CAT

QUANT
FORMULAS

By 4 Time
CAT 100%iler
 Page
Topic
No

Ratio And Proportion Formulas 1

Mixtures And Alligations Formulas 13

Profit And Loss, Discount Formulas 21

Interests (Simple Interest & Compound

28
Interest) Formulas

Time, Speed, Distance &Work Formulas 36

Linear Equations Formulas 54

Quadratic Equations Formulas 62

Inequalities Formulas 71

Progressions and Series Formulas 77

Logarithms, Surds and Indices Formulas 89

Geometry Formulas 97

Set Theory And Venn Diagrams Formulas 136

Number System Formulas 145

Remainder Theorems Formulas 161

Permutations And Combinations Formulas 178

Bayes Theorem
185
(Conditional Probability) Formulas
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1
 CAT Ratio & Proportion
Formulas
● Ratio and Proportions is one of the easiest concepts
in CAT. Questions from this concept are mostly
asked in conjunction with other concepts like
similar triangles, mixtures and alligations.
● Hence fundamentals of this concept are important
not just from a stand-alone perspective, but also to
answer questions from other concepts
● A ratio can be represented as fraction a/b or using
the notation a:b. In each of these representations ′a′
is called the antecedent and ′b′ is called the
consequent.
● For a ratio to be defined, the quantities of the items
should be of the same nature. We can not compare
the length of the rod to the area of a square.

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● However if these quantities are represented in
numbers, i.e., length of a rod is ‘a’ cm and area of a
square is ‘b’ sq.km, we can still define the ratio of
these numbers as a:b
● The Ratio of the number a to the number b (b≠ 0) is
𝑎
also expressed as
𝑏
● Example: As mentioned, a Ratio can be expressed or
represented in a variety of ways. For instance, the
2
ratio of 2 to 3 can be expressed as 2:3 or
3

● The order in which the terms of a ratio are written is

important. For example, The ratio of the number of
months having precisely 30 days to the number of
4 7
months with exactly 31 days, is , not
7 4

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Properties of Ratios:
● It is not necessary for a ratio to be positive. When

dealing with quantities of objects, however, the

ratios will be positive. Only positive ratios will be

considered in this notion.

● A ratio remains the same if both antecedent and

consequent are multiplied or divided by the same

non-zero number, i.e.,

𝑎 𝑝𝑎 𝑞𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑝𝑏 = 𝑞𝑏 , p,q≠ 0

𝑎 𝑎/𝑝 𝑎/𝑞
𝑏
= 𝑏/𝑝 = 𝑏/𝑞 , p,q≠ 0

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● Two ratios in fraction notation can be

compared in the same way that actual

numbers can.

𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
= 𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑏𝑝

𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
> 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 > 𝑏𝑝

𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
< 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 < 𝑏𝑝

● If antecedent > consequent, the ratio is said to be

the ratio of greater inequality.

● If antecedent < consequent, the ratio is said to be

the ratio of lesser inequality.

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● If the antecedent = consequent, the ratio is said to

be the ratio of equality.

● If a, b, x are positive, then

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then <
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then >
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏

𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then >
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏

𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then <
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
If
𝑝
= 𝑞
= 𝑟
= 𝑠
=... ,
then a:b:c:d:... = p:q:r:s:...

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 𝑎 𝑐
● If two ratios 𝑏
and 𝑑
are equal

𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑐 (Invertendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑑 (Alternendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Componendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Dividendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎−𝑏 = (Componendo-Dividendo)

𝑎 𝑐 𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐+𝑞𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑟𝑎+𝑠𝑏
= 𝑟𝑐+𝑠𝑑
, for all real p, q, r,

s such that pa+qb≠0 and rc+sd≠0

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● If a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r are constants and are not
equal to zero
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = = … then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑎+𝑐+𝑒...
equal to
𝑏+𝑑+𝑓...
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = =… then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑐+𝑟𝑒...
equal to
𝑝𝑏+𝑞𝑑+𝑟𝑓...
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = =… then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
1/𝑛

( )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑝𝑎 +𝑞𝑐 +𝑟𝑒 +...
equal to 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑝𝑏 +𝑞𝑑 +𝑟𝑓 +...
2 2
➔ Duplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏

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➔ Sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is 𝑎 : 𝑏
3 3
➔ Triplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 : 𝑏
1/3 1/3
➔ Sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏

Proportions :
● A proportion is defined as an equalisation of ratios.

● As a result, if a:b = c:d is a ratio, the first and last

terms are referred to as extremes, whereas the

middle two phrases are referred to as means.

● When four terms a, b, c, and d are considered to be

proportionate, a:b = c:d is the result. When three

terms a, b, and c are considered to be proportionate,

a:b = b:c is the result.

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● A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal;

2 8
for example
3
= 12 is a proportion.

● One way to solve a proportion involving an unknown

is to cross multiply, obtaining a new equality.

2 𝑛
● For example, to solve for n in the proportion
3
= 12 ,

cross multiply, obtaining 24=3n, then divide both

sides by 3, to get n=8

Properties of proportions :
● If a:b = c:d is a proportion, then Product of extremes
= product of means i.e., ad = bc
● Denominator addition/subtraction: a:a+b = c:c+d

and a:a-b = c:c-d

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● a, b, c, d,.... are in continued proportion means, a:b

= b:c = c:d = ....

2
● a:b = b:c then b is called mean proportional and 𝑏 =

ac

● The third proportional of two numbers, a and b, is c,

such that, a:b = b:c.

● ‘d’ is fourth proportional to numbers a, b, c if a:b =

c:d

Variations :
● If x varies directly to y, then x is said to be in directly
proportional with y and is written as x ∝ y
➔ x = ky (where k is direct proportionality constant)
➔ x = ky + C (If x depends upon some other fixed
constant C)

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● If x varies inversely to y, then x is said to be in
1
inversely proportional with y and is written as 𝑥∝ 𝑦

1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑦

(where k is indirect proportionality constant)

1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 +C
𝑦

(If x depends upon some other fixed constant C)

● If x ∝ y and y ∝ z then x ∝ z
● If x ∝ y and x ∝ z then x ∝ (y ± z)
● If a ∝ b and x ∝ y then ax ∝ by

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14
 CAT Mixtures And Alligations
Formulas
● Mixtures and alligations are a common type of

quantitative problem that may appear on the CAT.

These problems involve mixing two or more

substances to form a new mixture, and then finding

the ratio or quantity of each substance in the

mixture.

● Alligation is a specific method for solving mixture

problems that involves representing the ingredients

and the mixture as points on a line, and using the

distance between these points to find the ratio of the

ingredients in the mixture.

● There are many variations of mixture and alligation

problems that may appear on the CAT, but they all

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 involve some variation of this basic concept. To

prepare for these types of problems, it is important

to practise solving a variety of mixture and alligation

problems, and to become familiar with the basic

formulas and methods for solving them.

● Types of mixtures:
● Simple mixture: A simple mixture is formed by the

mixture of two or more different substances.

Example: Water and Wine mixture.

● Compound mixture: A Compound mixture is formed

by the mixture of two or more simple mixtures.

Example: one part of 'water and wine' mixture

mixed with two parts of 'water and milk' mixture.

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● If 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 are the values and 𝑄1 and 𝑄2 are the

quantities of item 1 and item 2 respectively, and 𝑀𝐴

is the weighted average of the two items, then

𝑄1 𝑀2 − 𝑀𝐴
𝑄2
= 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑀1

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● Weighted average 𝑀𝐴 can be calculated by

𝑄1𝑀1+𝑄2𝑀𝐴
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑄1+𝑄2

● The alligation rule can also be applied when cheaper

substance is mixed with expensive substance

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
= 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟

● If two mixtures 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 , having substances 𝑆1

and 𝑆2 in the ratio a:b and p:q respectively are

mixed, then in the final mixture,

𝑎 𝑝
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆1 𝑀1 ⎡ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎤ +𝑀2 ⎡ 𝑝+𝑞 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆2
= 𝑏 𝑞
𝑀1 ⎡ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎤ +𝑀2 ⎡ 𝑝+𝑞 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

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● If there is a container with ‘a’ litres of liquid A and

if ‘b’ litres are withdrawn and an equal amount of

the mixture is replaced with another liquid B and if

this operation is repeated ‘n’ times, then after the

nth operation,

● Liquid A in the container

𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
=⎡ ⎤ × Initial quantity of A in the container
⎣ 𝑎 ⎦

𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 𝑎 ⎦
●
𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
1 −⎡ ⎤
⎣ 𝑎 ⎦

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21
 CAT Profit And Loss, Discount
Formulas

● Profit, Loss and Discount is a very important

topic for CAT and a significant number of

questions are asked from this topic every year.

● The number of concepts in these topics is

limited and most of the problems can be solved

by applying the formulae directly.

● This document covers various formulas, tips

and shortcuts of Profit, Loss and Discount topics.

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Profit and Loss
Cost Price:
The amount paid to purchase an article or the cost of
manufacturing an article is called Cost Price (C.P)

Selling Price:
The price at which a product is sold is called Selling
price (S.P)

Marked Price:
➔ The price at which an article is marked is called
Marked price (M.P)
➔ If S.P>C.P, then Profit or Gain, P = S.P – S.P
➔ If C.P>S.P, then Loss, L = C.P – S.P
➔ % Profit or Gain percentage or Profit

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 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
Percentage =
𝐶.𝑃
× 100

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
%Loss =
𝐶.𝑃
× 100

➔ Discount = M.P – S.P (If no discount is given, then

M.P = S.P)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
➔ %Discount =
𝑀.𝑃
× 100
➔ Total increase in price due to two subsequent

increases of X% and Y% is (𝑋 +𝑌+

𝑋𝑌
100 )%
➔ If two items are sold at same price, each at Rs. x, one
at a profit of P% and other at a loss of P% then
2
𝑃
there will be overall loss of
100
%

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 2
2𝑃 𝑥
➔ The absolute value of loss = 2 2
100 −𝑃

➔ If C.P of two items is the same, and by selling each

item he earned p% profit on one article and p% loss
on another, then there will be no loss or gain.
➔ If a trader professes to sell at C.P but uses false
weight, then

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
Gain% =
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
× 100%

Difference represents the difference in claimed weight

and true weight ; claimed weight > true weight

➔ S.P =( 100 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡%

100 )
C.P (if S.P > C.P)

S.P =( )
100 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠%
➔ C.P (if S.P < C.P)
100

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 ➔ C.P =( 100 × 𝑆.𝑃
100 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡% )
C.P (if S.P > C.P)

C.P =( )C.P (if S.P > C.P)

100 × 𝑆.𝑃
➔
100 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡%

𝑦
➔ Buy x get y free, then the %discount =
𝑥+𝑦
× 100

(here x+y articles are sold at C.P of x articles.)

