
(c) 2 3 1
temperature. (d) 3 1 2
CHAPTER 07 > Equilibrium 195

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

NCERT (c) On addition of catalyst, the equilibrium constant value

is not affected
153 When hydrochloric acid is added to cobalt nitrate
(d) Equilibrium constant for a reaction with negative ∆H
solution at room temperature, the following reaction value decreases as the temperature increases
takes place and the reaction mixture becomes blue.
On cooling the mixture it becomes pink. On the basis 158 PCl 5 , PCl 3 , and Cl 2 are at equilibrium at 500 K in a
of this information mark the correct answer. closed container and their concentrations are
[Co(H 2O 6 )]3+ ( aq ) + 4Cl − ( aq ) s [CoCl 4 ]2− ( aq ) . × 10 −3 mol L −1 , 1. 2 × 10 −3 mol L −1 and 1. 2 × 10 −3
08
(Pink) (Blue) mol L −1 , respectively. The value of KC for the
+ 6H 2O ( l ) reaction.
(a) ∆H > 0 for the reaction
PCl 5 ( g ) r PCl 3 ( g ) + Cl 2 ( g ) will be
(b) ∆H < 0 for the reaction
(c) ∆H = 0 for the reaction . × 103 mol L −1
(a) 18 . × 10−3 mol L −1
(b) 18
(d) The sign of ∆H cannot be predicted on the basis of this . × 10−3 mol1 L
(c) 18 (d) 0.55 × 104 mol L −1
information
159 We know that, relationship between K c and K p is
154 For the reaction, H 2 ( g ) + I 2 ( g ) s
2HI ( g ), the
standard free energy is ∆G° > 0. The equilibrium K p = K c ( RT ) ∆n
constant ( KC ) would be What would be the value of ∆n for the reaction
(a) K = 0 (b) K > 1 (c) K = 1 (d) K < 1
NH 4Cl( s) r NH 3 ( g ) + HI ( g )?
155 The ionisation constant of an acid, K a is the measure (a) 1 (b) 0.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 2
of strength of an acid. The K a values of acetic acid,
160 K a1 , K a2 and K a3 are the respective ionisation
hypochlorous acid and formic acid are 1.74 × 10 −5 ,
3 . 0 × 10 −8 and 1. 8 × 10 −4 respectively. Which of the constants for the following reactions.
following order of pH of 0 .1 mol dm −3 solutions of H 2S s H + + HS −
these acids is correct? HS − s H + + S 2−
(a) Acetic acid > hypochlorous acid > formic acid
H 2S s 2H + + S 2−
(b) Hypochlorous acid > acetic acid > formic acid
(c) Formic acid > hypochlorous acid > acetic acid
The correct relationship between K a1 , K a2 , K a3 is
(d) Formic acid > acetic acid > hypochlorous acid (a) K a 3 = K a 1 × K a 2 (b) K a 3 = K a 1 + K a 2
(c) K a 3 = K a 1 − K a 2 (d) K a 3 = K a 1 / K a 2
NCERT Exemplar 161 On increasing the pressure, in which direction will
156 Which of the following is not a general characteristic the gas phase reaction proceed to re-establish
of equilibria involving physical process? equilibrium, is predicted by applying the
(a) Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a
Le-Chatelier’s principle.
given temperature Consider the reaction,
(b) All measurable properties of the system remain constant N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) s 2NH 3 ( g )
(c) All the physical process stop at equilibrium
(d) The opposing processes occur at the same rate and there Which of the following statement is correct, if the
is dynamic but stable condition. total pressure at which the equilibrium is established
157 Which of the following statements is incorrect? is increased without changing the temperature?
(a) In equilibrium mixture of ice and water kept in (a) K will remain same
perfectly insulated flask, mass of ice and water does not (b) K will decrease
change with time
(c) K will increase
(b) The intensity of red colour increases when oxalic acid is
added to a solution containing iron (III) nitrate and (d) K will increase initially and decrease when pressure is
potassium thiocyanate very high
162 In which of the following reactions, the equilibrium 169 In which of the following solvents, silver chloride is
remains unaffected on addition of small amount of most soluble?
argon at constant volume? (a) 0.1 mol dm −3 AgNO3 solution
(a) H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) r 2HI( g ) (b) 0.1 mol dm −3 HCl solution
(b) PCl 5 ( g ) r PCl 3 ( g ) + Cl 2 ( g ) (c) H2 O
(c) N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) r NH3 ( g ) (d) Aqueous ammonia
(d) The equilibrium will remain unaffected in all the three cases
170 The pH of neutral water at 25° C is 7.0. As the
163 What will be the correct order of vapour pressure of temperature increases, ionisation of water increases,
water, acetone and ether at 30°C? Given that among however the concentration of H + ions and OH − ions
these compounds, water has maximum boiling point are equal. What will be the pH of pure water at 60°C?
and ether has minimum boiling point? (a) Equal to 7.0
(a) Water < ether < acetone (b) Greater than 7.0
(b) Water < acetone < ether (c) Less than 7.0
(c) Ether < acetone < water (d) Equal to zero
(d) Acetone < ether < water 171 What will be the value of pH of 0.01 mol dm −3
164 At 500 K, equilibrium constant, KC , for the following . × 10 −5 ) ?
CH 3COOH ( K a = 174
reaction is 5. (a) 3.4 (b) 3.6
1 1 (c) 3.9 (d) 3.0
H 2 (g ) + I 2 (g ) a HI ( g )
2 2 ■ Directions (Q. No. 172-176) In the following
What would be the equilibrium constant KC for the questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a
reaction? statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct
2HI ( g ) a H 2 (g ) + I 2 (g ) option out of the choices given below in each question.
(a) 0.04 (b) 0.4 (a) Both A and R are correct R is the correct explanation of
A
(c) 25 (d) 2.5
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct
. × 10 −5 and K b for NH 4OH is
165 K a for CH 3COOH is 18 explanation of A
. × 10 −5 . The pH of ammonium acetate will be
18 (c) A is correct but R is incorrect
(d) Both A and R are incorrect
(a) 7.005 (b) 4.75
(c) 7.0 (d) Between 6 and 7 172 Assertion (A) Aqueous solution of ammonium
166 Which of the following options will be correct for the
carbonate is basic.
stage of half-completion of the reaction A aB ? Reason (R) Acidic/basic nature of a salt solution
(a) ∆G s = 0 depends on K a and K b value of the acid and the base
(b) ∆G s > 0 forming it.
(c) ∆G s < 0 173 Assertion (A) The ionisation of hydrogen
sulphide in water is low in the presence of
(d) ∆G s = − RT ln K
hydrochloric acid.
167 Acidity of BF3 can be explained on the basis of which Reason (R) Hydrogen sulphide is a weak acid.
of the following concepts? 174 Assertion (A) An aqueous solution of ammonium
(a) Arrhenius concept acetate can act as a buffer.
(b) Bronsted Lowry concept
Reason (R) Acetic acid is a weak acid and NH 4OH is
(c) Lewis concept
(d) Bronsted Lowry as well as Lewis concept a weak base.
168 Which of the following will produce a buffer solution 175 Assertion (A) Increasing order of acidity of
when mixed in equal volumes? hydrogen halides is HF < HCl < HBr < HI.
(a) 0.1 mol dm −3 NH4 OH and 0.1 mol dm −3 HCl Reason (R) While comparing acids formed by the
(b) 0.05 mol dm −3 NH4 OH and 0.1 mol dm −3 HCl elements belonging to the same group of the periodic
table, H—A bond strength is a more important factor
(c) 0.1 mol dm −3 NH4 OH and 0.05 mol dm −3 HCl in determining acidity of an acid than the polar nature
(d) 0.1 mol dm −3 CH4 COONa and 0.1 mol dm −3 NaOH of the bond.
176 Assertion (A) A solution containing a mixture of B. 2. Reaction at equillibrium

Concentration
acetic acid and sodium acetate maintains a constant
value of pH on addition of small amount of acid or
alkali.
Time
Reason (R) A solution containing a mixture of
acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as a buffer C. 3. Variation in reactant

Concentration
concentration with time
solution of around pH 4.75.
177 Match the following graphical variation with their
description.
Time
Column I Column II
Choose the correct option
A. 1. Variation in product
Concentration

concentration with time A B C

(a) 1 3 2
(b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 2
Time
(d) 1 2 3

