Nova School of Business and Economics

2020 – 2021 S2

Calculus II

Exercise Book 1

Theorems

Áurea Quintino
Patrı́cia Xufre
Pedro Chaves
 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.1 Euler’s Theorem

List 1.1 Euler’s Theorem

1. State and justify whether the functions defined by the following general expressions are homogeneous and, if so,
state their homogeneity degree:
(a) f (x) = 1 (f) f (x, y) = x ln y + yex
(b) f (x) = xα (α ∈ R) (g) f (x, y, z) = xyz
− y ln xz
x2 +y 2 −z 2
 5
∗ (c) f (x, y) = √x+y
x−y (h) f (x, y, z) = x3 g xy , xz g : R2 → R



2
+y 2
∗ (d) f (x, y) = xex
 
z5

∗ (i) f (x, y, z) = g xyz, xy , y 2 ln 2x − min x3 z 3 , y 6
(e) f (x, y) = √x+y g : R3 → R homogeneous of degree 2


3 x +y 3

Qn
2. A function f : D ⊂ Rn → R is Cobb - Douglas when it is defined by f (x) = β i=1 xα i , with α1 , ..., αn , β ≥ 0.
i

A homogeneous function has decreasing, constant and increasing returns to scale when the outputs change,
respectively, less than probytionally, probytionally and more than probytionally with the inputs. State and
justify whether the homogeneous functions defined by the following general expressions are Cobb - Douglas and
classify them regarding returns to scale, when possible.
√
(a) C(q) = q 2 (d) F (K, L) = 3 KL3
(e) v(px , py , M ) = √M
(b) F (K, L) = K 0.5 L0.5 px py

x0.1 (2y)0.2
(c) F (K, L) = 2 K 0.4 + L0.4 (f) u(x, y, z) = (3z)−0.3

3. In each of the following parts, letting f be the function defined by the presented general expression, show that
the partial derivatives of f are homogeneous and that f satisfies Euler’s identity at all points of its domain, and
state and justify, not using the definition of homogeneity, the homogeneity degree of f :
 
(a) f (x) = x12 (e) f (x, y) = xα g xy + y α g xy

x2 y 2 (α ∈ R; g : R → R differentiable)
(b) f (x, y) = x−y
q
xy
(c) f (x, y) =
 
x3
x+y (f) f (x, y, z) = g 2 y ,z
2



(d) f (x, y) = x2 − y 2 (ln x − ln y) g : R2 → R differentiable and homogeneous of degree 2

∗ 4. Consider a function f : R2 → R, such that:

0
ˆ f is C 2 ˆ f(1,1) (3, 1) = 0
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 2 ˆ The 1, 1 entry of Hf (12, 4) is 2
ˆ f (3, 1) + f (9, 3) − f (6, 2) = 24

Compute:
(a) f (3, 1) (c) Hf (3, 1)
(b) ∇f (3, 1)

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.1 Euler’s Theorem

5. Consider α, β ∈ R and two functions, f : R2 → R and g : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f and g are differentiable ˆ g is homogeneous of degree β
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree α

Also, consider the function h : D ⊂ R2 → R, defined by:

y 2 f (x, y)
h(x, y) =
xg(x, y)

(a) Show that h is homogeneous and state its homogeneity degree.

(b) Now, consider that:
∂f 1 1


ˆ α=1 ˆ ∂y 2 ,2 =1
ˆ β=1 ˆ g(1, 1) = 1
1 1 ∂g


ˆ f 2, 2 =1 ˆ ∂x (1, 1) =1
∂h
Compute ∂x (1, 1).

6. Consider α ∈ R and a function f : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f is differentiable
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree α

Also, consider the function g : D ⊂ R2 → R, defined by:

y3
g(x, y) = x2 f (x, y) +
f (x, y)

(a) State and justify a value for α which ensures that g is homogeneous.
(b) Now, consider that:
ˆ α is the value you stated in (a)
ˆ f (1, 1) = 1
i. Compute g(4, 4).
ii. Write the equation of the tangent plane to the graph of g at (1, 1, g(1, 1)).

∗ 7. Consider α, β ∈ R, and two functions, f : R2 → R and g : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f and g are C 2 ˆ g is homogeneous of degree β
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree α

Also, consider the function h : R2 → R, defined by:

h(x, y) = x3 f (x, y) + y 2 g(x, y)

(a) State and justify an expression which relates α and β and ensures that h is homogeneous.

3
 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.1 Euler’s Theorem

(b) Now, consider that:

∂2f
ˆ The relation you stated in (a) is true ˆ ∂x∂y (1, 0) =1
ˆ h is homogeneous of degree 5
∂2h
Compute ∂x∂y (1, 0).