➔ When there are two successive discounts of a% and

b% are given then the,

Resultant discount = (𝑎+𝑏−

𝑎×𝑏
100 )
➔ If C.P of x article is equal to the selling price of y

articles then the,

𝑦−𝑥
Resultant profit % or loss % =
𝑦
× 100

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28
 CAT Simple Interest &
Compound Interest Formulas
● Simple Interest (S.I) and Compound Interest (C.I)
is one of the easiest topics in the CAT quant
section.
● Every year, a significant number of questions
appear from each of these sections and students
should aim to get most questions right from these
topics.
● The number of concepts that are tested from these
topics is limited and most of the problems can be
solved by applying the formulae directly.
● Many students commit silly mistakes in this topic
due to complacency, which should be avoided.

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● In Simple Interest, the principal and the interest
calculated for a specific year or time interval
remains constant.
● In Compound Interest, the interest earned over the
period is added over to the existing principal after
every compounding period and thus, the principal
and the interest change after every compounding
period.
● For the same principal, positive rate of interest
and time period (>1 year), the compound interest
on the loan is always greater than the simple
interest.

● Simple Interest

● The sum of principal and the interest is called

Amount.
Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Interest (I)

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● The Simple Interest (I) occurred over a time period
(T) for R% (rate of interest per annum),
𝑃𝑇𝑅
I=
100

● Compound Interest

● The amount to be paid, if money is borrowed at

Compound Interest for N number of years,

𝑅 𝑁
A=P (1 + 100 )
● The Interest occurred, I = A – P

𝑅 𝑁
I=P (1 + 100 )
-P

● If the interest is compounded half yearly, then

𝑅/2 2𝑁
Amount, A = P (1 + 100 )
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● If the interest is compounded quarterly, then

𝑅/4 4𝑁
Amount, A = P (1 + 100 )
● If interest Rate is 𝑅1% for first year, 𝑅2% for
𝑟𝑑
second year and 𝑅3% for 3 year then the Amount,

A=P (1 + ) ( 1 + ) ( 1 + )
𝑅1
100
𝑅2
100
𝑅3
100

● If a difference between C.I and S.I for certain sum

at same rate of interest is given, th

2
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 (𝑃) = (𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐼) * (100/𝑅)

● When interest is compounded annually but time is

in fraction, let a b c then the Amount,

( )
𝑏
𝑎
( )
𝑐
𝑅 𝑅
A=P 1+ 100
1+ 100

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● Installments and Present Worth:

● If R is the rate of interest per annum, then the

present worth of Rs. ‘K’ due N years hence is
represented as

𝐾
Present worth =
𝑅 𝑁
(1+ ) 100

● If an amount of ‘P’ is borrowed for ‘n’ years at

‘r’% per annum, and ‘x’ is the installment that
is paid at the end of each year starting from the
𝑛

first year, then 𝑥=

𝑃 ( )(
𝑟
100 ) 𝑟
1+ 100
𝑛
(1+ ) −1
100
𝑟

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36
 CAT Time, Speed, Distance &
Work Formulas
● Time, Distance and Work is the most important topic

for CAT Quant Section & all competitive exams.

● The questions from this topic vary from easy to

difficult.

● This formula sheet covers the most importance tips

that helps you to answer the questions in a easy, fast

and accurate way

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
| 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

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● While converting the speed in m/s to km/hr, multiply

it by ( ) ⇒ 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h

18
5

● While converting km/hr into m/sec, we multiply by

( )
5
18

● If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then

➔ The ratio of the times taken to cover the same

distance is 1/a : 1/b or b : a.

➔ The ratio of distance travelled in equal time

intervals is a : b ,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

Average Speed = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
➔ If a part of a journey is travelled at speed 𝑆1 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
in 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 and remaining part at speed 𝑆2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
1
in 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 then,
2

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 Total distance travelled = 𝑆 𝑇 + 𝑆 𝑇 𝑘𝑚
1 1 2 2

𝑆1𝑇1+𝑆2𝑇2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇1+𝑇2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

● If 𝐷1 𝑘𝑚 is travelled at speed 𝑆1 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, and 𝐷2 𝑘𝑚

is travelled at speed 𝑆 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 then,

2

𝐷1+𝐷2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑆1
+ 𝑆2

● In a journey travelled with different speeds, if the

distance covered in each stage is constant, the
average speed is the harmonic mean of the different
speeds.
● Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr
and a equal distance at y km/hr

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● Then the average speed during the whole journey is
2𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
● In a journey travelled with different speeds, if the
time travelled in each stage is constant, the average
speed is the arithmetic mean of the different speeds.
● If a man travelled for a certain distance at x km/hr
and for equal amount of time at the speed of y km/hr
then the average speed during the whole journey is
𝑥+𝑦
2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Constant Distance
Let the distance travelled in each part of the journey

be 𝑑1, 𝑑2 & 𝑑3 and so on till 𝑑𝑛 and the speeds in each

part be 𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3 and so on till 𝑠𝑛

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If 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 𝑑3 =......... = 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑑, then the average

speed is the harmonic mean of the speeds 𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3

and so on till 𝑠 .
𝑛

Constant Time
Let the distance travelled in each part of the journey be
𝑑1, 𝑑2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑3 and so on till 𝑑𝑛 and the speeds in each part

be 𝑡 , 𝑡2, 𝑡3 and so on till 𝑡𝑛.

1

If 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡3 =......... = 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡, then the average

speed is the harmonic mean of the speeds 𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3

and so on till 𝑠 .
𝑛

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 Clocks
➔ Calculating the angle/position of the hands
0
● Speed of hour hand = 0. 5 per minute
0
● Speed of minute hand = 6 per minute
0
● Relative speed of two hands = 5. 5 per minute
● The angle (in degrees) between hour hand and
minute hand at time H:M can be represented
11 0
as: θ = || 2 𝑀 − 30𝐻||

➔ In a 12 hour period:
● The hour hand and the minute hand meet 11
times
0
● A 180 angle is formed between the two hands
11 times
0
● A 90 angle is formed between the two hands
22 times

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➔ In a well functioning clock, both the hands meet
720
after every Mins.
11
➔ It is because the relative speed of the minute hand
11
with respect to the hour hand = degrees per
2
minute.

Erroneous Clocks
➔ An erroneous clock is a clock which loses or gains

time at a constant rate.

➔ In case of an erroneous clock losing/gaining ‘x’

sec per minute,

● It will lose/gain ‘x’ minutes per hour.

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● It will show the correct time after every

‘720/x’ hours.

● The clock will show the same time again after

‘y’ hours where:

720
y= 60+𝑥
if the clock gains time.

720
y= 60−𝑥
if the clock loses time.’

● If the clock is set right at ‘Q’ AM/PM. Then the

time ‘T’ shown by the clock after ‘h’ hours

pass on a correct clock would be:

T = 𝑄 + (ℎ × 𝑥) if the clock gains time.

T = 𝑄 − (ℎ × 𝑥) if the clock loses time.’

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 ● If the clock is set right at ‘Q’ AM/PM. If ‘h’

hours pass on the erroneous clock, then the

actual time ‘T’ shown by

T=Q+y; y(in hours)

60ℎ
= 60+𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

60ℎ
= 60−𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.

Circular Tracks
If two people are running on a circular track with

speeds in ratio a:b where a and b are co-prime, then

➔ They will meet at 𝑎 + 𝑏 distinct points if they are

running in opposite directions.

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➔ They will meet at |𝑎 − 𝑏| distinct points if they are
running in same direction
● If two people are running on a circular track having
perimeter ‘l’, with speeds ‘m’ and ‘n’,
𝐼
➔ The time for their first meeting =
(𝑚 +𝑛)

(when they are running in opposite directions)

𝐼
➔ The time for their first meeting =
|(𝑚 −𝑛)|

(when they are running in the same direction)

● If a person P starts from A and heads towards B and
another person Q starts from B and heads towards A
and they meet after a time 't' then,

t= (𝑥 × 𝑦)
where x = time taken (after meeting) by P to reach B and
y = time taken (after meeting) by Q to reach A.

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● A and B started at a time towards each other. After

crossing each other, they took 𝑇 ℎ𝑟𝑠, 𝑇2ℎ𝑟𝑠

1

respectively to reach their destinations. If they travel

at constant speed 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 respectively all over the

𝑆1 𝑇2
journey, then
𝑆2
= 𝑇1

Trains
⇒ Two trains of length 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 travelling at speed 𝑆1

and 𝑆2 cross each other in a time

𝐿1 + 𝐿2
=𝑆 + 𝑆2
(If they are going in opposite directions)
1

𝐿1 + 𝐿2
= (If they are going in the same directions)
|𝑆1 − 𝑆2|

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 Time & Work
⇒ If X can do a work in ‘n’ days, the fraction of work

1
X does in a day is
𝑛

⇒If X can do work in ‘x’ days, and Y can do work in ‘y’

days, then the number of days taken by both of them
𝑥×𝑦
together is
𝑥+𝑦

⇒ If 𝑀1 men work for 𝐻1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 per day and worked for

𝐷1days and completed 𝑊1 work, and if 𝑀2 men work for

𝐻2 hours per day and worked for 𝐷2 days and

completed 𝑊2 work, then

𝑀1𝐻1𝐷1 𝑀2𝐻2𝐷2
𝑊1
= 𝑊2

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 Boats & Streams
⇒ If the speed of water is 'W' and speed of a boat in
still water is ‘B’

⟹ Speed of the boat (downstream) is B+W

⟹ Speed of the boat (upstream) is B-W

The direction along the stream is called downstream.