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (d) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (a) 17 (d) 18 (c) 19 (a) 20 (d)
21 (b) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) 29 (c) 30 (b)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (c) 34 (b) 35 (b) 36 (a) 37 (c) 38 (d) 39 (d) 40 (b)
41 (c) 42 (a) 43 (a) 44 (d) 45 (a) 46 (a) 47 (c) 48 (b) 49 (c) 50 (d)
51 (b) 52 (c) 53 (c) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (b) 57 (d) 58 (d) 59 (c) 60 (b)
61 (d) 62 (a) 63 (c) 64 (c) 65 (c) 66 (b) 67 (c) 68 (b) 69 (b) 70 (c)
71 (d) 72 (c) 73 (b) 74 (b) 75 (b) 76 (d) 77 (b) 78 (c) 79 (a) 80 (c)
81 (b) 82 (d) 83 (b) 84 (c) 85 (c) 86 (c) 87 (b) 88 (a) 89 (c) 90 (b)
91 (b) 92 (c) 93 (d) 94 (d) 95 (b) 96 (c) 97 (c) 98 (c) 99 (d) 100 (c)
101 (a) 102 (b) 103 (c) 104 (d) 105 (c) 106 (b) 107 (b) 108 (a) 109 (b) 110 (b)
111 (b) 112 (a) 113 (c) 114 (b) 115 (b) 116 (a) 117 (c)

> Special Types Questions

118 (b) 119 (d) 120 (c) 121 (d) 122 (d) 123 (b) 124 (d) 125 (a) 126 (d) 127 (a)
128 (c) 129 (c) 130 (c) 131 (d) 132 (c) 133 (c) 134 (d) 135 (d) 136 (d) 137 (c)
138 (d) 139 (d) 140 (c) 141 (a) 142 (c) 143 (c) 144 (a) 145 (a) 146 (a) 147 (c)
148 (a) 149 (d) 150 (d) 151 (c) 152 (d)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

153 (a) 154 (d) 155 (b) 156 (c) 157 (b) 158 (b) 159 (d) 160 (a) 161 (a) 162 (d)
163 (b) 164 (a) 165 (c) 166 (a) 167 (c) 168 (c) 169 (d) 170 (c) 171 (a) 172 (a)
173 (b) 174 (b) 175 (a) 176 (a) 177 (c)
198 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

Hints & Explanations

1 (d) In the reaction given in option (d), all reactants and 9 (c) A2 ( g ) + B2 ( g ) r 2 AB ( g )
products are strong electrolytes which are ionised
completely in aqueous solution, i.e. ions are in The equilibrium constant is given by,
equilibrium. [ AB ] 2
KC =
KNO3 ( aq ) + NaCl ( aq ) → KCl ( aq ) + NaNO3 ( aq ) [ A2 ][ B2 ]
Thus, this reaction is an example of reversible reaction. Given,
3 (c) According to Henry’s law, [ AB ] = 2.8 × 10−3
Mass of gas (m) dissolved in solution ∝ partial pressure [ A2 ] = 3 × 10−3
(p) [at constant temperature] [ B2 ] = 4.2 × 10−3
∴ (6.56 × 10−3 g) ∝ 1bar = (5.00 × 10−2 g) ∝ p ( 2.8 × 10−3 )2
−2 ∴ KC =
or p=
( 5.0 × 10 g)
× (1 bar) = 7.6 bar (3 × 10−3 ) ( 4.2 × 10−3 )
( 6.56 × 10−3 g ) 7.84
KC = = 0.62
6 (d) Since, at equilibrium, 12.6
rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction. 10 (b) N2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) s 2NO( g )
Therefore, in the chemical reaction, Initial 2 mol 4 mol 0
N2 + 3H2 a 2NH 3 At equil. 2−
1
4−
1 1
2 × = 1 mol
2 2 2
the same amount of ammonia is formed, as it is
1
decomposed into N2 and H2. ∴ Molar concentration of NO at equilibrium = = 0.4
2.5
7 (a) As we know that, [Qgiven, V = 2.5 L]
Moles of HI = 64 / 128
11 (a) H2 ( g ) + CO2 ( g ) s H O( g ) + CO( g )
(Molar mass of HI = 1 + 127 = 128 g mol −1)
2
Initial 1 0.1 0 0
64 / 128
∴ Active mass of HI, i.e. [ HI] = = 0.25 mol/L At equil. 1−x 1−x x x
2 2
x
8 (c) 2SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) r 2SO3 ( g ) Q K =
(1 − x )2
Equilibrium constant for this reaction, x x
⇒ K = = 1.80 =
[ SO3 ] 2 1− x 1− x
KC = …(i)
[ SO2 ] 2 [ O2 ] x
⇒ 1.34 =
1 1− x
SO3 ( g ) r SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g )
2 This gives x = 0.573 M
Equilibrium constant for this reaction is [I]2
12 (a) As K C is very low and K C =
[ SO2 ] [ O2 ]1/ 2 [I2 ]
K′ = …(ii)
[ SO3 ] For the reaction, I2 ( g ) S 2I( g )
On squarring both sides in Eq. (ii), we have ∴ [I2 ] > [I]
[ SO2 ] 2 [ O2 ] 13 (c) A + 2B s 2C + D
( K ′ )2 =
Hints & Explanations

2 Initial moles 1.1 2.2 0 0

[ SO3 ] Moles at equil. 1.0 2.0 0.2 0.1
1 1 [C ]2 [ D ]
= = (as K = 278) Equilibrium constant for the reaction =
K 278 [ A ] [ B ]2

∴ K′ =
1
= 0.003597 = 5.99 × 10−2 [ 0.2/V ]2 [ 01
. /V ]
∴ K = = 0.001
278 [1/V ][ 2/V ]2
or ≈ 6.0 × 10− 2
14 (a) CH3 COOH(l )+ C2 H5 OH(l ) s CH3 COOC2 H5 (l ) In this example, K p = K C , i.e. both equilibrium
+H2O( l ) constants are equal.
Initial 3 mol 3 mol 0 0 21 (b) For the given reaction,
At equil. 1 1 2 2
∆ng = nP − nR
2× 2 where, nP = number of moles of products and
∴ K = =4
1× 1 nR = number of moles of reactants
∆n g
15 (c) 2HI s H2 + I2 Q K p = K C ( RT )
Initial 2 mol 0 0 1
22 ∴ ∆ng = −
At equil. 2− ×2 0.22 0.22 2
100
1
= 2 − 0.44 = 1.56 Thus, the value of x = −
2
[H ][I ] 0.22 × 0.22 ∆n g
∴ K = 2 22 = = 0.0199 22 (d) We know that, K p = K C ( RT )
[HI] (1.56)2
For the given reaction,
16 (a) AB z A+B
∆ng = ( 2 + 1) − 2 = 1
[ A ] [B ]
or K = ∴ K p = 3.75 × 10−6 (0.0831 × 1069)
[ AB ]
⇒ K p = 0.00033
If concentration of A is doubled, the equilibrium
concentration of B becomes half to maintain K constant. 23 (b) N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) s 2NH3 ( g )
17 (d) N2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) r 2NO( g ) , K 1 At : pN 2 = P , pH 2 = 3P , pNH 3 = 2P
2NO( g ) + O2 ( g ) r 2NO2 ( g ) , K 2 ⇒ p( total ) = pN 2 + pH 2 + pNH 3 − pN 2 + pH 2
~

N2 ( g ) + 2O2 ( g ) r 2NO2 ( g ) , K = K 1 × K 2 [Q P( total ) >> pNH 3 ]

1 = p + 3p = 4 p
∴ For NO2 ( g ) r N2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) , 2 2
2 pNH pNH
Now, K p = 3
= 3

 1 
1/ 2
pN 2 × pH3 2 p × ( 3 p )3
K′ =  
 K1 K 2  2
pNH 2
pNH
2 = 3
= 3
[Q P = 4 p]
18 (c) (i) A2 ( g ) + B2 ( g )
[ AB ] 27 × p 4  P
4
a 2 AB ( g ); K 1 = 27 ×  
[ A2 ] [ B2 ]  4
(ii) 6 AB ( g ) a 3 A2 ( g ) + 3B2 ( g ); 2
pNH × 44
[ A ] [ B2 ]3
3
1 1 Kp = 3
K2 = 2 = = 3, 32 × 3 × P 4
[ AB ]6  [ AB ]  2
3
K 1
  32 × 3 × P 4 × K p
 [ A2 ] [ B2 ] ⇒ pNH
2
=
3
44
19 (a) The equilibrium constant for combined reaction is
K 1 × K 2. This is because, when two reaction are added, 3 × 31/ 2 × P 2 × K 1p/ 2 33/ 2 × P 2 × K 1p/ 2
⇒ pNH 3 = =
their equilibrium constants are multipled. 42 16
20 (d) For reaction in equilibrium, 24 (a) Given,
H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) s 2HI ( g ) I2 ( g ) - 2I( g )
we can write either Q I-atoms in iodine vapours = 40% by volume
Hints & Explanations

