“SPEEECH PERCEPTION AND PRODUCTION 2”

Lecturer :

Created by:
2nd group

Gusnawati.N 40300121040
Aldhita Dzakiyyah Adnan 40300121049
Wafiq Azizah 40300121051
Putri Annisa 40300121056

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMEN

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ALAUDDIN ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2024
A. Introduction
Speech perception and production are two important aspects of language
communication. Speech perception is the process of identifying and understanding
received sounds, while speech production is the process of forming and producing
sounds. In this paper, we will explain what happens in the process of speech perception
and production, and how deficiencies or weaknesses in these processes can affect
language communication.

Speech perception is the process of identifying received sounds and converting

them into intelligible information. This process aims to convert the received sounds into
information that can be understood by the environmental conditions and the individual's
estimation ability. Speech perception consists of three stages: audiological process,
phonological process, and semantic process. The audiological process involves testing
the sound quality and gathering information about the received sound. The phonology
process involves testing the structure of sounds and gathering information about the
combinations of sounds that make up words. The semantic process involves testing the
meaning of words and gathering information about the meaning of words in sentences.

Speech production is the process of shaping and producing sounds. This process
aims to form sound combinations that can be understood by other individuals. Speech
production consists of three stages: phonological process, articulation process, and
semantic process. The phonology process involves testing the structure of words and
gathering information about the sound combinations that make up words. The
articulation process involves testing an individual's ability to produce the correct
sounds. The semantic process involves testing the meaning of words and gathering
information regarding the meaning of words in sentences.

Deficiencies or weaknesses in the speech perception and production processes

can affect language communication. For example, deficiencies in the speech perception
process can affect language comprehension, while deficiencies in the speech production
process can affect effective language communication. In addition, deficiencies in
speech perception and production can also affect language education and learning.
Therefore, it is important to understand the meaning and understanding of speech
perception and production in this paper.

B. Speech production
Speech production is a complex process in which a person produces sounds to
convey a message to a listener through speech. This process begins with the speaker
thinking of a message and converting it into a message code. This message code
consists of sequences of phonemes that indicate the basic sounds that make up words,
as well as prosodic markers such as duration, volume, and pitch associated with those
sounds. Moreover, speech production is about a complex relationship between physical
and cognitive processes. In this case, the speaker organizes language use and drives
motor commands to produce the right sounds. To understand language production well,
we must understand how people use language to communicate.
As according to Rabiner & Jung 1993 speech production is a process that begin
when the talker formulate the message in his or her mind to transmit to the listener via
 speech. The next step in this process is the conversion of the message into the message
code. This corresponds to converting the message into a set of phoneme sequences
corresponding to the sounds that make uo the words, along with prosody (syntax)
markers denoting duration of sounds, loudness o sounds, and pitch associated with the
sounds .

C. Human speech apparatus

1. Larynx
The larynx is an important part of the human speech production system. The
following are the roles and functions of the larynx in voice formation:
1) Basic Voice Production: the larynx is home to the vocal folds, which are
located within it. When air passes through the vocal folds and causes them to
vibrate, a basic sound is produced. The frequency at which these vocal folds
vibrate determines the basic pitch of the sound produced.
2) Volume and Intensity Regulation of Voice: the laryngeal also helps in
regulating the volume (loudness) and intensity of the voice. This is achieved by
regulating the pressure of the air passing through the vocal cords and by
regulating the tension of the muscles around the laryngeal.
3) Consonant Formation: the laryngeal plays a role in the formation of some
consonants, especially consonants that involve the arrangement of the vocal
cords. For example, consonants like [b], [d], [g] are voiced, which means the
vocal cords vibrate when they are produced.
4) Vowel Sound Formation: the laryngeal contributes to vowel sound formation
by regulating the position and tension of the vocal cords. This allows the
production of vowels that differ in terms of quality (e.g., pitch) and duration.
5) Air Axis Regulation: the laryngeal helps control airflow through the vocal
tract. This is essential for producing a clear and controlled voice.

2. Points of Articulation
2.1 Bilabial : the two lips are the primary articulations.
e.g.: /b/, /p/, /m/, /w/.
2.2 Labio-dental : the lower lip articulates with the upper teeth.
e.g.: /f/, /v/.

2.3 Dental : the tongue tip and rims articulate with the upper teeth.
e.g.: /θ/, /ð/.
2.4 Alveolar : the blade, or tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar
ridge.
e.g.: /t/, /d/, /l/, /n/, /s/, /z/.
 2.5 Post-alveolar : the tip (and rims) of the tongue articulate with the rear part of
the alveolar ridge.
e.g.: /r/.
2.6 Palato-alveolar : the blade, or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the
alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a raising of the front of the tongue
towards the hard palate.
e.g.: /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/.

2.7 Palatal : the front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate.
e.g.: /j/.

2.8 Velar : the back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate.
e.g.: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.
2.9 Glottal : an obstruction, or a narrowing causing fiction but not vibration,
between the vocal cords.
e.g.: /h/.