And, the direction against the stream is called

upstream.

⇒ If the speed of the boat downstream is x km/hr and

the speed of the boat upstream is y km/hr, then

𝑥+𝑦
⟹ Speed of the boat in still water = km/hr
2

𝑥−𝑦
⟹ Rate of stream =
2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

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⟹ While converting the speed in m/s to km/hr,

multiply it by ( ) ⇒ 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h

18
5

⟹ While converting km/hr into m/sec,

we multiply by ( )
5
18

Pipes & Cisterns

⇒ Inlet Pipe : A pipe which is used to fill the tank is
known as Inlet Pipe.

⇒ Outlet Pipe : A pipe which can empty the tank is

known as outlet pipe.

● If a pipe can fill a tank in ‘x’ hours then the part

1
filled per hour =
𝑥

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● If a pipe can empty a tank in ‘y’ hours, then the
1
part emptied per hour =
𝑦

● If a pipe A can fill a tank in ‘x’ hours and pipe can

empty a tank in ‘y’ hours, if they are both active

at the same time, then

1 1
The part filled per hour =
𝑥
− 𝑦
(𝐼𝑓 𝑦 > 𝑥)

1 1
The part emptied per hour =
𝑦
− 𝑥
(𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑦)

Some Tips and Tricks

● Some of the questions may consume a lot of time.

While solving, write down the equations without any

eros once you fully understand the given problem.

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 The few extra seconds can help you avoid silly

mistakes.

● Check if the units of distance, speed and time match

up. If you see yourself adding a unit of distance like

m to a unit of speed m/s, you would realise you have

possibly missed a term.

● Choose to apply the concept of relative speed

wherever possible since it can greatly reduce the

complexity of the problem.

● In time and work, while working with equations,

ensure that you convert all terms to consistent units

like man-hours.

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54
 Linear Equations
● Linear equations is one of the foundation topics in the
Quant section on the CAT.
● Hence, concepts from this topic are useful in solving
questions from a range of different topics.
● A linear equation is an equation which gives a straight
line when plotted on a graph.
● Linear equations can be of one variable or two variable
or three variable.
● Generally, the number of equations needed to solve the
given problem is equal to the number of variables
● Let a, b, c and d are constants and x, y and z are
variables. A general form of single variable linear
equation is a𝑥 + b = 0.
● A general form of two variable linear equations is
a𝑥+b𝑦 = c.

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● A general form of three variable linear equations is
a𝑥+b𝑦+c𝑧 = d.

Equations with two variables:

➔ Consider two equations a𝑥+b𝑦 = c and m𝑥+n𝑦 = p.

Each of these equations represent two lines on the x-y

coordinate plane. The solution of these equations is

the point of intersection.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
➔ If
𝑚
= 𝑛
≠ 𝑝
then the slope of the two

equations is equal and so they are parallel to each

other. Hence, no point of intersection occurs.
Therefore no solution.

𝑎 𝑏
➔ If
𝑚
≠ 𝑛
then the slope is different and so they

intersect each other at a single point. Hence, it has a

single solution.

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 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
➔ If
𝑚
= 𝑛
= 𝑝
then the two lines are the

same and they have infinite points common to each

other. So, infinite solutions occur.

General Procedure to solve linear equations:

➔ Aggregate the constant terms and variable terms

➔ For equations with more than one variable, eliminate

variables by substituting equations in their place.

➔ Hence, for two equations with two variables x and y,

express y in terms of x and substitute this in the other

equation.

➔ For Example: let x+y = 14 and x+4y = 26 then x = 14-y

(from equation 1) substituting this in equation 2, we get

14-y+4y = 26. Hence, y = 4 and x = 10.

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➔ For equations of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 and

𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑝, find the LCM of b and n.

Multiply each equation with a constant to make the y

term coefficient equal to the LCM. Then subtract

equation 2 from equation 1.

➔ Example: Let 2x+3y = 13 and 3x+4y = 18 are the given

equations (1) and (2).

● LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.

● Multiplying (1) by 4 and (2) by 3, we get 8x+12y = 52 and

9x+12y = 54.

● (2) - (1) gives x=2, y=3

➔ If the system of equations has n variables with n-1

equations then the solution is indeterminate.

➔ If system of equations has n variables with n-1

equations with some additional conditions

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 (for eg. the variables are integers), then the solution

may be determinate.

➔ If a system of equations has n variables with n-1

equations then some combination of variables may be

determinable.

➔ For example, if 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 and

𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 + 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑞, if a, b, c are in Arithmetic
progression and m, n and p are in AP then the sum

x+y+z is determinable.

➔ Equations with three variables: Let the equations be

𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑦 + 𝑐1𝑧 = 𝑑1, 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2𝑧 = 𝑑2 and

𝑎3𝑥 + 𝑏3𝑦 + 𝑐3𝑧 = 𝑑3.

➔ Here we define the following matrices.

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➔ If Determinant of D ≠ 0, then the equations have a
unique solution.
➔ If Determinant of D = 0, and at least one but not all of
the determinants Dx, Dy or Dz is zero, then no
solution exists.
➔ If Determinant of 𝐷 = 0, and all the three of the
determinants Dx, Dy and Dz are zero, then there are
infinitely many solutions.
➔ Determinant can be calculated by

D = 𝑎 (𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑏 ) − 𝑏 (𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑎 ) + 𝑐 (𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑎 )
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3

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62
 Quadratic Equations
● Quadratic Equations is also an important topic For

CAT Exam.

● The theory involved in this topic is very simple and

students should be comfortable with some basic

formulas and concepts.

● The techniques like option elimination, value

assumption can help to solve questions from this

topic quickly.

● This pdf covers all the important formulas and

concepts related to Quadratic Equations.

● General Quadratic equation will be in the form of

2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

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● The values of ‘x’ satisfying the equation are called

roots of the equation.

2
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
● The value of roots, p and q =
2𝑎

● The above formula is known as the Shreedhara

Acharya's Formula, after the ancient Indian

Mathematician who derived it.

−𝑏
● Sum of the roots = p+q =
𝑎

𝑐
● Product of the roots = p × q =
𝑎
● If 'c' and 'a' are equal then the roots are reciprocal to

each other.

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● If b = 0, then the roots are equal and are opposite in

sign.

2
➔ Let D denote the discriminant, D = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐.

Depending on the sign and value of D, nature of the

roots would be as follows:

● D < 0 and |D| is not a perfect square: Roots will be in

the form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are the real

and imaginary parts of the complex roots. p is

rational and q is irrational.

● D < 0 and |D| is a perfect square: Roots will be in the

form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are both

rational.

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 −𝑏
● D=0 ⇒ Roots are real and equal. X = 2𝑎

● D > 0 and D is not a perfect square:

Roots are conjugate surds

● D > 0 and D is a perfect square:

Roots are real, rational and unequal

➔ Signs of the roots:

Let P be product of roots and S be their sum

● P > 0, S > 0 : Both roots are positive

● P > 0, S < 0 : Both roots are negative

● P < 0, S > 0 : Numerical smaller root is negative and

the other root is positive

● P < 0, S < 0 : Numerical larger root is negative and the

other root is positive

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 2
● Minimum and maximum values of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏
● If a > 0: minimum value = and occurs at
4𝑎

−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎
2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏
● If a < 0: maximum value = and occurs at
4𝑎

−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎

𝑛 𝑛−1
➔ If 𝐴𝑛𝑋 + 𝐴𝑛−1𝑋 +.... + 𝐴1𝑋 + 𝐴0, then

−𝐴𝑛−1
● Sum of the roots = 𝐴𝑛

𝐴𝑛−2
● Sum of roots taken two at a time = 𝐴
𝑛

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 −𝐴𝑛−3
● Sum of roots taken three at a time = and so on
𝐴𝑛

𝑛
[(−1) 𝐴0]
Product of the roots =
𝐴𝑛

➔ Finding a quadratic equation:

● If roots are given:

2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = 0

● If sum s and product p of roots are given:

2
𝑥 − 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0

● If roots are reciprocals of roots of equation

2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then equation is
2
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0

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● If roots are k more than roots of
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then equation is
2
𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑘) + 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑘) + 𝑐 = 0
2
● If roots are k times roots of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
then equation is 𝑎(𝑥/𝑘) + 𝑏(𝑥/𝑘) + 𝑐 = 0

● Descartes Rules: A polynomial equation with n

sign changes can have a maximum of n
positive roots. To find the maximum possible
number of negative roots, find the number of
positive roots of f(-x).
● An equation where the highest power is odd
must have at least one real root.

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71
 CAT Inequalities Formulas
● The topic Inequalities is one of the few sections in

the quantitative part which can throw up tricky

questions. The questions are often asked in

conjunction with other sections like ratio and

proportion, progressions etc.

● The theory involved in Inequalities is limited and

therefore, students should be comfortable with

learning the basics, which involves operations such

as addition, multiplication and changing of signs of

the inequalities.

● The scope for making an error is high in this section

as a minor mistake in calculation (like forgetting the

sign) can lead to a completely different answer.