[ HI( g )]2 [ p HI ]2 ∴ Iodine vapours of I2 molecule = 60% by volume

KC = or K C =
[ H2 ( g )][ I2 ( g )] [ p H 2 ][ p I 2 ] Now, partial pressure of I-atoms
Further, since p HI = [ HI( g )] RT p1 =
40
× 105 = 0.40 × 105 Pa
p I 2 = [ I2 ( g )] RT 100
p H 2 = [ H2 ( g )] RT Similarly, partial pressure of iodine molecule (I2 ),
[ p HI ]2 [ HI( g )]2[ RT ]2 p2 =
60
× 105 = 0.60 × 105 Pa
Therefore, K p = =
[ p H 2 ][ p I 2 ] [ H2 ( g )]RT ⋅ [ I2 ( g )]RT 100

[ HI( g )]2 pI2 (0.40 × 105 Pa)2

= = KC ∴ Kp = = = 2. 67 × 104 Pa
[ H2 ( g )][ I2 ( g )] pI 2 (0.60 × 105 Pa)
 25 (b) 2SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) -2SO (g ) ; 0.0127 × 0.0821 × 363
3 ⇒ p=
∆n g 1
K p = K C ( RT ) = 0.38 atm
Q ∆ng = 2 − 3 = − 1 ∆
28 (d) CaCO3 ( s ) z CaO( s ) + CO2 ↑; K p 1 = 8 × 10−2
Given, K p = 2.0 × 1010 bar −1
CO2 ( g ) + C( s ) → 2CO( g ) ; K p = 2
R = 0.0831 L bar K −1mol −1 and T = 450 K Thus, for the reaction,
2

Kp Kp CaCO3 ( s ) + C( s ) S CaO( s ) + 2CO( g )

∴ KC = =
( RT )
∆n g
( RT )− 1 K p′ = K p 1 × K p 2 = 8 × 10−2 × 2 = 16 × 10−2

or K C = K p × RT ∴ K ′p = ( pCO ( g ))2

= 2.0 × 1010 bar −1 × 0.0831 L bar K −1mol −1 × 450 K ⇒ pCO = K p′ = 16 × 10−2 = 4 × 10−1 = 0.4 atm
K C = 7.479 × 1011 L mol −1
29 (c) N2O4 ( g ) S 2NO2 ( g ) ;
26 (b) Molar mass of NH4SH = 18 + 33 = 51 g mol −1 As we know that,
Number of moles of NH4SH introduced in the ∆n g
K p = K C ( RT )
Weight .
51
vessel = = = 01
. mol ∆n g
Molar mass 51 Here, K p = K C , ∆ng = 2 − 1 = 1⇒ ( RT ) =1
NH4SH( s ) NH3 ( g ) + H2S( g )
a ( 0.0821 × T ) = 1
Number of 0.1 0 0 1
moles at t = 0 Thus, T = = 12.18 K
At t = t eq . (1 − 0. 3)
01 30% of 30% of 0.1 0.0821
. = 0. 03
01 = 0. 03
0. 03 0. 03 30 (b) Given,
= 0. 01 = 0. 01
N2 = 3.0 × 10−3 M
Active mass
3 3
(mol L −1)

[ NH3 ] [ H2S] 0.01 × 0.01 O2 = 4.2 × 10−3 M

KC = = = 10−4 (mol L −1) 2
[ NH4HS( s )] 1 NO = 2.8 × 10−3 M
∆n g For the given reaction,
⇒ K p = K C ( RT )
N2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) 3 2NO(g)
[where, ∆ng = Σn product − Σn reactant ] = 2 − 0 = 2
equilibrium constant K C can be written as,
∴ K p = K C ( RT )2 [NO]2
KC =
= 10−4 × [ 0.082 × ( 273 + 327 )]2 atm 2 [N2 ] [O2 ]
= 0.242 atm 2 (2.8 × 10−3M )2
∴ KC = = 0.622
(3.0 × 10−3 M) (4.2 × 10−3 M )
27 (c) H2 ( g ) + S( s ) S H2S( g )
Q K p = K C ⋅ ( RT )∆n
Suppose x moles of H2S are formed, then at equilibrium,
∆n = Number of moles of gaseous products
[H2 ] = (0.2 − x ), [H2S] = x
− number of moles of gaseous reactants
 0.2 − x  0.2 − x ∆n = 2 − 2 = 0
p H2 =  × p = × p
 0.2 − x + x 0.2 ∴ K p = K C ⋅( RT )0
 x  x or, K p = KC
p H 2S =  × p= × p
Hints & Explanations

 0.2 − x + x 0.2 or, K p = 0.622 atm

p H 2S 31 (b) We know that, the relationship between K p and K C
Q Kp =
p H2 of a chemical equilibrium state (reaction) is
∆n g
x K p = K C ( RT )
∴ 6.8 × 10−2 =
0.2 − x Kp ∆n g
⇒ = ( RT )
or 0.068(0.2 − x ) = x or x = 0.0127 mol KC
Now, pressure of 0.0127 mole of H2S at 363 K in 1 L
where, ∆ng = ΣnProducts − ΣnReactants
vessel is given as,
(i) N2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) a 2NO( g )
nRT
p= ⇒ ( RT ) 2− (1+1)
= ( RT )0 = 1
V
 (ii) N2O4 ( g ) a2NO2 ( g ) ∆G = ∆G ° + RT ln K = 0
⇒ ( RT ) = RT = 24.62 dm 3 atm mol −1
2−1
∆G ° = − RT ln K
(iii) N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) a 2NH3 ( g ) ln K = − ∆ G ° / RT
2 − ( 3 + 1)
⇒ ( RT ) = ( RT )−2 Taking antilog on both sides, we get,
1 K = e− ∆G ° / RT
=
( 24.62 dm atm mol −1 )2
3
38 (d) Given, ∆G° = 13.8 kJ / mol
−3 −6 −2
= 1649
. × 10 dm atm mol 2
= 13.8 × 103 J/ mol
32 (c) For a reaction, Q ∆G ° = − RT ln K C
A s B Hence, ln K C = − 13.8 × 103 J / mol
Reactant Product
[ B ] eq [ B ] eq /(8.314 J mol −1 K −1 × 298 K)
K = ⇒ 16
. × 10 = 12
⇒ ln K C = − 5.57
[ A ] eq [ A ] eq
⇒ K C = 3.81 × 10−3
∴ [ B ] eq >> [ A ] eq
So, mostly the product will be present in the equilibrium 39 (d) Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose
mixture. We know that, R = 8.314 J mol −1K −1
33 (c) Consider the gaseous reaction of H2 with I2.
Given, T = 300 K; K C = 2 × 1013
H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) s 2HI ( g ); K C = 57.0 at 700 K
Q ∆G ° = − RT ln K C or −2.303 RT log K C
[ HI]2 (0.40)2
⇒ QC = = = 8.0 ∴ ∆G° = − 2.303 × 8.314 J mol –1 K –1
[ H2 ] [ I2 ] (0.10) × (0.20)
× 300 K × log (2 × 1013 )
34 (b) For the reaction, ⇒ ∆G° = − 7.64 × 104 J mol –1
−3
2A a B + C; K C = 2 × 10
40 (b) Given, ∆G° = 2494.2 J
the reaction quotient QC is given by, 1 1
[ A ] = ; [ B ] = 2; [C ] =
QC = [ B ][C ] / [ A ]2 2 2
Q [ A ] = [ B ] = [C ] = 3 × 10−4 M R = 8.314 J/K mol
( 3 × 10−4 )( 3 × 10−4 ) For the reaction, 2A a B +C
∴ QC = =1
( 3 × 10−4 )2
1
2×
[ B ][C ] 2 =4
As QC > K C , so the reaction will proceed in the reverse Q= =
[ A ]2 (1/ 2 )2
direction.
∴ We know that,
35 (b) PCl 5 l PCl 3 + Cl 2
∆G = ∆G ° + RT ln Q
Initial conc. 3 0 0
At equil. (3 − x) x x = 2494.2 + 8.314 × 300 ln 4
[PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ] x2 = 595189. J (+ ve value)
∴ KC = or 1.8 =
[PCl 5 ] (3 − x ) Also, we have ∆G = RT ln Q / K ,
If ∆G is positive, Q > K C .
⇒ x2 + 1.8x − 5.4 = 0
Therefore, reaction shifts in reverse direction.
[ −1.8 ± (1.8)2 − 4 ( −5.4)]
x= 41 (c) According to Le-Chatelier’s principle, if a system at
Hints & Explanations

