Question

uestio Mark Guidance

1 (a) V stomach ;
W large intestine / colon / rectum ; [2] I intestine unqualified

(b) breaks up food into small(er) pieces ; R molecules

without chemical change ; A without enzymes
by teeth / muscles ; A mastication / chewing / churning
to mix (with digestive juice) ;
increases surface area ;
for enzyme action ;
speeds up chemical digestion ; A easier / more effective
easier to swallow ; [3]

(c) for:
positive correlation / as (relative) body mass increases,
time in digestive system increases ;
any two or more figures from the graph ; units must be quoted at least once

against: max 3 from

two / one / few / some (species), are outliers / anomalies ; e.g.
e. either outlier quot
any figure(s) from the graph ;

(description of) some mammals do not fit the, pattern / trend ;

any example from the graph ;

only information about 26 species of mammal / small sample size ;

idea about unknown validity ; [max 4]

[Total: 9]

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Question
uestio Mark Additional Guidance

2 (a (i) G oesophagus / esophagus / gullet ;

H diaphragm ;
M large intestine / large bowel / colon ; [3] R intestine unqualified / rectum

(ii)
function name letter from Fig. 3.1

conversion of glucose liver P;

to glycogen

secretion of insulin pancreas K

and glucagon

absorption of products ileum / small intestine L;

of digestion

storage of bile gall bladder O; ignore bile duct

chemical digestion of stomach J;

protein in an acidic pH
[4]

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Question
uestio Mark Additional Guidance

2 (b) (i) emulsification / emulsifying (fat) / producing an emulsion ; [1] R ‘emulsion’ unqualified

(ii) increases surface area ; A speeds up, enzyme reaction / breakdown

for action of, lipase / enzyme(s) ; of fat / absorption of fat
[2] A makes it easier to absorb

(c) (i) one mark per correct row

hormone uptake by liver concentration of
cells glucose in the blood

insulin
nsulin inc decreases ;

glucagon
lucagon de increases / stays the
same ;
[2]

(ii) adrenaline ; A epinephrine, cortisol, ACTH, growth

hormone, somatostatin, thyroxine, GLP–1,
[1] GIP

(d) glucose concentration is kept, (near) constant / within narrow limits / AW ;

any change (in concentration), is detected / acts as a stimulus ;
correct ref to, glucose → glycogen / glycogen → glucose / increasing glucose R hormones carrying out conversions
concentration / decreasing glucose concentration ; directly
idea that it returns concentration to normal ;
idea that release of correctly named hormone, stops / switches off ;
ref to homeostasis ; max [3]

[Total: 16]

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3 (a) 1 peristalsis ;
2 circular muscles contract (to push to food) ;
3 muscle contraction above food pushes it forward ;
4 circular and longitudinal muscles work antagonistically / AW ; max [2]

(b) (i) P – epithelium / epithelial cell ; Reject ciliated epithelium, epidermis, goblet
cell
Accept epithelium with brush border
Q – (blood) capillary ;
R – lacteal / lymphatic vessel ; [3]

(ii) hepatic portal (vein) ; [1]

(iii) give a large surface area (of membrane) ;

to increase / maximise, absorption ;
by diffusion / by active transport ; max [2]

(iv) enzymes / proteases / lipases ;

(stomach) acid ;
physical damage / AW ;
parasites / (named) pathogens / toxins ; max [2]

[Total:10]

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4 (a) chemical digestion (max 2)
1 ref to breakdown of molecules ;
2 breaking bonds ;
3 using enzymes ;
4 insoluble to soluble ;

mechanical digestion (max 2)

5 ref to breakdown of, particle / molecule ;
6 ref to increase surface area (for chemical digestion) ;
7 to, mix /churn ; [max 3]

(b) one mark per correct row

function name of the part letter from Fig.
1.1

J
produces bile liver

most soluble food is

absorbed into the E;
blood small intestine / ileum

indigestible food is anus / anal canal

F;
egested

hydrochloric acid is
stomach C;
produced

protease, lipase and

amylase are pancreas D;
produced
[4]

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4 (c)
1 less / no bile, secreted / released ;
2 (so) no / less, bile salts ;
3 enter small intestine / duodenum ;
4 no / less, emulsification of fat ;
5 less / no, increased surface area of fat (globules / AW)
6 for lipase ;
7 slower / harder, digestion ; [max 3] R no digestion

(d)
1 coronary heart disease / CHD / heart attack / cardiac arrest / angina / myocardial Ignore cardiovascular disease / CVD
infarction ;
2 reduced blood flow / blockage of artery or arteries ; A narrowing of artery reduces blood
3 damaged / hardened artery wall / atheroma / atherosclerosis ; flow
4 (blood) clot / thrombus / thrombosis / (coronary) aneurysm ;
5 causes high blood pressure ;
6 reduced supply of, oxygen / nutrients, to heart tissue / muscle ;
7 muscle respires anaerobically ; [max 3]

[Total:13]

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