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● The modulus of x, |x| equals the maximum of x and

–x is –|x| ≤ x ≤ |x|

● For any two real numbers 'a' and 'b’,

➔ a > b => -a < -b

➔ |a| + |b| ≥ |a + b|

➔ |a| - |b| ≤ |a - b|

➔ |a . b| = |a| |b|

➔ |a| > |b| ⇒ a > b (if both are +ve)

⇒ a < b (if both are -ve)

● For any three real numbers X, Y and Z;

if X > Y then X+Z > Y+Z

● If X > Y and

1. Z is positive, then XZ > YZ

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 2. Z is negative, then XZ < YZ

1 1
3. If X and Y are of the same sign, 𝑋 < 𝑌

1 1
4. If X and Y are of different signs, 𝑋 > 𝑌

1
● For any positive real number, 𝑥+ 𝑥
≥2

● For any real number x >1,

1 𝑥
2 < ⎡1 + ⎤ < 2. 8
⎣ 𝑥⎦

As x increases, the function tends to an irrational

number called 'e' which is approx. equal to 2.718

● If |x| ≤ k then the value of x lies between –k and k,

or –k ≤ x ≤ k

● If |x| ≥ k then x ≥ k or x ≤ -k

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74
 2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 < 0 then (x-m)(x-n) < 0, and if

n > m, then m < x < n

2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0 then (x-m)(x-n) > 0 and if

m < n, then x < m and x > n

2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0 but m = n, then the value of x

exists for all values, except x is equal to m,

i.e., x < m and x > m but x ≠ m

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77
 Progressions & Series
● Progressions and Series is one of the important
topics for CAT and a significant number of questions
appear in the examination from this section every
year.
● Some of the questions from this section can be very
tough and time consuming while the others can be
very easy.
● The trick to ace this section is to quickly figure out
whether a question is solvable or not and not waste
time on very difficult questions.
● Some of the questions in this section can be
answered by ruling out wrong choices among the
options available. This method will both save time
and improve accuracy.
● There are many shortcuts which will be of vital
importance in answering this section.

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● There are 3 standard types of progressions
➔ Arithmetic Progression
➔ Geometric Progression
➔ Harmonic Progression

Arithmetic progression (A.P):

● If the sum or difference between any two consecutive

terms is constant then the terms are said to be in A.P

(Example: 2,5,8,11 or a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d…)

● If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common

difference then the general ‘n’ term is

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
● Sum of first ‘n’ terms in
𝑛
A.P = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]

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● Number of terms in

𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚−𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

A. P =
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
+1

● Sum of all terms of an

𝑛
A. P= 2 [𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚]

Properties of A.P:

● If a, b , c, d,…. are in A.P and ‘k’ is a constant then

● a-k, b-k, c-k,… will also be in A.P

● ak, bk, ck,…will also be in A.P

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
● , , will also be in A.P
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

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Geometric progression (G.P):

● If in a succession of numbers the ratio of any term

and the previous term is constant then that number

is said to be in Geometric Progression.

2 3
● Ex :1, 3, 9, 27 or a, ar, 𝑎𝑟 ,𝑎𝑟

𝑛−1
● The general expression of an G.P, 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟

(where ‘a’ is the first terms and ‘r’ is the common ratio)

● Sum of ‘n’ terms in G.P,

𝑛 𝑛
𝑎(1−𝑟 ) 𝑎(𝑟 −1)
Sn= 1−𝑟 (if r<1) or 𝑟−1 (if r>1)

● Properties of G.P:

● If a, b , c, d,…. are in G.P and ‘k’ is a constant then

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 ➔ ak, bk, ck,…will also be in G.P

➔ a/k, b/k, c/k will also be in G.P

Sum of term of infinite series in G.P,

𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
(− 1 < 𝑟 < 1)

Harmonic progression (H.P):

● If a, b, c, d,.…..are unequal numbers then they are

1 1 1
said to be in H.P if
𝑎
, 𝑏 , 𝑐 ,……are in A.P
● The ‘n’ term in H.P is 1/(nth term in A.P)

Properties of H.P :
If a, b, c, d,…are in H.P, then

a+d > b+c

ad > bc
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Arithmetic Geometric Series:
● A series will be in arithmetic geometric series if each

of its terms is formed by the product of the

corresponding terms of an A.P and G.P.

● The general form of A.G.P series is a,(𝑎 + 2𝑑)𝑟,

2
(𝑎 + 2𝑑)𝑟 ,....

● Sum of ‘n’ terms of A.G.P series

𝑛−1
𝑎 (1−𝑟 ) [𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑠𝑛 = 1−𝑟
+ 𝑟𝑑 1−𝑟
+ 𝑟𝑛 (1−𝑟)
(𝑟 ≠ 1)

𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = 2
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 𝑑)]

● Sum of infinite terms of A.G.P series

𝑎 𝑑𝑟
𝑠∞ = 1−𝑟
+ 2 (|𝑟| < 1)
(1−𝑟)

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Standard Series:
𝑛(𝑛+1)
● The sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers =
2

● The sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers

𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
= 6

● The sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers

𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
=[ ]
2

2
● The sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers = 𝑛

● The sum of first ‘n’ even natural numbers = n(n+1)

● In any series, if the sum of first n terms is given by 𝑆𝑛,

𝑡ℎ
then the 𝑛 term 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
𝑛

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Arithmetic Mean:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
● The arithmetic mean =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

● If two number A and B are in A.P then arithmetic

𝑎+𝑏
mean =
2

● Inserting ‘n’ means between two numbers a and b

● The total terms will become n+2, a is the first term

and b is the last term

𝑏−𝑎
● Then the common difference d =
𝑛+1

● The last term b = a+(n+1)d

● The final series is a, a+d, a+2d….

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Geometric Mean:
● If a, b, c,… n terms are in G.P then
𝑛
G.M = 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 ×........ × 𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
● If two numbers a, b are in G.P then their

G.M = 𝑎×𝑏
● Inserting ‘n’ means between two quantities a and b
with common ratio ‘r’
2
● The final series is 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟
Harmonic Mean:
● If a, b, c, d,.. are the given numbers in H.P then the
Harmonic mean of

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
‘n’ terms = 1 1 1
𝑎
+ 𝑏 + 𝑐 +.......

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● If two numbers a and b are in H.P then the Harmonic

2𝑎𝑏
Mean =
𝑎+𝑏
● Relationship between AM, GM and HM for two

numbers a and b,

𝑎+𝑏
A.M= 2

G.M= 𝑎 * 𝑏
2𝑎𝑏
H.M= 𝑎+𝑏

G.M= 𝐴𝑀 * 𝐻𝑀

A.M ≥ G.M ≥ H.M

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Success Stories
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Cracku helped me to maintain regularity with their daily tests.

The materials and sectional tests helped to brush up my
concepts. The mock tests are also at par with the level of
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89
 CAT Logarithms, Surds &
Indices Formulas
● “Logarithms, Surds and Indices” is one of the easiest

topics in the quantitative section of the CAT exam.

● Although the number of formulas is high, the basic

concepts are very simple to understand and apply.

● There are no shortcuts to remember and the scope of

the questions that can be asked is very limited.

● The accuracy of answering questions from this

section is very high and good students tend to score

very well here.

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● If X,Y > 0 and m,n are rational numbers then

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
➔ 𝑋 ×𝑋 =𝑋

0
➔ 𝑋 =1
𝑚
𝑋 𝑚−𝑛
➔ 𝑛 =𝑋
𝑋

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
➔ ( )
𝑋 =𝑋

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
➔ 𝑋 × 𝑌 = (𝑋 × 𝑌)

𝑋 𝑚
𝑚
➔
𝑋
𝑌
𝑚 = ( )
𝑌

−𝑚 1
➔ 𝑋 = 𝑚
𝑋

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● If X and Y are positive real numbers and a,b are

rational numbers

𝑋 −𝑎 𝑌 𝑎
➔ ( ) ( )
𝑌
= 𝑋

1/𝑎 𝑎
➔ 𝑋 = 𝑋

𝑎/𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
➔ 𝑋 = 𝑋

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
➔ 𝑋 × 𝑌 = 𝑋𝑌

𝑎
𝑋 𝑎 𝑋
➔ 𝑎 = 𝑌
𝑌

1
➔ = 𝑁 + 1+ 𝑁
𝑁+1− 𝑁

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● Surds is an irrational number involving a root.
3 5
Ex: 5, 7, 2
● Like surds are two surds having the same number

under radical sign.

● Like surds can be added or subtracted.

6 2+ 3 2= 9 2

● If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑑 , then a = c and b = d.

● The conjugate of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is 𝑎 − 𝑏

● 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎..... ∞ = a

1−⎡⎢ 𝑥 ⎤⎥
1
⎣2 ⎦
● 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎..... 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎

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● To find 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦 should be written in

the form of 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 2 𝑚𝑛 where 𝑥 = 𝑚 + 𝑛

and 4𝑚𝑛 = 𝑦 and 𝑥+ 𝑦=± ( 𝑚 + 𝑛)

𝑥
● If N =𝑎 then, x is defined as the logarithm of N to

base or 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑁 a logarithm of a negative

number or zero is not defined

● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎1 = 0

● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑦

𝑐
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏

● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑎 = 1

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 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥
●𝑋 =𝑌
𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑛

1
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥
●𝑏 = 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑏
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑎

● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 * 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑎 = 1

● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑌

𝑋
𝑌 𝑎 𝑎

● If 0 < a < 1, then 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑦(𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑦)

𝑎

● If a > 1 then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑦 (if x>y)

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 Our Results

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Our Faculty

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97
 CAT Geometry Formulas
● Geometry is one of the hardest sections to crack without
preparation and one of the easiest with preparation.

● With so many formulas to learn and remember, this

section is going to take a lot of time to master.

● Remember, read a formula, try to visualize the formula

and solve as many questions related to the formula as
you can.

● Knowing a formula and knowing when to apply it are

two different abilities.

● The first will come through reading the formulae list

and theory but the latter can come only through solving
many different problems.

● So in this document we are going to provide an

exhaustive list of formulas and tips for making the
geometry section a lot easier.

● Try to remember all of them and don’t forget to share.

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 Quadrants

Quadrant I X is Positive Y is Positive

Quadrant II X is Negative Y is Positive
Quadrant III X is Negative Y is Negative
Quadrant IV X is Positive Y is Negative

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 Lines and Angles
Collinear points:
Three or more points lying on the single straight line.
In this diagram the three points A,B and C are collinear

Concurrent lines:
If three or more lines lying in the same plane intersect
at a single point then those lines are called concurrent
lines.
The three lines X, Y and Z are concurrent lines here.