2 equilibrium is subjected to change of concentration,

[ −1.8 ± 4.98] pressure or temperature, the equilibrium shifts in the
x=
2 direction that tends to undo the effect.
[ −1.8 + 4.98] So, the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction can
x= = 1.59
2 be calculated.
Thus, [PCl 5 ] = 3.0 − x = 3 − 1.59 = 1.41 M 43 (a) Production of ammonia according to the reaction,
[PCl 3 ] = [Cl 2 ] = x = 1.59 M N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) s 2NH3 ( g );
36 (a) ∆G = ∆G ° + RT ln Q ∆H = − 92.38 kJ mol −1
At equilibrium, when ∆G = 0 and Q = K C , the equation is an exothermic process. According to Le-Chatelier’s
becomes, principle, raising the temperature, shifts the equilibrium
 to left and decreases the equilibrium concentration of 52 (c) NH3 donates electron pair, while Cu 2+ accepts
ammonia. In other words, low temperature is favourable electron pairs.
for high yield of ammonia or reaction proceed in
forward direction. Therefore, 4NH3 + [ Cu(H2O )4 ]2+ a [Cu (NH ) ] 3 4
2+

44 (d) According to Le-Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium + 4 H2O

shifts in the opposite direction to undo the change. describes an acid-base reaction using the Lewis acid-base
N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) r 2NH3 ( g ) definition and not using Bronsted-Lowry defination.
(a) Increasing the concentration of NH3 ( g ) On 54 (c) NaNO2 solution is slightly basic, NaCl solution is
increasing the concentration of NH3 ( g ), the neutral, H2S is weakly acidic, whereas H2SO4 is strong
equilibrium shifts in the backward direction where acid.
concentration of NH3 ( g ) decreases. Thus, the correct order of increasing [ H3O]+ in the
(b) Decreasing the pressure Equilibrium shifts in the aqueous solution is
backward direction where number of moles are
0.01N NaNO2 < 0.01 NNaCl< 0.01 N H2S < 0.01 N H2SO4.
increasing.
(c) Decreasing the concentration of N 2 ( g ) and H2 ( g ) 55 (a) The conjugate acids of the given bases are H—OH,
Equilibrium shifts in the backward direction, when NH3, H — C ≡≡ C — H and CH3 — CH3.
concentration of N2 ( g ) and H2 ( g ) decreases. Their acidic character follows the trend,
(d) Increasing pressure and decreasing temperature H — OH > CH ≡≡ CH > NH3 > CH3 — CH3.
On increasing pressure, equilibrium shifts in the Since, a strong acid has a weak conjugate base.
forward direction where number of moles decreases, Hence, the strength of bases will be,
while on decreasing temperature, it will move in
forward direction where temperature increases. CH3 — CH–2 > NH–2 > H — C ≡≡ C− > OH−

45 (a) A catalyst simply helps to attain the equilibrium 56 (b) Among the given salts FeCl 3 is acidic in nature i.e.,
quickly and it does not affect the concentration of have acidic solution as it is the salt of weak base and
ammonia. strong acid.
48 (b) An acid on losing a proton produces a species which Al ( CN )3 and Pb ( CH3COO )2 are the salts of weak acid
has the tendency to accept H+ . and weak base.
It is called conjugate base of that acid. CH3COOK is the salt of strong base and weak acid.
− Hence, the solution of CH3COOK will be most basic
H2O - OH + H+ , HF - F − + H+ because of the following reaction.
Acid Conjugate Acid Conjugate
base base CH3COOK + H2O CH3COOH + KOH
a ( Weak acid ) Strong base
Water (H2O) is amphoteric in nature and, thus act both
as an acid and base. 57 (d) Q pH = − log[ H+ ]
− +
e.g. HF + H2O - F + H3O ∴ pH = − log [3.8 × 10−3 ] = − {log (3.8) + log (10−3 )}
Acid Base Conjugate Conjugate
base acid = − {(0.58) + ( −3.0)} = − {−2.42} = 2.42
49 (c) HCl can only act as Bronsted acid because it can Therefore, the pH of the soft drink is 2.42 and it can be
only donate proton. inferred that, it is acidic.
HCl + H2O - H3O+ + Cl − 58 (d) CH3COOH s CH3COO– + H+
Acid Base
Initial C 0 0
The remaining options contains substances which act At equil. C (1 − α) Cα Cα
both as Bronsted acid and Bronsted base.
Cα ⋅ Cα Cα 2
Hints & Explanations

(a) HCO–3 + HCO–3 - H2CO3 + CO32– ∴ K = = = Cα 2

C (1 − α ) 1 − α
(b) NH3 + NH3 - NH+4 + NH−2 K 1.8 × 10−5
or, C= = = 0.045 M
(c) HSO–4 + HSO–4 - H2SO4 + SO42– α2 (0.02)2

51 (b) Higher the tendency to give H+ ion (i.e. to undergo . × 10−5

59 (c) Given, K = 169
ionisation), stronger will be the acid or vice-versa. Q Cα << 0.01
HF has poor tendency to give H+ ion, hence it is the Cα (Cα + 0.01)
∴ K = = 0.01α
weakest acid among the given. C (1 − α )
The order of acidity of given acids is 1.69 × 10−5
or α= = 0.169 × 10−2
H2SO4 > HNO3 > HCl > HF. 0.01
60 (b) Given, conc. of formic acid solution = 0.2 M We know that, pH + pOH = 14
∴ pH = 14 − 2 = 12
α = 0.032
As we know that, 66 (b) For pH = 1, [H+ ] = 10−1 M
K = Cα 2 For pH = 2, [H+ ] = 10−2 M
K = 0.2 × (0.032)2 = 2.1 × 10−4 M 1V1 + M 2V2 = M R (V1 + V2 )

61 (d) HAc( aq ) s +
H ( aq ) + Ac ( aq ) − 10−1 × 50 + 10−2 × 50 = M R × 100
Initial conc.(M) 0.05 0 0.05 Thus, M R = 5.5 × 10−2 M
Equil. 0.05 – x x 0.05 + x
conc. ( M ) (Resultant molarity of H+ ions)
[H ][Ac ] {( x )( 0.05 + x )} pH = − log 5.5 × 10−2 = 1.26
+ –
Ka = = ∴
[HAc] ( 0.05 − x )
67 (c) [ H+ ] in 0.1 M HCl = 0.1 M
As K a is small for a very weak acid, x << 0.05
For same pH,[H+ ] in H2SO4 = 0.1 M
Hence, ( 0.05 + x ) ≈ ( 0.05 − x ) ≈ 0.05
x( 0.05 ) One mole H2SO4 gives 2 moles of H+ ions
Thus, 1.8 × 10−5 =
( 0.05) H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO2–
4
+ −5
∴ x = [ H ] = 1.8 × 10 M ∴ 0.1 M[H+ ] will be given by
∴ pH = − log (1.8 × 10−5 ) = 4.74 0.1
= = 0.05 M H2SO4
− + 2
62 (a) CH3COOH -CH COO 3 + H (weak acid)
Initially C 0 0 68 (b) pH = 1 ∴ [ H+ ] = 10−1 = 01
. M
At equil. C (1 − α) Cα Cα pH = 2 ∴ [ H+] = 10−2 = 0.01 M
Ka  Ka 
∴ [H + ] = Cα or C ⋅ = K aC Qα = 
For dilution of HCl,
C  c  M 1V1 = M 2V2
. × 1 = 0.01 ×V2
01
⇒ 1. 8 × 10−5 × 01 . × 10−3 M
. = 134
V2 = 10 L
⇒ pH = − log[ H+ ] Volume of water to be added = 10 − 1 = 9 L
. × 10−3 ) = 2.9
= − log (134 69 (b) N MixVMix = N 1V1 − N 2V2 … (i)
63 (c) NH4OH s NH+4 + OH– (Base) (Acid)

Initial conc. C 0 0 Given, M 1 = 0.2M, N 1 = 0.2 N

At equil. C (1 − α ) Cα Cα M 2 = 01. M, N 2 = 01
. N
∴ [OH− ] = Cα = 0.01 × 0.05 = 0.0005 M V1 = 50 mL, V2 = 50 mL, Vmix = 100 mL
On substituting the given values in equation. (i),
64 (c) Weight of NaOH dissolved = 2 g
we get N mix × 100 = 50 × 0.2 − 50 × 01 .
2
∴ Equivalent of NaOH dissolved = 5 −2
40 N mix = = 5 × 10
100
2
⇒ NNaOH = = 0.05 ∴ [OH − ] = 5 × 10−2
40
⇒ [OH]− = 0.05 = 5 × 10−2 Now, pOH = − log[OH − ] = − log [ 5 × 10−2 ]
Hints & Explanations