∗ 8. Consider a function f : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f is differentiable ˆ ∇f (2, 1) = (1, 2)
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 2

Also, consider the function g : R2 → R, defined by:

g(x, y) = f x3 , x2 y

Compute:

(a) ∇g (2, 1)
(b) g(2, 1)

9. Consider α ∈ R+ and a function f : R → R, such that:

ˆ f is C 2
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 3

Also, consider the function g : R2 → R, defined by:

g(x, y) = f 2 (xα y)

(a) Show that g is homogeneous and state its homogeneity degree.

(b) Now, consider that:
ˆ α=1
ˆ f 0 (1) = 2
Compute:
∂2g
i. g(1, 1) iii. ∂x∂y (1, 1)
∂g
ii. ∂x (1, 1)

10. Consider α ∈ R and a function f : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f is C 2
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 3

Also, consider the function g : R2 → R, defined by:

xα+1 α
 
g(x, y) = f , x + yα
y

(a) Show that g is homogeneous and state its homogeneity degree.

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.1 Euler’s Theorem

(b) Now, consider that:

ˆ α=2 ˆ The 1, 2 entry of Hf (1, 2) is 0
1
ˆ ∇f (2, 4) = (1, 2) ˆ The 2, 2 entry of Hf (1, 2) is 2

Compute:
∂2g
i. ∇f (1, 2) iii. ∂x2 (1, 1)
∂g
ii. ∂x (1, 1)

∗ 11. Consider a function f : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f is C 2
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 2

Also, consider the function g : Dg ⊂ R3 → R, defined by:

x2 y
 
g(x, y, z) = f xy + z 2 ,
z

(a) Show that g is homogeneous and state its homogeneity degree.

(b) Now, consider that:
ˆ gx0 (1, 1, 1) = 8 ˆ The 1, 1 entry of Hf (4, 2) is 2
ˆ gy0 (1, 1, 1) =6 ˆ The 1, 2 entry of Hf (4, 2) is 0
Compute:
i. ∇f (2, 1)
00
ii. gxx (1, 1, 1)

12. Consider four functions, f : R2 → R, g : Rn → R and h : Rm → R and i : Rn+m → R, such that:

ˆ f is homogeneous of degree α
ˆ g and h are homogeneous of degree β
ˆ i is defined by i(x, y) = (g(x), h(y))

Also, consider the function j = f ◦ i.

(a) Show that j is homogeneous and state its homogeneity degree.

3
(b) Consider that a producer produces a single product, using the production function F : R+
0 → R, defined
0.5 0.5
by F (K, E, L) = (min{K, E}) L , where K, E and L represent quantities of the production factors:
capital, energy and labor, respectively.
i. Using the result of (a), show that F is homogeneous and state its homogeneity degree.
ii. Show, using Euler’s identity, that the following statement is true: “If the price of the product is 1,
the unit cost of each production factor is the same the its marginal productivity (the partial derivative
of the production function with respect to that production factor) and the producer is using different
quantities of capital and energy, his profit is 0.”.

5
 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.2 Mean Value Theorem

List 1.2 Mean Value Theorem

∗ 1. Consider three functions, f : R → R, g : R → R and h : R → R, such that:

ˆ f is C 2 ˆ g is defined by g(x) = 1 − f (x + 2)
−2 −1 h is defined by h(x) = f 0 x2


x 1 3 ˆ
ˆ f (x) 3 2 0 −1
f 0 (x) 1 −4 −1 1

Show that:

(a) ∃x ∈ ]−3, −1[ : g(x) = 0

(b) ∃x ∈ R : f 00 (x) = 0
(c) ∃x ∈ ]2, 6[ : h0 (x) = 1
f (−1)

2. In each of the following parts, letting f : D ⊂ Rn → R be a function which satisfies the presented conditions,
explain, not explictly computing it, whether the mean value theorem ensures the existence of c, different from a
and b, in the line segment which connects a and b, such that f (b) − f (a) = ∇f (c)(b − a), and find c, if it exists:
∗ (a) ˆ D=R ˆ a=0
3 2
ˆ f is defined by f (x) = x − 3x + 4x ˆ b=3
(b) ˆ D=R ˆ a = −1
√
3
ˆ f is defined by f (x) = x2 ˆ b=8
∗ (c) ˆ D=R ˆ a=1
ˆ f (1) = 6 ˆ b=5
ˆ ∀x ∈ ]1, 5], f (x) = x
(d) ˆ D = R+ × R+
0 ˆ a = (1, 1)
√
ˆ f is defined by f (x, y) = ln x + y ˆ b = (1, 4)
2
(e) ˆ D = R \ {(0, 0)} ˆ a = (−1, −1)
x4
ˆ f is defined by f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 ˆ b = (2, 2)
2
∗ (f) ˆ D=R ˆ f (x, y) = 0 ⇔ (x, y) = (0, 0)
ˆ f is differentiable ˆ a = (0, 0)
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 2 ˆ b ∈ R2 \ {(0, 0)}
(g) ˆ D = R3 ˆ a = (1, 0, 2)
ˆ f is defined by f (x, y, z) = −13x3 + 15y 3 + z ˆ b = (13, 12, 2)

∗ 3. Consider the functions f : R → R and g : R → R, defined, respectively, by:

f (x) = ex
g(x) = x + 1

Use the mean value theorem to:

(a) Show that ∀x > 0, f (x) > g(x).