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● The distance between two points with coordinates

2 2
(𝑋1,𝑌1), (𝑋2,𝑌2) is given by D = (𝑋2 − 𝑋1) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1)

𝑦2−𝑦1
● Slope, m=
𝑥2−𝑥1
(If 𝑥2=𝑥1then the lines are

perpendicular to each other)

● Mid point between two points A(𝑥 ,𝑦1) and

1

𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
B (𝑥
2
, 𝑦2) is ( 2
, 2
)
● When two lines are parallel, their slopes are equal

i.e. 𝑚1= 𝑚2
● When two lines are perpendicular, product of their

slopes = -1 i.e, 𝑚
1
∗𝑚2 = −1

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 ● If two intersecting lines have slopes m1 and m2
then the angle between two lines will be
𝑚1−𝑚2
tan θ =
𝑚1𝑚2

(where θ is the angle between the lines)

● The length of perpendicular from a point(𝑋 , 𝑌 )

1 1

𝐴𝑋1+ 𝐵𝑌2+ 𝐶
on the line AX+BY+C = 0 is 𝑃= 2 2
𝐴 +𝐵
● The distance between two parallel lines
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0 and 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0 is

| 𝐶1−𝐶2 |
D=| |
| 𝐴 +𝐵 |
2 2

● Coordinates of a point P that divides the line joining

A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) internally in the ratio

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102
 l:m : ( 𝑙𝑥2+ 𝑚𝑥1
𝑙+𝑚
,
𝑙𝑦2+ 𝑚𝑦1
𝑙+𝑚 )
● Coordinates of a point P that divides the line joining
A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) externally in the ratio

l:m : ( 𝑙𝑥2− 𝑚𝑥1

𝑙−𝑚
,
𝑙𝑦2− 𝑚𝑦1
𝑙−𝑚 )
● For a triangle ABC, A (x1,y1), B (x2,y2), C (x3,y3):
(𝑥1+ 𝑥2+ 𝑥3) (𝑦1+ 𝑦2+ 𝑦3)
Centroid = ( 3
, 3 )
(𝑎𝑥1+ 𝑏𝑥2+ 𝑐𝑥3) (𝑎𝑦1+ 𝑎𝑦2+ 𝑎𝑦3)
● Incentre = = ( 3
, 3 )
;

where a, b and c are the lengths of the BC, AC and

AB respectively.

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 Equations of a lines

General equation
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
of a line

Slope intercept 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
form (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡)

Point-slope form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)

𝑥 𝑦
Intercept form
𝑎
+ 𝑏
= 1
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
Two point form
𝑦2−𝑦1
= 𝑥2−𝑥1

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104
 General equation of a Circle
The general equation of a circle is
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

● Centre of the circle is (-g,-f)

2 2
● Radius of the circle = 𝑔 +𝑓 − 𝑐
● If the origin is the center of the circle then
2 2 2
equation of the circle is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟
➢ When two angles A and B are complementary,
sum of A and B is 90°
➢ When two angles A and B are supplementary,
sum of A and B is 180°
➢ When two lines intersect, opposite angles are
equal. Adjacent angles are supplementary

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105
➢ When any number of lines intersect at a point,
the sum of all the angles formed = 360°
➢ Consider parallel lines AB, CD and EF as shown
in the figure.

➢ XY and MN are known as transversals

➢ ∠XPQ = ∠PRS = ∠RTU as corresponding
angles are equal
➢ Interior angles on the side of the transversal
are supplementary. i.e. ∠PQS + ∠QSR = 180°

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106
➢ Exterior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary. i.e.
∠MQB + ∠DSU = 180°
➢ Two transversals are cut by three parallel lines
𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑆
in the same ratio i.e.
𝑅𝑇
= 𝑆𝑈

Equations of a lines
General equation of a line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Slope intercept form
(𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡)

Point-slope form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)

𝑥 𝑦
Intercept form
𝑎
+ 𝑏
=1
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
Two point form
𝑦2−𝑦1
= 𝑥2−𝑥1

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 Triangles
➔ Sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°
➔ An angle less than 90° is called an acute angle.
An angle greater than 90° is called an obtuse angle.
➔ A triangle with all sides unequal is called scalene
triangle
➔ A triangle with two sides equal is called an isosceles
triangle. The two angles of an isosceles triangle that are
not contained between the equal sides are equal.
➔ A triangle with all sides equal is called an
equilateral triangle. All angles of an equilateral triangle
equal 60°.
➔ If in a triangle all of its angles are less than 90°
than that triangle is called as acute angled triangle
➔ A triangle with one of its angle equal to 90° than
that triangle is called as Right angled triangle

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108
➔ A triangle with one of its angles greater than 90°
than that triangle is called an Obtuse angled triangle.
➔ If one side of a triangle is produced then that
exterior angle formed is equal to the sum of opposite
remote interior angles
➔ A line joining the mid point of a side with the
opposite vertex is called a median. (Here D is the
midpoint of the AC side or AD = DC).
BD is the median of this triangle ABC.

➔ A perpendicular drawn from a vertex to the

opposite side is called the altitude

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➔ A line that bisects and also makes right angle with
the same side of the triangle is called perpendicular
bisector
➔ A line that divides the angle at one of the vertices into
two parts is called angular bisector
➔ All points on an angular bisector are equidistant from
both arms of the angle.
➔ All points on a perpendicular bisector of a line are
equidistant from both ends of the line.

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➔ In an equilateral triangle, the perpendicular bisector,
median, angle bisector and altitude (drawn from a
vertex to a side) coincide.
➔ The point of intersection of the three altitudes is the
Orthocentre.
➔ The point of intersection of the three medians is the
centroid.
➔ The three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle meet
at a point called the Circumcentre. A circle drawn
from this point with the circumradius would pass
through all the vertices of the triangle.
➔ The three angle bisectors of a triangle meet at a point
called the incentre of a triangle. The incentre is
equidistant from the three sides and a circle drawn
from this point with the inradius would touch all the
sides of the triangle.

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➔ Sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater
than its third side
➔ Difference of any two sides of a triangle is always
lesser than it’s third side

● Pythagoras theorem:
In a right angled triangle ABC where ∠B= 90°,
2 2 2
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶

● Apollonius theorem:
In a triangle ABC, if AD is the median to side BC then by
Apollonius theorem,
2 2 2 2
2∗(𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐷 ) = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵

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Mid Point Theorem :
The line joining the midpoint of any two sides in a
triangle is parallel to the third side and is half the
length of the third side. If X is the midpoint of CA and Y
is the midpoint of CB. Then XY will be parallel to AB
and XY = ½ * AB

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Basic proportionality theorem :
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle and
it intersects the other two sides at two distinct points
then it divides the two sides in the ratio of respective
sides. If in a triangle ABC, D and E are the points lying
on AC and BC respectively and DE is parallel to AB
then AD/DC = EC/BE

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The materials and sectional tests helped to brush up my
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Interior Angular Bisector
theorem :
In a triangle the angular bisector of an angle divides the
side opposite to the angle, in the ratio of the remaining
two sides. In a triangle ABC if AD is the angle bisector of
angle A then AD divides the side BC in the same ratio as
the other two sides of the triangle.
i.e. BD/ CD= AB/AC.

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115
Exterior Angular Bisector
theorem :
The angular bisector of the exterior, the angle of a
triangle divides the opposite side externally in the ratio
of the sides containing the angle. In a triangle ABC, if CE
is the angular bisector of exterior angle BCD of a
triangle, then AE/BE = AC/BC

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● Cyclic Quadrilateral :
If a quadrilateral has all its vertices on the circle and its
0
opposite angles are supplementary (here x+y =180 )
then that quadrilateral is called cyclic quadrilateral.
In a cyclic quadrilateral the opposite angles are
supplementary.
Area of a cyclic quadrilateral is
A = (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑)
where s = 2
Exterior angle is equal to its remote interior opposite
angle. (here ∠CBX = ∠ADC)

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● If x is the side of an equilateral triangle then the

3
Altitude (h) =
2
𝑥
3 2
Area =
4
𝑥
1
Inradius = *h
3
2
Circumradius = *h
3
𝑎 2 2
● Area of an Isosceles triangle = 4𝑐 − 𝑎
4
(where a, b and c are the length of the sides of BC, AC
and AB respectively and b = c)

Similar triangles :
If two triangles are similar then their corresponding
angles are equal and the corresponding sides will be in
proportion.

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For any two similar triangles :
● Ratio of sides = Ratio of medians = Ratio of heights
= Ratio of circumradii = Ratio of Angular bisectors
● Ratio of areas = Ratio of the square of the sides.
Tests of similarity : (AA / SSS / SAS)

Congruent triangles:
If two triangles are congruent then their corresponding
angles and their corresponding sides are equal.
Tests of congruence : (SSS / SAS / AAS / ASA)

Area of a triangle:
(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)
● A = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where s =
2

1
● A=
2
* 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

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 1
● A=
2
* 𝑎𝑏 * 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶

(C is the angle formed between sides a and b)

𝑎𝑏𝑐
● A= where R is the circumradius
4𝑅

● A = r * s where r is the inradius and s is the semi

perimeter. (where a, b and c are the lengths of the sides

BC, AC and AB)

Special triangles :
0 0 0
● 30 , 60 , 90

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 0 0 0
● 45 , 45 , 90

Consider the triangle ABC with incentre I, and the

incircle touching the triangle at P,Q,R as shown in the
diagram. As tangents drawn from a point are equal,
AP=AQ, CP=CR and BQ=BR.