= 2 − log 5 = 13
.
⇒ pOH = − log [OH− ]
Also, pH + pOH = 14
= − log ( 5 × 10−2 ) = 1.3010 ∴ pH = 14 − 13
. = 12.7
Q pH + pOH = 14 70 (c) Given, pH1 = 9;V1 = 10 mL, pH 2 = 8;V2 = 25 mL
∴ pH = 14 − pOH V = volume of acid required for the equivalence point
= 14 − 1.3010 = 12.70 [B+ ]
Q pH = 14 − pK b − log
65 (c) NaOH is a strong base, thus [BOH]
[ OH− ] = 0.01M = 10−2 M 10
− −2
∴ (pH1 ) = 9 = 14 − pK b − log …(i)
pOH = − log [ OH ] = − log(10 ) = 2 V − 10
 (pH2 ) = 8 = 14 − pK b − log
25
…(ii) [OH − ] = antilog 5.95 = 8.913 × 10−5
V − 25
[Codeine H+ ] [OH− ] [OH− ] 2
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i) Now, Kb = =
[Codeine] [Codeine]
25 10 25 (V − 10 )
1 = log − log = log (because [codeine H + ] = [OH − ])
V − 25 V − 10 10(V − 25 )
⇒ V = 30 mL (8.913 × 10−5 )2
⇒ Kb = = 1.588 × 10−6
0.005
M M
71 (d) 75 mL
5
HCl + 25 mL NaOH
5 ⇒ pK b = − log [ K b ] = − log [1588
. × 10−6 ]

Milliequivalent of HCl = 75 mL of
M
HCl ∴ pK b = 6 + [ − 0.2009] = 5.7791 ≈ 5.80
5
78 (c) Given, pK a (acetic acid) = 4.76
1
= × 75 = 15 ⇒ pK b (ammonium hydroxide) = 4.75
5
M Since, it is a salt of weak acid and weak base.
Milliequivalent of NaOH = 25 mL of NaOH
5 1 1
Thus, pH = 7 + [ pK a − pK b ] = 7 + [4.76 − 4.75]
1 2 2
= × 25 = 5
5 1
= 7 + [0.01] = 7 + 0.005 = 7.005
∴ Milliequivalent of HCl left unused = 15 − 5 = 10 2
Volume of solution = 100 mL 79 (a) pH of buffer solution of weak acid and weak base is
10 1
∴ Molarity of [ H+ ] in the resulting mixture = = calculated, using the following formula.
100 10 1
1 pH = [ pK w + pK a − pK b ]
∴ pH = log + = log(10 ) = 1 2
[H ] Given : pK a = 4
72 (c) F− + H2O s HF + OH– pK b = 5
pK w = 14
[HF][OH– ]
Kb = …(i) ∴
1
pH = [14 + 4 − 5]
[F– ] 2
K w = [H3O+ ][OH– ] = 10−14 …(ii) pH = 6.5
Given, pK b = 10.83 80 (c) Ammonium acetate is a salt of weak acid and weak
Dissociation of HF in water is represented by the base. When solutions are of weak acid and weak base,
equation, pH of solution is calculated from the following
relationship.
HF + H2O s H3O+ + F–
1 1 
pH = 7 +  pK a − pK b 
[H3O+ ][F– ] 2 2 
K = …(iii)
[HF]
Q pK a ≈ pK b (given)
K b ⋅ K = [H3O+ ][OH– ] = K w ∴ pH of solution = 7
Kw
or =K 82 (d) pH of buffer does not change on adding 10 mL of
Kb distilled water as there are no ions present in it.
Taking log on both sides, we get 83 (b) When CH3COOH + NaOH are mixed in the ratio of
log K = log K w − log K b 2 : 1, they will form acidic buffer. This is because,
Hints & Explanations

= − pK w + log K b 1 mole of weak acid will be left unreacted and 1 mole of

= −14 + 10.83 = −3.17 CH3COONa will be formed.
or K = 6.76 × 10−4 The reaction is given below,

73 (b) C18H21NO3 + H2O -Codeine H +

+ OH− CH3 COOH + NaOH - CH COONa + H O
3 2
2 mole 1 mole 1 mole
pH = 9.95 84 (c) Handerson - Hasselbalch equation for acidic buffer
or pOH = 14 − 9.95 = 4.05 solution is given as,
− [Conjugate base]
Q pOH = − log [OH ] pH = pK a + log
[Acid]
∴ log [OH− ] = − 4.05 = 5.95
 Therefore, if the molar concentration of acid is equal to [salt]
Q pOH = pK b + log
the molar concentration of conjugate base, we have [base]
pH = pK a + log1 0.20
or pH = pK a [Q log 1 = 0] ⇒ 4.74 + log
0.30
Hence, pH of a buffer solution becomes equal to pK a of = 4.74 + ( 0.301 − 0.477 )
acid only if,
= 4.74 − 0176
. = 4.56
[Acid] = [Conjugate base]
⇒ pH = 14 − 4.56 = 9.44
85 (c) Henderson - Hasselbalch equation for acetic acid
and sodium acetate buffer is given as, 90 (b) Given,
[CH3COONa] conc. of NH4OH = 01. M
pH = pK a + log
[CH3COOH] conc. of NH4Cl = 0.01 M
pK b = 5
As, [CH3COOH] = [CH3COONa]
[salt]
∴ pH = pK a + log1 Q pOH = pK b + log
[base]
pH = 4.76 + 0
0.01
pH = 4.76 = 5 + log = 5 + log 10–1
0.1
86 (c) We can easily calculate the pH by converting the
concentration into millimoles. = 5 − 1= 4
Millimoles of CH3COOH = 0.1 × 10 = 1.0 millimole ∴ pH = 14 − 4 = 10
Millimoles of CH3COONa = 0.1 × 2.0 = 2.0 millimole 91 (b) Let us consider all the options,
∴ Using Henderson-Hassebalch equation, (a) 100 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH + 100 mL of 0.1M
[Conjugate base] NaOH
pH = pK a + log
[acid] CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
2
= 4.74 + log = 4.74 + 0.30 = 5.04 Initial 100 mL × 0.1 M 100 mL× 0.1 M 0 mmol
1 conc. = 10 mmol = 10 mmol
Final conc. 0 0 10 mmol
87 (b) NH4Cl reacts with NaOH to form NH4OH and
It is not basic buffer because hydrolysis of salt takes
unreacted NH4Cl forms a basic buffer.
place and final solution contains salt of weak acid
Millimoles of NH4Cl = 75 × 0.1 = 7.5 with strong base only.
Millimoles of NaOH = 50 × 0.1 = 5.0 (b) 100 mL of 0.1M HCl + 200 mL of 0.1 M NH4OH
NH4Cl + NaOH NH4OH + NaCl
- HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl + H2O
Initial conc. 7.5 5.0 0 0 Initial conc. 100 mL 200 mL 0 mmol
Change −5.0 −5.0 +5.0 +5.0 × 0.1 M × 0.1 M
Final conc. 2.5 0 5.0 5.0 = 10 mmol = 20 mmol
Final conc. 0 10 mmol 10 mmol
Given, pK a (NH+4 ) = 9.26
It is basic buffer because final solution contains
∴ pK b (NH3 ) = 14 − 9.26 = 4.74
weak base and its salt with strong acid.
[NH+4 ] (c) 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl +100 mL of 0.1 MNaOH
⇒ pOH = pK b + log
[NH4OH] HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
2.5 Initial conc. 100 mL 100 mL × 0 mmol
= 4.74 + log × 01
. M 0.1 M
5.0
= 10 mmol = 10 mmol
⇒ pOH = 4.44 Final conc. 0 0 10 mmol
Thus, pH = 14 − 4.44 It is a neutral solution.
Hints & Explanations

pH = 9.56 (d) 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH + 25mL of 0.1 MCH3COOH

[salt] CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
88 (a) Q pH = pK a + log
[acid] Initial conc. 25 mL 50 mL 0 mmol
× 0.1 M × 0.1 M
As [salt] = [acid] = 2. 5 mmol = 5 mmol
∴ pH = pK a = 9.30 Final conc. 0 2.5 mol 2.5 mmol

89 (c) Given, conc. of NH3 (base) = 0.30 M It is a basic solution.