3. Manner of Articulation
3.1 Complete Closure:
a. Plosives/ stops : a complete closure at some point in the vocal tract, behind
which the air pressure builds up and can be released explosively.
e.g.: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/.
b. Affricative : a complete closure at some point in the mouth, behind which
the air pressure builds up; the separation of the organs is slow compared
 with that of a plosive, so that friction is a characteristic second element of
the sound
e.g.: /tʃ/, /dʒ/.
c. Nasal : a complete closure at some point in the mouth but the soft palate
being lowered the air escapes through the nose.
e.g.: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/..
3.2 Intermittent Closure:
Roll : a series of rapid intermittent closures or taps made
by a flexible organ on a firmer surface.
e.g.: r (the tongue tip taps against the alveolar ridge).
3.3 Partial Closure:
Lateral : a partial closure is made at some point in the mouth,
the air stream being allowed to escape on one or both sides of the
contact.
e.g.: /l/.
3.4 Narrowing:
Fricative : two organs approximate to such an extent that the
airstream passes through them with friction.
e.g.: /f/, /v/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /s/, /z/, /θ/, /ð/, /h/.
3.5 Glides:
Semi vowels : they are usually included in the consonantal
category on functional grounds, but from the point of view of
phonetic description they are more properly treated as vowel glides.
e.g.: /w/, /j/.

4. Voicing
Voicing in speech production refers to the use or absence of vocal cord
vibrations when producing sounds. Some of the main parts of the speech apparatus
involved in voicing include:
1) Vocal Folds: The vocal folds are two folds of tissue located within the laryngeal
(esophagus). As air is passed through them, vibrations of the vocal folds
produce basic sounds, which are then formatted into various vowel and
consonant sounds.
2) Laryngeal (Larynx): The larynx is the structure in the neck that contains the
vocal cords. It serves to regulate the airflow and air pressure required to produce
sound. The larynx also helps in controlling the position of the vocal cords to
influence voicing.
3) Glottis: The glottis is the gap between the vocal cords. When the vocal cords
touch and vibrate, the glottis opens, allowing air to pass through and produce
sound. Voicing differs depending on whether the glottis is open or closed during
sound production.
Voicing can be divided into two main categories:
1) Voiced
A voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate. A simple explanation
of voiced consonants is that they use the voice. This is easy to test by putting
 your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration the consonant is voiced. Here
is a list of some voiced consonants.
Pronounce each consonant sound (not the letter) and feel the vibration of your
vocal chords.
In English the following consonants are voiced: b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, l, r, j, w, dʒ,
m, n, ŋ
The larynx(Voicing)

2) Voiceless
A voiceless sound is one in which they do not vibration. The following ones
are voiceless: p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, h, tʃ
This distinction is quite important in English, as there are many pairs of
sounds that differ only in voicing. In the examples below the first sound is
voiceless, the other is voiced:
pie/buy, try/dry, clue/glue, chew/Jew, thigh/thy. This distinction can also be
made in between
two vowels: rapid/rabid, metal/medal, or at the end of a word: pick/pig,
leaf/leave, rich/ridge
5. Articulation
The articulator is the next component in the speech production system.
Articulation is the motor execution of the phonetic plan, and it involves the
respiratory, the laryngeal, and the supralaryngeal systems. Briefly put, as the
phonetic plan is being generated, its bits are temporarily stored in an ‘articulatory
buffer’. This buffered information will trigger the ‘unpacking’ of motor commands
which will finally cause articulation of the message. It is this buffered speech which
speakers subjectively experience as internal speech. The outcome of articulation is
overt speech.

Articulation in the speech formation system involves several important

components as follows:
1) lips
2) teeth
3) Alveolar Ridge : the small protuberance behind the upper lip
4) Hard Palate : the front part of roof of the mouth →formed by a bony
structure
5) Soft Palate (velum) : muscular flap at the back of the roof of the mouth
6) Uvula : small appendage hanging down at the lower end of the velum.
7) Pharynx : part of the vocal tract between the uvula and the larynx
8) Tongue:
➢ Tip of the tongue : It is the extreme edge of the tongue which produces
certain sounds with the help of teeth and teeth-ridge.
➢ Blade of the tongue : The part which lies immediately after the tip is
called blade. It helps in producing speech sounds in collaboration with
teeth-ridge and hard palate.
➢ Body of the tongue.
• Front : behind the blade, lies underneath the hard palate
• Center : partly beneath the hard palate and the soft palate
• Back : beneath the soft palate
• Root : opposite the back wall of the pharynx

9) Epligottis : attached to the lower part of the root of the tongue.

 REFERENCES

Casserly, E. D., & Pisoni, D. B. (2010). Speech perception and production. Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(5), 629-647.
Flaitz, J. (2016). Manner of Articulation. https://www.esolinhighered.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/PhonologyIIChapter5.pdf
Hiremath,Shivanand. (2018). Importance of airstream Mechanism and Speech
Organs in The Production of Speech Shound. Lecturer,. 8(3):1-4.
Rabiner, L., & Juang, B. H. (1993). Fundamentals Of Speech Recognition.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: PTR Prentice-Hall.
Rahman ,Udoy. (2020). Speech Organs. Daffodil International University.
TOHARI, C. A. (2015). THE PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.
Setyaningsih, A. ORGANS OF SPEECH and AIRSTREAM MECHANISM.
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
TOHARI, C. A. (2015). THE PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.