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 ● In an equilateral triangle, the centroid divides the
median in the ratio 2:1. As the median is also the
perpendicular bisector, angle bisector, G is also the
circumcentre and incentre.
● If a is the side of an equilateral triangle,
circumradius =a/√3 and inradius = a/(2√3 )

Circles
● The angle subtended by a diameter of circle on the circle
0
= 90

● Angles subtended by an equal chord are equal. Also,

angles subtended in the major segment are half the

angle formed by the chord at the center

● Equal chords of a circle or equidistant from the center

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● The radius from the center to the point where a tangent

touches a circle is perpendicular to the tangent

● Tangents drawn from the same point to a circle are

equal in length

● A perpendicular drawn from the center to any chord,

bisects the chord

θ 2
Area of sector OAXC =
360
* π𝑟
θ 2 1 2
Area of minor segment AXC =
360
π𝑟 - 𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ
2

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Inscribed angle Theorem :

2∠ACB = ∠AOB

The angle inscribed by the two points lying on the

circle, at the center of the circle, is twice the angle
inscribed at any point on the circle by the same points.

Angles subtended by the same segment on the circle

will be equal. So, here angles a and b will be equal.
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The angle made by a chord with a tangent to one of the
ends of the chord is equal to the angle subtended by the
chord in the other segment.
As shown in the figure, ∠ACB = ∠BAT.

Consider a circle as shown in the image. Here,

2
𝐴𝑃 * 𝐴𝑄 = 𝐴𝑆 * 𝐴𝑈 = 𝐴𝑇

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Two tangents drawn to a circle from an external
common point will be equal in length. So here AZ = AT

Direct common tangent :

In this figure PQ and RS are the direct common

tangents and let AB (Distance between the two

centers) = D

2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 =𝑅𝑆 = 𝐷 -(𝑟 − 𝑟 )
1 2

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Transverse common tangent :

In this figure PQ and RS are the transverse

common tangents and let AB (Distance between

the two centers) = D

2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝐷 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2)

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 Polygons and Quadrilaterals
● If all sides and all angles are equal, then the

polygon is a regular polygon

𝑛(𝑛−3)
● A regular polygon of n sides has
2

diagonals
● In a regular polygon of n sides, each exterior

360
angle is degrees.
𝑛

● Sum of measure of all the interior angles of a

regular polygon is 180 (n-2) degrees (where n is

the number of sides of the polygon)
● Sum of measure of all the exterior angles of

regular polygon is 360 degrees

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ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with each side equal to
‘x’ then
0
● Each interior angle = 120
0
● Each exterior angle = 60
0
● Sum of all the exterior angles = 360
0
● Sum of all the interior angles = 720

3 3 2
● Area =
2
𝑎

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Areas of different geometrical figures:

1
Triangles 2
* 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Rectangle 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ * 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

1
Trapezoid 2
* 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Parallelogram 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Circle π * 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
2

1
Rhombus 2
* 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2 1 2
Square 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
1
Kite 2
* 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠

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 Solids
Volume of different solids:
Cube 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
3

Cuboid 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ * 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Prism 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Cylinder π𝑟 ℎ
2

Pyramid 1
* 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3

Cone 1 2
* π𝑟 * ℎ
3

Cone Frustum (If R is the

base radius, r is the upper 1 2 2
surface radius and h is the 3
* πℎ(𝑅 + 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑟 )
height of the frustum)

4 3
Sphere 3
*π * 𝑟

2 3
Hemi-sphere 3
π𝑟

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Total Surface area of different solids:
2 * 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 *
Prism
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Cube 6 * 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2

Cuboid 2(𝑙ℎ + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙𝑏)

Cylinder 2π𝑟ℎ + 2π𝑟

2

1
* 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 *
Pyramid 2
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Cone (l is the slant

π𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
height)
Cone Frustum
(where R & r are the radii 2 2
of the base faces and l is π(𝑅 + 𝑟 + 𝑅𝑙 + 𝑟𝑙)
the slant height)

Sphere 4π𝑟
2

Hemi-sphere 3π𝑟
2

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Lateral/Curved surface area:
Prism 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Cube 4 * 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2

2 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 +
Cuboid
2 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Cylinder 2π𝑟ℎ
1
* 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 *
Pyramid 2
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Cone (l is the slant

π𝑟𝑙
height)

Cone Frustum (where R

is the base radius, l is π(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝐿
the slant height)

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● The angle subtended by a diameter of circle on the

circle = 90 degrees

● Angles subtended by equal chords are equal. Also,

angles subtended in the major segment are half the

angle formed by the chord at the center

● The radius from the center to the point where a

tangent touches a circle is perpendicular to the

tangent.

● Tangents drawn from the same point to a circle are

equal in length.

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136
 CAT Set Theory And Venn
Diagrams Formulas
● It's one of the easiest topics of CAT. Most of the

formulae in this section can be deduced logically with

little effort.

● The difficult part of the problem is translating the

sentences into areas of the Venn diagram. While

solving, pay careful attention to phrases like and, or,

not, only, as these generally signify the relationship.

● Set is defined as a collection of well-defined objects.

Ex. Set of whole numbers.

● Every object is called an element of the set.

● The number of elements in the set is called cardinal

number.

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 Types of Sets
➔ Null Sets:

A set with zero or no elements is called a Null set.

It is denoted by { } or Ø. Null set cardinal number is 0.

➔ Singleton Sets:

Sets with only one element in them are called

singleton sets. Ex. {2}, {a}, {0}

➔ Finite and Infinite Sets:

A set having a finite number of elements is called a

finite set. A set having infinite or uncountable

elements in it is called an infinite set.

➔ Universal Sets:

A set which contains all the elements of all the sets

and all the other sets in it, is called a universal set.

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➔ Subsets:

A set is said to be a subset of another set if all the

elements contained in it are also part of another set.

Ex. If A = {1,2}, B = {1,2,3,4} then, Set “A” is said to

be a subset of set B.

➔ Equal Sets:

Two sets are said to be equal sets when they contain

the same elements Ex. A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c}

then A and B are called equal sets.

➔ Disjoint Sets:

When two sets have no elements in common then

the two sets are called disjoint sets.

Ex. A = {1,2,3} and B = {6,8,9} then A and B are

disjoint sets.

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➔ Power Sets:

➔ A power set is defined as the collection of all the

subsets of a set and is denoted by P(A)

➔ If A = {a,b} then P(A) = { { }, {a}, {b}, {a,b} }

➔ For a set having n elements, the number of subsets

𝑛
are 2

➔ Properties of Sets:

➔ The null set is a subset of all sets

➔ Every set is subset of itself

➔ A U (BUC) = (AUB) U C

➔ A ∩ (B∩C) = (A∩B) ∩ C

➔ A U (B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC)

➔ A ∩ (BUC) = (A∩B) U (A∩C)

➔AUØ=A

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➔ Venn Diagrams:

A Venn diagram is a figure to represent various sets

and their relationship.

I,II,III are the elements in only A, only B & only C resp.

IV – Elements which are in all of A, B and C.

V - Elements which are in A and B but not in C.

VI – Elements which are in A and C but not in B.

VII – Elements which are in B and C but not in A.

VIII – Elements which are not in either A or B or C.

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➔ Union of sets is defined as the collection of elements
either in A or B or both. It is represented by the
symbol “U”. Intersection of set is the collection of
elements which are in both A and B.
➔ Let there are two sets A and B then,
n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)
➔ If there are 3 sets A, B and C then,
n(AUBUC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A∩B) - n(B∩C) -
n(C∩A) + n(A∩B∩C)
➔ To maximise overlap,
➔ Union should be as small as possible
➔ Calculate the surplus = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) -
n(AUBUC)
➔ This can be attributed to n(A∩B∩C′), n(A∩B′∩C),
n(A′∩B∩C), n(A∩B∩C).
➔ To maximise the overlap, set the other three
terms to zero.

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➔ To minimise overlap:
➔ Union should be as large as possible.
➔ Calculate the surplus = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) -
n(AUBUC).
➔ This can be attributed to n(A∩B∩C′), n(A∩B′∩C),
n(A′∩B∩C), n(A∩B∩C).
➔ To minimise the overlap, set the other three
terms to maximum possible.
➔ Some other important properties
➔ A’ is called complement of set A, or A’ = U-A
➔ n(A-B) = n(A) - n(A∩B)
➔ A-B = A∩B’
➔ B-A = A’∩B
➔ (A-B) U B = A U B

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145
CAT Number System Formulas
● Number Systems is the most important topic in the

quantitative section.

● It is a very vast topic and a significant number of

questions appear in CAT every year from this section.

● Learning simple tricks like divisibility rules, HCF and

LCM, prime number and remainder theorems can

help improve the score drastically.

● This PDF covers the best short cuts which makes this

topic easy and helps you perform better.

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● HCF & LCM

● HCF * LCM of two numbers = Product of two

numbers

● The greatest number dividing a, b and c leaving

remainders of 𝑥1, 𝑥2 and 𝑥3 is the HCF of (𝑎 − 𝑥1),

(𝑏 − 𝑥2) and (𝑐 − 𝑥3)

● The greatest number dividing a, b and c (a<b<c)

leaving the same remainder each time is the HCF of

(c-b), (c-a), (b-a).

● If a number, N, is divisible by X and Y and

HCF(X,Y) = 1. Then, N is divisible by X × Y

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 Prime and Composite Numbers

● Prime numbers are numbers with only two factors, 1

and the number itself.

● Composite numbers are numbers with more than 2

factors. Examples are 4, 6, 8, 9.

● 0 and 1 are neither composite nor prime.

● There are 25 prime numbers less than 100.

Properties of Prime numbers

● To check if n is a prime number, list all prime factors

less than or equal to √n. If none of the prime factors

can divide n then n is a prime number.

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 𝑝−𝑎
● For any integer a and prime number p, 𝑎 is always

divisible by p

● All prime number greater than 2 and 3 can be written

in the form of 6k+1 or 6k-1

𝑏−1
● If a and b are coprime then 𝑎 mod b=1

● Theorems on Prime numbers

Fermat's Theorem:

● Remainder of a^(p-1) when divided by p is 1, where p

is a prime.

Wilson's Theorem:

● Remainder when (p-1)! is divided by p is (p-1) where

p is a prime

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● Remainder Theorem

● If a, b, c are the prime factors of N such that

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
N= 𝑎 *𝑏 * 𝑐 Then the number of numbers less than

N and co-prime to N is

1 1 1
ϕ(N)= N (1 - ) (1 - ) (1 - ).
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

This function is known as the Euler's totient

function.