92 (c) A solid salt of the general formula, M xp + X qy − with
Conc. of NH+4 (salt) = 0.20 M
molar solubility S in equilibrium with its saturated
. × 10−5
K b = 18 solution may be represented by the equation,
 M x X y ( s ) → xM p + ( aq ) + yX q − ( aq ) If S = solubility of A2 X 3 , then
(,where x × p = y × q ) + − [ A 3+ ] = 2S ; [ X 2− ] = 3 S
and its solubility product constant is given by therefore, K sp = ( 2S )2 ( 3 S )3
p+ x q− y
K sp = [ M ] [X ] = ( xS ) ( yS )
x y
= (108 ) S 5 = 1.1 × 10−23
(x+ y)
K sp = x ⋅ y ⋅ S
x y
Thus, S 5 = 1 × 10−25

S (x+ y) =
K sp
or S = ( K sp / xx ⋅ y y )1/ x + y S = 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1
x ⋅yx y
97 (c) Let the solubility of CaF2 in 0.1 M NaF is
Saturated solution ‘S ’ mol L −1
93 (d) BaSO4 ( s ) e Ba 2+ ( aq ) + SO24− ( aq )
in water CaF2 ( s ) - Ca 2+ ( aq ) + 2 F− ( aq )
If molar solubility is S, then 1.1 × 10−10 = ( S )( S ) = S 2 S 2S

or, S = 1.05 × 10−5 NaF(aq) - Na + + F− ( aq )

0. 1 M 0. 1 M
Thus, molar solubility of barium sulphate ( BaSO4 ) will
be equal to 1.05 × 10−5 mol L −1. [ F− ] = 2 S + 01
.

94 (d)∴ Ag 2CrO4 s 2Ag + + CrO24− K sp of CaF2 = [Ca 2+ ] [F− ]2

2S
= [ S ] [2S+ 0.1]2
S
∴ Solubility product,
= 5.3 × 10−11 = [ S ] [ 2 S + 0.1]2
K sp = ( 2S )2 × S = 4 S 3, K sp = (1.1 × 10−12 )
⇒ 5.3 × 10−11 = [ S ] [ 0.1]2 [Q 2S << 01
. ]
K sp −4 −11
⇒ S = 3 = 0.65 × 10 5.3 × 10
4 [S ] = 2
= 5.3 × 10−9 mol L−1
( 0.1)
Now, AgCl s Ag + + Cl −
(S ) (S ) 98 (c) For a general reaction,
−
∴ K sp = S × S . × 10−10 )
( K sp = 18 Ax B y r xA y + + yB x

⇒ S = 2 K sp = 1.34 × 10−5 Solubility product ( K sp ) = [ A y + ]x [ B x − ] y

For BaSO4 (binary solute giving two ions)
AgBr s Ag + + Br −
S S BaSO4 ( s ) r Ba 2+ ( aq ) + SO24− ( aq )
(K sp = 5.0 × 10−13)
S S
∴ K sp = S × S
∴ K sp = [Ba 2+ ] [SO 24− ]
⇒ S = K sp = 0.71 × 10− 6
= (S ) (S ) = S 2 …(i)
+ −
AgI s Ag + I [,where S = Solubility]
S
Given, S = 2.42 × 10−3g L−1
S
−17
∴ K sp = S × S ( K sp = 8.3 × 10 )
Molar mass of BaSO4 = 233 g mol −1
⇒ S = K sp = 0.9 × 10−8 ∴ Solubility of BaSO4,
2.42 × 10−3
Q Solubility of Ag 2CrO4 is highest. Therefore, it is (S ) = mol L−1 = 1.04 × 10−5 mol L−1
added to the solution. 233
Hints & Explanations

95 (b) Consider a salt, zirconium phosphate of molecular On substituting the value of S in Eq. (i), we get
formula (Zr 4+ )3 (PO34− )4. It dissociates into 3 K sp = (1.04 × 10−5 mol L−1 )2
zirconium cations of charge +4 and 4 phosphate anions
of charge –3. = 1.08 × 10−10 mol 2 L−2
[Zr 4+ ] = 3S and [PO3− 4 ] = 4S 99 (d) For a sparingly soluble salt, if S is the molar
solubility,
and K sp = ( 3 S )3 ( 4 S )4 = 6912 ( S )7
Ax B y ( s ) + H2O q xA y + + yB x −
or S = {K sp / ( 33 × 4 4 )}1/ 7 = ( K sp / 6912 )1/ 7
At saturation,
96 (c) A2 X 3 → 2 A 3+ + 3 X 2−
K [ Ax B y ] = [ A y + ]x × [ B x − ] y = [ xS ]x [ yS ] y
3+ 2 2− 3 −23
K sp = [ A ] [X ] = 1.1 × 10
 or K sp = x y . y y S x + y 103 (b) K sp of Cr(OH)3 at 298 K is 6.0 × 10−31.
where, the constant K sp is called solubility product. [OH − ] in saturated solution of Cr(OH)3 = ?
Ag 2C2O4( s) q 2Ag + + C2O42− Cr(OH)3 -Cr 3+
+ 3OH −
2S S
K sp = [Ag + ]2 [C2O24− ] = [ 2S ]2 [ S ]
S S

In a saturated solution, K sp = [Cr 3 + ][ OH− ]3

−4 −4
Given, 2S = 2.2 × 10 or S = 11
. × 10 M
= S ( 3S )3 = 27S 4 = 6.0 × 10−31
−4 2 −4 −12
∴ K sp = [ 2.2 × 10 ] [11
. × 10 ] = 5.3 × 10
6.0 × 10−31
∴ S4 =
100 (c) AX 2 is ionised as follows: 27
2+
AX 2 =A + 2X − 1
S mol L−1
S 2S  6.0 × 10−31  4
⇒ S = 
Solubility product of AX 2  27 
K sp = [ A 2+ ][ X − ]2 = [ S ] × [ 2S ]2 = 4 S 3 1
 6.0 × 10−31  4
Q K sp of AX 2 = 3.2 × 10−11 [OH]– = 3S = 3  
 27 
∴ 3.2 × 10−11 = 4 S 3 1
1
or, S 3 = 0.8 × 10−11 = 8 × 10−12  6.0 × 34 −31
4
= × 10  = (18 × 10−31 ) 4
or, S = 8 × 10−12 = 2 × 10− 4 mol / L
3  3 3


Solubility = 2 × 10− 4 mol / L 104 (d) PbCl 2 → Pb 2+ + 2Cl –

S S 2S
101 (a) Ag 2CrO4 → 2Ag + + CrO24− K sp = S ( 2S )2 = 4 S 3
S 2S S

 K sp 
1/ 3 = 4 × (10−2 )3 = 4 × 10−6
K sp = ( 2S )2 S = 4 S 3 or S = 
 4  In 0.1 M NaCl, [Cl − ] = 0.1 + 2 × 10−2 ≈ 0.1 M
1/ 3 As 0.01 M PbCl 2 ≡ 0.02 M Cl –
 4 × 10−12  −4
=  = 10
. × 10 mol L –1
[Pb 2+ ][Cl − ]2 = K sp
 4 
or [Pb 2+ ](0.10)2 = 4 × 10−6
102 (b) Suppose solubility of PbCl 2 in water is 5 mol L−1
or [Pb 2+ ] = 4 × 10−4 M
PbCl 2 ( s ) -Pb 2+
( aq ) + 2Cl − ( aq )
S 2S 105 (c) Ag 2CrO4 → 2Ag + + CrO2–
4
K sp = [Pb 2+ ][Cl − ] 2 1 1.5 × 10−4
4 ]=
[CrO2− [Ag + ] = = 0.75 × 10−4 mol/L
2 2
K sp = [ S ][2 S ]2 = 4 S 3
Q K sp = [Ag + ] 2 [CrO24− ]
−8
3.2 × 10 = 4S 3
∴ K sp = (1.5 × 10−4 )2 (0.75 × 10−4 )
3.2 × 10−8
S3= = 1.6875 × 10−12
4
10W
S 3 = 0.8 × 10−8 = 8.0 × 10−9 106 (b) Q S = mol/L
Hints & Explanations

M
Solubility, PbCl 2 = S = 2 × 10−3 mol L−1 2+
For Ca 3 ( PO4 )2 s 3Ca + 2PO34−
−1 −3
Solubility of PbCl 2 in gL = 278 × 2 × 10 3S 2S

= 0.556 gL −1 ⇒ K sp = ( 3S )3 × ( 2S )2

0.556 g of PbCl 2 dissolve in 1 L of water ∴ K sp of Ca 3 (PO4 )2 = 108 S 5

1 × 01
. 5
∴ 0.1 g of PbCl 2 will dissolve in L of water  10W 
0.556 ⇒ 108  
 M 
= 01798
. L 5
= 179.8 mL ≈ 180 mL W 
⇒ 107   (approximately)
M
 107 (b) 0.01 M CaCl 2 ≡ 0.02 M Cl − ,s We know that, pOH = − log [ OH− ]
0.01 M NaCl ≡ 0.01 M Cl − , 2 = − log [ OH− ]
0.05 M AgNO3 ≡ 0.05 M Ag +
⇒ [ OH− ] = 10− 2
+ −
[Ag ][Cl ] = K sp (constant) Ba(OH)2 dissolve in water as
Hence, S 1 = K sp = maximum; S 2 =
K sp
= 50 K sp Ba(OH)2 s Ba 2+ + 2OH−
0.02 S mol L−1 S 2S
K sp K sp
S3 = = 100 K sp; S 4 = = 20 K sp [ OH− ] = 2 S = 10−2
0.01 0.05
(10− 2 )2
Thus, the correct order of solubilities is K sp = [ Ba 2+ ][ OH − ] 2 = (10−2 ) ×
S1 > S 3 > S 2 > S 4 2