● Euler's theorem

● If M & N are coprime to each other than remainder

ϕ(𝑁)
when 𝑀 is divided by N is 1.

(Note: If N is prime, the Euler's Theorem becomes

the Fermat's Theorem.)

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 ⎤+⎡⎢ 2 ⎤⎥+⎡⎢ 3 ⎤⎥+….. Ex:
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
● Highest power of n in m! is ⎡ 𝑛
⎣ ⎦ ⎣𝑛 ⎦ ⎣𝑛 ⎦

100 100
Ex: Highest power of 7 in 100! = ⎡ 7 ⎤+⎡ ⎤= 16
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 49 ⎦

● To find the number of zeroes in n! find the highest

power of 5 in n!

● If all possible permutations of n distinct digits are

added together the sum = (n-1)! * (sum of n digits) *

(11111... n times)

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
● If the number can be represented as N = 𝑎 ∗𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 . . .

then number of factors the is (p+1) * (q+1) * (r+1)

𝑝+1 𝑞+1 𝑟+1

𝑎 −1 𝑏 −1 𝑐 −1
● Sum of the factors =
𝑎−1
× 𝑏−1
× 𝑐−1

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● If the number of factors are odd then N is a perfect

square.

● If there are n factors, then the number of pairs of

𝑛
factors would be . If N is a perfect square then
2

(𝑛+1)
number of pairs (including the square root) is
2

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
● If the number can be expressed as N = 2 ∗𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 . . .

where the power of 2 is p and a, b are prime numbers

● Then the number of even factors of

N = p (1+q) (1+r)......

● The number of odd factors of N = (1+q) (1+r)…

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● Number of positive integral solutions of the equation

2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑘 is given by

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘

● (If k is odd but not
2
a perfect square)
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘)−1
● (If k is odd and
2
a perfect square)
𝑘
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 4
● (If k is even and
2
not a perfect square)

●
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 )−1 (If it is even
𝑘
4
2
and a perfect square)

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 𝑏
● Number of digits in 𝑎 = [ b 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚(a) ] + 1 ;

where m is the base of the number and [.] denotes

greatest integer function.

● Even number which is not a multiple of 4, can never

be expressed as a difference of 2 perfect squares.

2
● Sum of first n odd numbers is 𝑛

● Sum of first n even numbers is n(n+1)

𝑎/2
● The product of the factors of N is given by 𝑁 ,

where a is the number of factors

2 2 2
● The last two digits of 𝑎 , (50 − 𝑎) , (50 + 𝑎) ,

2
(100 − 𝑎) . . . . . are the same.

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 10𝑛
● If the number is written as 2

● When n is odd, the last 2 digits are 24.

● When n is even, the last 2 digits are 76

Divisibility

● Divisibility by 2: Last digit divisible by 2

● Divisibility by 4: Last two digits divisible by 4

● Divisibility by 8: Last three digits divisible by 8

● Divisibility by 16: Last four digit divisible by 16

● Divisibility by 3: Sum of digits divisible by 3

● Divisibility by 9: Sum of digits divisible by 9

● Divisibility by 27: Sum of blocks of 3 (taken right to

left) divisible by 27

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● Divisibility by 7: Remove the last digit, double it and

subtract it from the truncated original number.

Check if number is divisible by 7

● Divisibility by 11: (sum of odd digits) - (sum of even

digits) should be 0 or divisible by 11

Divisibility properties

● For composite divisors, check if the number is

divisible by the factors individually. Hence to check if

a number is divisible by 6 it must be divisible by 2

and 3.

𝑛 𝑛
● The equation 𝑎 − 𝑏 is always divisible by a-b.

If n is even it is divisible by a+b. If n is odd it is not

divisible by a+b.

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 𝑛 𝑛
● The equation 𝑎 + 𝑏 , is divisible by a+b if n is odd.

If n is even it is not divisible by a+b.

● Converting from decimal to base b. Let 𝑅 , 𝑅2 . . . be

1

the remainder left after repeatedly dividing the

number with b. Hence, the number in base b is given

by ... 𝑅2𝑅1 .

● Converting from base b to decimal - multiply each

digit of the number with a power of b starting with

0
the rightmost digit and 𝑏 .

● A decimal number is divisible by b-1 only if the sum

of the digits of the number when written in base b are

divisible by b-1.

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● Cyclicity - To find the last digit of a n find the
cyclicity of a. For Ex. if a=2, we see that
1
● 2 =2
2
● 2 =4
3
● 2 =8
4
● 2 = 16
5
● 2 = 32
𝑡ℎ
Hence, the last digit of 2 repeats after every 4
power. Hence cyclicity of 2 = 4. Hence if we have to
𝑛
find the last digit of 𝑎 , The steps are:
1. Find the cyclicity of a, say it is x.
2. Find the remainder when n is divided by x, say
remainder r
𝑥
3. Find a r if r>0 and 𝑎 when r=0

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 2 2
(
● (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏 )
2
(2 2
● (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑏 )
2 2 2
● (𝑎 − 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏)
2 2 2
● (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎))
2 2 2
● (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎))
3 3 2 2
● (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 )
3 3 2 2
● (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 )
3 3 2 2
● (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 )
3 3 3
● (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)
2 2 2
= (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)
3 3 3
● When a + b + c = 0, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐

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161
 CAT Remainder Theorems
Formulas
● Fermat's little Theorem:
➔ Fermat’s theorem is an important remainder

theorem which can be used to find the remainder

easily.

➔ Fermat’s theorem states that for any integer ‘a’ and

prime number ‘p’, ap-a is always divisible by ‘p’.

➔ Also, if a is not divisible by p, i.e, if a and p are

relatively prime, then a(p-1)mod p = 1 mod p.

➔ Which means the remainder is 1.

➔ The second part of the theorem is very useful in

solving problems.

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● Example: when 2256 is divided by 17, the remainder

would be____:

Here, 7 is a prime number and 2, 17 are relatively

prime.

Therefore, 216 mod 17 = 1.

2256 can be written as (216)16.

Since, 216 mod 17 = 1, (216)16 mod 17 = 1.

Thus, the remainder when 2256 is divided by 17 is 1.

● Example:
Find the remainder when 375 is divided by 37. Here, 37
is a prime number. Hence, Fermat’s theorem can be
used. Also, 3 and 37 are relatively prime.
Therefore, 336 mod 37 = 1
375 mod 37 = (336)2 mod 37 = 1
375 mod 37 = 372
33 mod 37 = 33 mod 37

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 27 mod 37 is equal to 27.
Hence, the remainder when 375 is divided by 37 is 27.

● Euler’s Totient:
➔ Euler's theorem is one of the most important

remainder theorems. It is imperative to know about

➔ Euler's totient before we can use the theorem.

➔ Euler's totient is defined as the number of numbers

less than ‘n’ that are co-prime to it.

➔ It is usually denoted as ϕ(n).

➔ The formula to find Euler’s totient is

ϕ(𝑛) = 𝑛 * 1 − ( 1
𝑎 ) * (1 − ) *….where a,b
1
𝑏

are the prime factors of the numbers.

Eg: Find the number of numbers that are less than 30

and are co-prime to it.

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 30 can be written as 2*3*5.

ϕ(30)=30* ( )* ( )* ( )=
1
2
2
3
4
5
8

Therefore, 8 numbers less than 30 are co-prime to

it.

ϕ(𝑛)
➔ Euler's theorem states that a (mod n) = 1 (mod

n) if ‘a’ and ‘n’ are co-prime to each other.

So, if the given number ‘a’ and the divisor ‘n’ are
co-prime to each other, we can use Euler's theorem.

● Example 1:

What is the remainder when 2256 is divided by 15?

2 and 15 are co-prime to each other. Hence, Euler’s

theorem can be applied.

15 can be written as 5*3.

Euler's totient of 15 = 15* (1 − ) * (1 − )

1
3
1
5

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 2 4
= 15* * =8
3 5
Therefore, we have to try to express 256 as 8k +

something. 256 can be expressed as 8*32

ϕ(𝑛)
We know that, a (mod n) = 1 (mod n)

8*32
2 (mod 15) = 1 (mod 15).

Therefore, 1 is the right answer.

● Example 2:

What are the last 2 digits of 72008 ?

Finding the last 2 digits is similar to finding the

remainder when the number is divided by 100.

100 and 7 are co-prime to each other. Hence, we can

use Euler’s theorem.

2 2
100 can be written as 2 * 5 .

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Euler's totient of 100, ϕ(100)

= 100* (1 − ) * (1 − )
1
2
1
5

1 4
= 100* *
2 5

ϕ(100) = 40
72008 can be written as 72000 * 78

72000 can be written as 740*25 , Hence, 72000 will yield a

remainder of 1 when divided by 100

The problem is reduced to what will be the remainder

when 78 is divided by 100

We know that 74 = 2401

78 = 74 * 74 = 2401 * 2401

As we can clearly see, the last 2 digits will be 01.

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● Wilson’s Theorem:
➔ According to Wilson's theorem for prime number ‘p’,

[(p+1)!+1] is divisible by p.

➔ In other words, (p-1)! Leaves a remainder of (p-1)

when divided by p.

Thus, (p-1)! Mod p = p-1

➔ For Example: 4! When divided by 5, we get 4 as

remainder.

➔ 6! When divided by 7, we get 6 as remainder.

➔ 10! When divided by 11, we get 10 as a remainder.

➔ If we extend Wilson’s theorem further, we get an

important corollary (p-2)! Mod p = 1

➔ As from the wilson’s theorem we have, (p-1)! Mod p

= (p-1)

➔ Thus, [(p-1)(p-2)!] mod p = (p-1)

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➔ This will be equal to

[(p-1) mod p]*[(p-2)! Mod p] = (p-1)

➔ For any prime number ‘p’, we observe that (p-1) mod

p = (p-1)

➔ For e.g 6 mod 7 will be 6

Thus, (p-1)*[(p-2)! Mod p] = (p-1)

thus , for RHS to be equal to LHS,

(p-2)! Mod p = 1

Hence, 5! Mod 7 will be 1 and 51! Mod 53 will be 1

● Examples:

● Q.1) What will be the remainder when 568! Is it

divided by 569?

Solution: According to Wilson’s theorem we have for

prime number ‘p’. (p-1)! Mod p = (p-1)

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 In this case 569 is a prime number.

Thus, 568! Mod 569 = 568

Hence, when 568! divided by 569 we get 568 as

remainder.

Answer: 568

● Q.2) What will be the remainder when 225! Is it

divided by 227?

Solution: We know that for the prime number ‘p’,

(p-2)! Mod p = 1.

In this case, 227 is a prime number.

Thus, 225! Mod 227 will be equal to 1.

In other words, when 225!

Is divided by 227 we get the remainder as 1.

Answer: 1

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● Q.3) What will be the remainder when 15! Is it divided

by 19?

Solution: 19 is a prime number.

➔ From the corollary of Wilson’s theorem, for prime

number ‘p’.

(p-2)! mod p = 1

Thus, 17! mod 19 = 1

[17*16*15!] mod 19 = 1

[17 mod 19] * [16 mod 19] * [15! mod 19] = 1

[-2] * [-3]*[15! mod 19] = 1

[6 * 15!] mod 19 = 1

➔ Multiplying both sides by 3, we get

[18*15!] mod 19 = 3

[-1*15!] mod 19 = 3

➔ Multiplying both sides by -1, we get

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 15! mod 19 = -3

➔ Remainder of ‘-3’ when divided by 19 is the same as

the remainder of ‘16’ when divided by 19.

Thus 15! Mod 19 = 16

Answer: 16

● Q.4) What will be the remainder when (23!)2 Is it

divided by 47?

Solution: 47 is a prime number.

➔ From corollary of Wilson’s theorem, for prime

number ‘p’, (p-2) mod p = 1

Thus 45! mod 47 = 1

[45*44*43*.....*25*24*23!] mod 47 = 1

[(-2)*(-3)*(-4)*.....*(-22)*(-23)*23!] mod 47 = 1

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➔ We see that there are even numbers of terms from

‘-2’ to ‘-23’. Thus negative signs cancel off.

➔ We get

[23!* 23!] mod 47 = 1

Thus, (23!)2 mod 47 = 1

➔ Hence, when (23!)2 is divided 47, we get 1 as a

remainder.

Answer: 1

● Chinese Remainder Theorem:

● The Chinese remainder theorem is useful when the

divisor of any number is composite.

● Let M be a number which is divided by a divisor N.

The theorem states that of N is the divisor which can

be expressed as N = a*b where a and b are co-prime

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● Then,

M mod N = ar2x+br1y

Here r1 = M mod a

And r2 = M mod b

Here, ax + by = 1

● Example 1

● Find the remainder when 344237 is divided by 119

In the first look it looks difficult but if one knows the

chinese remainder theorem then the question can be

solved very easily.

● 119 = 17*7, so here a = 17 and b = 7

344237 mod 17 =4237 mod 17 = (4*16116) mod 17 = 4*1 =

Hence, we get r1=4

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 Now, 344237 mod 7 =1237 mod 7 = 1, Hence r2=1

We know that M mod N = ar2x +br1y

● Therefore, 344237 mod 119 = 17*1x + 7*4y = 17x + 28y

We know that 17x + 7y = 1

● We can see that x =5 and y = -12 satisfies the above

equation.

Hence, putting the values of x and y in equation 1, we

get 344237 mod 119 = 117 * 5 - 28 * 12 = 85-336 = -251

Converting this into positive remainder we get

357-251=106

● Hence, the required remainder is 106.

Example 2:

● Let’s consider another example to understand is

better find the remainder when 4952517 is divided by
78.

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● In this question also, the divisor is 78 which can be

written as 13*6. So, we can use the Chinese

remainder theorem in this question as well.

Let’s take a = 13 and b = 16

So we can write 4952517 mod 78 = 13r2x+6r1y

➔ r1=4952517 mod 13 = 12517 mod 13 = 1

➔ r2=4952517 mod 6 = 32517 mod 6 = (22516 mod 2)*3 =

1 *3 = 3

➔ We also know that 13x +6y =1

x = 1 and y = -2 satisfies the above equation.

➔ Hence, we can obtain the remainder as

4952517 mod 78 = 13r2x +6r1y = 13*3*1 - 6*1-2

=39-12 = 27

Hence, the required answer is 27.

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178
 CAT Permutations And Combinations
Formulas
● Permutations & Combinations, and Probability are

key topics in CAT.

● You don't have to go too deep into these topics, but

ensure that you learn the basics well.

● So look through this formula list a few times and

understand the formulae.

● The best way to tackle this subject is by solving

questions. The more questions you solve, the better

you will get at this topic.

● Once you practise a good number of sums, you will

start to see that all of them are generally variations

of the same few themes that are listed in the formula

list.

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● In this slide, we will look at the important formulae

on P&C, and Probability.

➔ N! = N(N-1)(N-2)(N-3)....1

➔ 0! = 1! = 1

𝑛!
➔ Cr=
n
(𝑛−𝑟)! 𝑟!

𝑛!
➔ Pr=
n
(𝑛−𝑟)!

● Arrangement:
n items can be arranged in n! Ways

● Permutation:
A way of selecting and arranging r objects out of a

𝑛!
set of n objects, Pr=
n
(𝑛−𝑟)!

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● Combination:
➔ A way of selecting r objects out of n (arrangement

𝑛!
does not matter)
n
Cr=
(𝑛−𝑟)! 𝑟!

➔ Selecting r objects out of n is same as selecting

(n-r) objects out of n,

n
Cr=nCn-r

➔ Total selections that can be made from ‘n’ distinct

𝑛
𝑛
items is given ∑ nCr = 2
𝑘=0

● Partitioning:

➔ Number of ways to partition n identical things in r

n+r-1
distinct slots is given by Cr-1

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 ➔ Number of ways to partition n identical things in r

distinct slots so that each slot gets at least 1 is given

n-1
by Cr-1
➔ Number of ways to partition n distinct things in r

𝑛
distinct slots is given by 𝑟

➔ Number of ways to partition n distinct things in r

distinct slots where arrangement matters =

(𝑛+𝑟−1)!
(𝑟−1)!

● Arrangement with repetitions :

➔ If x items out of n items are repeated, then the

𝑛!
number of ways of arranging these n items is
𝑥!

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 ways. If a items, b items and c items are repeated

𝑛!
within n items, they can be arranged in ways.
𝑎!𝑏!𝑐!

● Rank of a word :

➔ To get the rank of a word in the alphabetical list of

all permutations of the word, start with

alphabetically arranging the n letters. If there are x

letters higher than the first letter of the word, then

there are at least x*(n-1)! Words above our word.

➔ After removing the first affixed letter from the set

if there are y letters above the second letter then

there are y*(n-2)! words before your word and so

on. So rank of word = x*(n-1)! + y*(n-2)! + .. +1

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● Integral Solutions:

➔ Number of positive integral solutions to 𝑥1+ 𝑥2+ 𝑥3

s-1
+.....+ 𝑥𝑛=s where s ≥ 0 is Cn-1
➔ Number of non-negative integral solutions to 𝑥1+

n+s-1
𝑥2+ 𝑥3+.....+ 𝑥𝑛=s where s ≥ 0 is Cn-1
● Circular arrangement :

➔ Number of ways of arranging n items around a

circle are 1 for n = 1,2 and (n-1)! for n ≥ 3. If its a

necklace or bracelet that can be flipped over, the

(𝑛−1)!
possibilities are
2

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● Derangements :

➔ If n distinct items are arranged, the number of

ways they can be arranged so that they do not

occupy their intended spot is

𝑛
1 1 1 1 (−1)
D = n!( 0!
+ 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+..... + 𝑛!
)

● Bayes Theorem (Conditional Probability) for CAT:

➔ Conditional probability is used in case of events

which are not independent. In the discussion of

probabilities all events can be classified into 2

categories: Dependent and Independent.

➔ Independent events are those where the happening

of one event does not affect the happening of the

other. For example, if an unbiased coin is thrown

‘n’ times then the probability of heads turning up in

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 any of the attempts will be ½ . It will not be

dependent on the results of the previous outcomes.

➔ Dependent events, on the other hand, are the events

in which the outcome of the second event is

dependent on the second event is dependent on the

outcome of the first event.

➔ For example, if you have to draw two cards from a

desk one after the other, then the probability of the

second card being of a particular suit will depend on

which card was drawn in the first attempt.

➔ Let us first discuss the definition of conditional

probability.

➔ Let ‘A’ & ‘B’ be two events which are not

independent then the probability of occurrence of B

𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
given that A has already is given by P(B|A)=
𝑃 (𝐴)

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➔ Here, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) is nothing but the probability of
occurrence of both A & B. We often use Bayes

theorem to solve problems on conditional

𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)*𝑃(𝐵)
probability. P(B|A)=
𝑃 (𝐴)

➔ Here P(A|B) is the probability of occurrence of A

given that B has already occurred.

➔ P(A) is the probability of occurrence of A

➔ P(B) is the probability of occurrence of B

● Example:

Let us try to understand the application of the

conditional probability and Bayes theorem with the

help of a few examples.

Ravi draws two cards from a deck of 52 cards one

after another. If it is known that the first card was

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king then what is the probability of the second card

being ‘spades’?

Let us use the conditional probability concept which

we discussed above.

Let ‘A’ be the event of getting a king, then P(A) =

4/52 = 1/13

Let ‘B’ be the event of getting a spade, then P(B) =

13/52 = 1/4

Now we know that one of the spade cards is also a

king. Hence, the event 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) contains 1 element.

Thus, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1/52

Hence, by using the formula for conditional

probability,
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 1/52
we get 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴 )
= 1/13
= 1/4

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