 K sp 
1/ 3 = 0.5 × 10−6 = 5 × 10−7
108 (a) S I =   for A2 X ;
 4  112 (a) AgCN s Ag + + CN–
1/ 4 K sp = [Ag + ][CN− ] = 6 × 10−17
 K sp 
S II = K sp for AX; S III =  for AX 3
 27  Ni(OH)2 s Ni 2+ + 2OH−
∴ S II > S I > S III K sp = [Ni 2+ ][OH− ]2 = 2 × 10−15
+ −
109 (b) AgCl ( s ) s Ag ( aq ) + Cl ( aq ) Let [Ag + ] = S 1 , then [CN− ] = S 1
. × 10−10
K sp of AgCl = [Ag + ][Cl – ] = 18 … (i) Let [Ni 2+ ] = S 2 , then [OH− ] = 2S 2
Now, [ Ag ( NH3 )2 ]+ ( aq ) a Ag +
( aq ) + 2NH3 ( aq ) S 12 = 6 × 10−17 , S 1 = 7.7 × 10−9

[ Ag + ] [ NH3 ]2 ( S 2 )( 2S 2 )2 = 2 × 10−15 , S 2 = 7.9 × 10−6

∴ KC = = 6.2 × 10−8 …(ii)
[ Ag ( NH3 )2 ]+ ∴ Ni(OH)2 is more soluble than AgCN.
From eq. (i) and (ii), we get 113 (c) Let the solubility of Ni(OH)2 be equal to S.
KC [ NH3 ]2 Dissolution of S mol/L of Ni(OH)2 provides S mol/L of
= …(iii)
K sp [ Ag ( NH3 )2 ]+ [ Cl − ] Ni 2+ and 2S mol/L of OH− , but the total concentration
of OH− = (0.10 + 2 S ) mol/L because the solution
AgCl + 2NH3 a [ Ag ( NH3 )2 ]+ + Cl − −
already contains 0.10 mol/L of OH from NaOH.
K sp = 2.0 × 10−15 = [Ni 2+ ][OH− ]2
1 0 0
1− a a a
Thus, on substituting the values in eq. (iii), we get = ( S ) (0.10 + 2 S )2
−8
6.2 × 10 1 As K sp is small, 2S << 0.10, thus, (0.10 + 2S ) ≈ 0.10
−10
= or, a = 0.0539 M
. × 10
18 a2 Hence, 2.0 × 10−15 = S (0.10)2
110 (b) ∆G° is related to K sp by the equation, S = 2.0 × 10−13 M
∆G ° = − 2.303 RT log K sp …(i) Thus, [ Ni 2+ ] = 2.0 × 10−13 M
Given, ∆G° = + 63.3 kJ = 63.3 × 103 J 114 (b) Na 2SO4 ( s ) + ( aq ) s Na 2SO4 ( aq ) + Heat
By Le-Chatelier principle, on heating, equilibrium shifts
Thus, substitute ∆G° = 63.3 × 10 J 3
in the backward direction. So, some sodium sulphate
Hints & Explanations

R = 8.314 JK −1mol −1 will be precipitated out.

and T = 298 K (25 + 273 K) 116 (a) Precipitation of AgCl will occur only when ionic
into equation (i) to get, product is greater than solubility product. This is possible
only in case, when 10 −4 M Ag + and 10 −4 M Cl − are
63.3 × 103 = − 2.303 × 8.314 × 298 log K sp
mixed, i.e. ionic product = 10−4 × 10−4 = 10−8
∴ log K sp = − 11.09
117 (c) Given that,
⇒ K sp = 8.0 × 10−12
K sp Mg(OH)2 = [Mg 2+ ][OH− ]2
111 (b) Given,
1.2 × 10−11 = [0.1][OH− ]2
pH of Ba(OH)2 = 12
pOH = 14 − pH = 14 − 12 = 2 [OH− ]2 = 1.2 × 10−10
 [OH− ] = 1.0954 × 10−5 M conjugate base, RCOO− is more stable than the free
carboxylic acid.
pOH = − log (1.0954 × 10−5 ) = 4.96
That’s why, equilibrium shifts in forward direction.
pH = 14 − 4.96 = 9.04
Thus, at 9.04 pH, precipitation will not take place. Thus, statement (c) is correct.

118 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect. 129 (c) Statement (c) is incorrect.
It’s correct form is as follows : It’s correct form is as follows :
The reaction never ceases at equilibrium because Addition of NH4Cl to NH4OH decreases the ionisation
equilibrium is dynamic in nature. of NH4OH due to common ion effect.
Rest other statements are correct. Rest other statements are correct.

120 (c) Statement (c) is incorrect. 130 (c) Statement (c) is correct, while the other statements
are incorrect.
It’s correct form is as follows :
Corrected form are as follows :
Chemical equilibrium cannot take place in an open
(a) Acidic buffer consists of a weak acid and its salt
vessel if one of the reactants or products is a gas.
with strong base in a fixed proportion
Rest other statements are correct. e.g. CH3COOH + CH3COONa
121 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. (b) pH of the buffer solution is not affected by dilution
It’s correct form is as follows : because ratio under the logarithmic terms remains
unchanged.
The reaction can reach the state of equilibrium even if it
starts with only C and D; i.e. there is no A and B being (d) Glycine + glycine hydrochloride is an example of
basic buffer.
present initially.
This is because, equilibrium can be reached from either 133 (c) Statement III is correct, while the other statements
direction. are incorrect.
Corrected form are as follows :
Rest other statements are correct. I. Expression for the equilibrium constant is
123 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect. applicable when concentrations of the reactants
It’s correct form is as follows : and products have atttained constant value at
equilibrium state.
Chemical equilibrium in the reaction,
II. The value of equilibrium constant is independent
H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g )
- 2HI( g ) can be attained from either of initial concentrations of the reactants and products.
direction. IV. The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction
Rest other statements are correct. is equal to the inverse of the equilibrium constant
124 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. for the forward reaction.
It’s correct form is as follows : 134 (d) Statements I, III and IV are correct, while the
The reaction takes place in the presence of a catalyst statement II is incorrect.
which is V2O5 ( s ) in contact process or NO( g ) in It’s correct form is as follows.
chamber process. To restore equilibrium, the reaction will proceed in the
Rest other statements are correct. direction where H 2 is consumed, i.e. equilibrium shifts
125 (a) The value of K p does not depend upon volume in the forward direction.
but on changing the volume, degree of dissociation; α 137 (c) For the given reaction,
changes because on both sides the number of moles are 2SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) a 2SO3 ( g );
different. the value of ∆n and ∆H = − ve. Therefore, according to
Hints & Explanations

Thus, statement (a) is correct. the Le-Chatelier’s principle, the increase in pressure and
127 (a) Statement (a) is incorrect. decrease in temperature, shifts the equilibrium in
It’s correct form is as follows : forward direction.
NaCl exist in solid state as a cluster of negatively Thus, option (c) is correct.
charged chloride ions and positively charged sodium 138 (d) Statements I, II and III are correct the while
ions. statement IV is incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows :
Rest other statements are correct. Le-Chatelier’s principle is applicable to common ion
128 (c) RCOOH + NaHCO3 f RCOONa + H2O + CO2 effect. Because, in presence of common ion (given) by
strong electrolyte (say, Na + A ), the product of the
or RCOOH + HCO−3 f RCOO− + H2O + CO2 concentration terms in RHS increases.
 For the weaker electrolyte, HA (say) the equilibrium This can be seen in the case of removing a proton from
shifts to the LHS, HA a H⊕ + A s. the uncharged H2CO3 as compared from a negatively
charged HCO−3 .
As a result dissociation of HA gets suppressed.
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect.
140 (c) Dissolution of gases in liquid is that the concentration
of a gas in liquid is proportional to the pressure 148 (a) The given defination is of common ion effect and it is
(concentration) of the gas over the liquid. a phenomenon based on Le-Chatelier’s principle.
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
141 (a) When a gas is dissolved in water, an equilibrium is of A.
developed between the gaseous molecules and 149 (d) In biological systems, buffer solution of carbonic acid
dissolved molecules of the gas under pressure, and sodium bicarbonate is found in our blood. It maintains
e.g. CO2 ( g )- CO2 (solution). Such equilibrium is the pH of blood to a constant value of about 7.4.
governed by Henry’s law. Thus, A is incorrect but R is correct.
Both A and R are correct and R is the correct 153 (a) In the reaction,
explanation of the A. [Co(H2O)6 ] 3+ ( aq ) + 4Cl − ( aq )
142 (c) For the homogeneous equilibrium, (Pink)
s [CoCl 4 ]2− ( aq )+ 6H2O ( l )
N2O4 ( g ) l 2NO2 ( g ), (Blue)
K C has unit mol/L and K p has unit bar. On cooling, the equilibrium shifts in backward direction
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. or on heating, the equilibrium shifts in forward direction.
143 (c) PCl 5 → PCl 3 + Cl 2 Hence, reaction is endothermic, i.e. ∆H > 0.
At constant pressure, when He is added to the 154 (d) ∆G° and K are related as, ∆G ° = − RT ln K C
equilibrium, volume increases. Thus, in order to
maintain the K constant, degree of dissociation of PCl 5 when G°> 0 means ∆G° is positive. This can be only, if
increases. Moreover, He (helium) is unreactive towards ln K C is negative, i.e. K C < 1.
chlorine gas. 155 (b) As the acidity or K a value increases, pH decreases,
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. thus the order of pH value of the acids is
144 (a) Aqueous solution of FeCl 3 on standing produces hypochlorous acid > acetic acid > formic acid
brown precipitate. Due to hydrolysis, it produces (3.8 × 10 −8 ) (1.74 × 10 −5 ) (1.8 × 10 −4 )
precipitate of Fe(OH)3 which is of brown colour.
156 (c) Statement (c) is not correct.
Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of the A. It’s correct form is as follows.
145 (a) If the volume is kept constant and an inert gas such At the stage of equilibria, physical processes like melting
as argon is added which does not take part in the of ice and freezing of water etc., process does not stop
reaction, the equilibrium remains undisturbed. It is but the opposite processes, i.e. forward and reverse
because the addition of an inert gas at constant volume process occur with the same rate. The other given
does not change the partial pressure or the molar statements are the characteristics of physical equilibrium.
concentrations of the substance involved in the reaction. Rest other statements are correct.
The reaction quotient changes only if the added gas is 157 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect.
reactant or product involved in the reaction.
It’s correct form is as follows.
Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A. In the reaction,

146 (a) Michael Faraday classified the substances into two Fe3+ + SCN− a FeSCN 2+
Hints & Explanations

( Red )
categories based on their ability to conduct electricity.
Electrolytes which conduct electricity in aqueous When oxalic acid is added, it combines with Fe3+ ions,
solutions and non-electrolytes which donot conduct and equilibrium shifts towards backward direction.
electricity in their aqueous solutions. Therefore, intensity of red colour decreases.
Both A and R are correct and R is the correct Rest other statements are correct.
explanation of A. 158 (b) For the reaction,
147 (c) Higher order ionisation constants ( K a 2 , K a 3 ) are PCl 5 ( g ) a PCl 3 ( g ) + Cl 2 ( g )
smaller than the lower order ionisation constant ( K a 1 ) At 500 K in a closed container,
of a polyprotic acid. The reason for this is that, it is
[ PCl 5 ] = 0.8 × 10−3 mol L −1
more difficult to remove a positively charged proton
from a negative ion due to electrostatic forces. . × 10−3 mol L −1
[ PCl 3 ] = 12
 . × 10−3 mol L −1
[ Cl 2 ] = 12 Thus, for the reaction,

. × 10−3 ) × (12
[ PCl 3 ] [ Cl 2 ] (12 . × 10−3 ) 2HI( g ) a H (g ) + I (g )
2 2
⇒ KC = =
( 0.8 × 10−3 )
2 2
[ PCl 5 ] [ H2 ] [ I2 ]  1   1 1
KC1 = =  =  = = 0.04
. × 10−3 mol L−1
= 18 [ HI]2  KC   5 25

159 (d) The relationship between K p and K C is 165 (c) Given that,

K p = K C ( RT )∆n . × 10−5
K a for CH3COOH = 18

where, ∆n = (number of moles of gaseous products) − . × 10−5

K b for NH4OH = 18
(number of moles of gaseous reactants) Ammonium acetate is salt of weak and weak base.
For the reaction, For such salts,
NH4Cl ( s ) NH3 ( g ) + HCl ( g ) ;
a pK a − pK b
pH = 7 +
∆n = 2 − 0 = 2 2
160 (a) For the reaction, . × 10−5 ] − [ − log 18
[ − log 18 . × 10−5 ]
= 7+
H2S s H+ + HS− 2
4.74 − 4.74
[H+ ] [HS− ] = 7+ = 7.0
K a1 = 2
[H2S]
166 (a) As we know that,
For the reaction, HS − s H+ + S2−
∆G s = − RT ln K
[H+ ] [S2− ]
Ka = At the stage of half-completion of the reaction,
2 [HS− ]
When, the above two reactions are added, their
A a B , [ A ] = [B ]
equilibrium constants are multiplied, thus Therefore, K = 1
+ 2 2− Thus, ∆G s = 0
[H ] [S ]
Ka = = K a1 × K a 2
3 [ H2S ] 167 (c) GN Lewis in 1923 defined an acid as a species
Hence, K a = K a 1 × K a 2 which accepts an electron pair and base which donates
3
an electron pair. As, BF3 is an electron deficient
161 (a) In the reaction, compound, hence it is a Lewis acid.
N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) s 2NH3 ( g ) 168 (c) When the concentration of NH4OH (weak base) is
If the total pressure at which the equilibrium is higher than the strong acid (HCl), a mixture of weak
established is increased without changing the base and its conjugate acid is obtained, which acts as
temperature, K will remain same. This is because, basic buffer.
K changes only with change in temperature.
NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O
162 (d) In all the given reactions, equilibrium constant ( K ) Initially 0.1 M 0.05 M 0
remains unaffected on addition of inert gas. This is in After reaction 0.05 M 0 0.05 M
accordance with the Le-Chatelier’s principle.
169 (d) Among the given solvents, AgCl is most soluble in
163 (b) The given compounds are : aqueous ammonia solution. AgCl react with aqueous
Water , acetone, ether ammonia to form a complex, [ Ag ( NH3 )2 ]+ Cl − .
(Maximum b. p.) ( Minimum b. p. )
170 (c) The pH of neutral water at 25°C is 7.0.
Hints & Explanations

Greater the boiling point, lower is the vapour pressure

of the solvent. At 25°C, [ H+ ] = [ OH− ] = 10−7
Hence, the correct order of vapour pressure will be and K w = [ H+ ] [ OH− ] = 10−14
water < acetone < ether. On heating, K w increases, i.e. [ H+ ] [ OH− ] > 10−14
164 (a) For the reaction,
As [ H+ ] = [ OH− ] or, [ H+ ]2 > 10−14
1 1
H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) a HI(g ) ⇒ [ H+ ] > 10−7 M
2 2
∴ pH < 7.
[ HI]
KC = =5 With rise in temperature, pH of pure water decreases
[ H2 ]1/ 2 [ I2 ]1/ 2
and it become less than 7 at 60°C.
 . × 10−5
171 (a) Given that, K a = 174 HCl → H+ + Cl −
Common
Concentration of CH3COOH = 0.01 mol dm −3 ion

Thus, both A and R are correct but R is not the correct

[ H+ ] = K a ⋅ C = 174
. × 10−5 × 0.01 = 4.17 × 10−4 explanation of A.
pH = − log [ H+ ] 174 (b) An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate can act
−4 as a natural buffer as it resist changes in pH on dilution
= − log ( 4.17 × 10 ) = 3.4 or an addition of small amount of acids or alkalies.
172 (a) Ammonium carbonate dissociates as follows : Moreover, ammonium acetate is a salt of weak acid
( NH4 )2 CO3 → 2NH +4 + CO23− ( CH3COOH ) and weak base ( NH4OH ).
Thus, both A and R are correct but R is not the correct
2H2O → 2OH− + 2H+ explanation of A.
↓ ↓
NH4OH + H2CO3 175 (a) In the hydrogen halides, the HI is strongest acid but
Weak base Weak acid
HF is the weak acid. It is because, while comparing
acids formed by the elements belonging to the same
If K b of NH4OH > K a of H2CO3, the solution is basic group of periodic table, H—A bond strength is a more
or if K a of H2CO3 > K b of NH4OH, the solution is important factor in determining acidity of an acid than
acidic. the polar nature of the bond.
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
173 (b) H2S is a weak acid and also a weak electrolyte and 176 (a) A solution containing a mixture of acetic acid and the
its ionisation is suppressed, when small amount of sodium acetate acts as a buffer solution as it maintains a
strong electrolyte like HCl is added due to common ion constant value of pH ( = 4.75 ) and its pH is not affected on
effect. addition of small amounts of acid or alkali.
H2S z 2H+ + S2− Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Hints & Explanations