(b) Study the monotonicity of f × g.

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Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.2 Mean Value Theorem

4. Study the monotonicity of the functions defined by the following general expressions:
(
(a) f (x) = −x3 − ex − ln x −x if x < 0
(e) f (x) = x2 −3x
4
(b) f (x) = x − 8x 2 xe if x ≥ 0
(x−1)2 1
(c) f (x) = ex (f) f (x) = (x−k)2
(k ∈ R)

3
 1 − (x + 2)
 if x < −2 (g) f (x) = √x−1
1+x2
(d) f (x) = 1 if −2 ≤ x ≤ 3
2 4+x
e(x−3)

 if x > 3 (h) f (x) = ln 4−x

5. Using the mean value theorem, show that the following propositions are true:
x
−1
∗ (a) ∀x > 0, e x < ex ∗ (c) ∀x > 0, x−1
x ≤ ln x ≤ x − 1
n
(b) ∀x > 0, ln(x + 1) < x (d) ∀(n, x) ∈ (N × R+ ), (1 + x) ≥ 1 + nx

6. Consider a ∈ R, b ∈ ]a, +∞[, and a C 2 function f : Rn → R. Show that the following propositions are true:

(a) If n = 1, a = 1, b = 6, f (1) = 4 and f (6) = 2, then at least one the tangent lines to the graph of f is
parallel to the straight line with equations 2x + 5y = 15.
(b) If n = 1 and f (a) = f (b), then ∃c ∈ ]a, b[ : f 0 (c) = 0.
∗ (c) If n = 1, b > 0 and f is odd, then ∃c ∈ ]−b, b[ : f (b) = bf 0 (c).
(d) If n = 1, f (a − 1) = −f (a + 1) > 0, and g : R → R is the function defined by g(x) = f (x − 1) + 3, then
∃c ∈ ]a, a + 2[ : g 0 (c) = f (a + 1)
(e) If n = 1 and f is a quadratic function, then the midpoint of [a, b] is the only real number at which the
derivative of f is the same as the average rate of change of f between a and b.
∗ (f) If n = 1 and the graph of f intersects the straight line with equation y = 5x − 2 at three different points,
then the equation f 00 (x)(5 − f 0 (x)) = 0 has at least three different solutions.
0
∗ (g) If f (a, a, ...., a) = f (b, b, ...., b), then ∀u ∈ R \ {0}, ∃c ∈ ]a, b[ : f(u,u,...,u) (c, c, ..., c) = 0.
(h) If f is not injective, then at least one of the tangent planes to the graph of f is the graph of a not injective
function.

7
 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.3 Taylor’s Theorem

List 1.3 Taylor’s Theorem

1. In each of the following parts, letting f be the function defined by the presented general expression, compute
the requested differential:
x
(a) ˆ f (x) = 3x2 − 7x + 5 (f) ˆ f (x, y) = y
ˆ d1 f (2) ˆ d2(3,4) f (1, 1)
f (x) = x ln x2


(b) ˆ (g) ˆ f (x, y) = ln x + y 2
ˆ d23 f (1) ˆ d2(−1,2) f (0, 1)
√
3
(c) ˆ f (x) = x+1 x3 y 2
(h) ˆ f (x, y) = 6
ˆ d2x f (0) ˆ d3(x−1,y−2) f (1, 2)
2x
(d) ˆ f (x) = e (i) ˆ f (x, y) = x2 y 2
ˆ dk1 f (0) (k ∈ N) ˆ d4(x−3,y−5) f (3, 5)
2

(e) ˆ f (x) = ln x (j) ˆ f (x, y, z) = exyz

ˆ dk1 f (1) (k ∈ N) ˆ d2(1,−2,3) f (2, 1, 0)

2. In each of the following parts, letting f be the function defined by the stated general expression, and Pak (x)
the Taylor polynomial of degree k which approximates f in a neighbourhood of a, write the requested Taylor
polynomial, use it to estimate the image of the presented point and compute the error made by the polynomial
at that point:
1


(a) ˆ f (x) = √x+1 (f) ˆ f (x, y) = ln x2 + y 2
2
ˆ P02 (x) ˆ P(1,0) (x, y)
ˆ 0.1 ˆ (0.9, 0.1)
1
√
(b) ˆ f (x) = (g) ˆ f (x, y) = 8 x + y
x−2
2
ˆ P31 (x) ˆ P(1,3) (x, y)
ˆ 3.01 ˆ (0.5, 3.5)
2
∗ (c) ˆ f (x) = ex −1 (h) ˆ f (x, y) = xx+y
2
ˆ P13 (x) ˆ P(1,−1) (x, y)
ˆ 1.2 ˆ (1.1, −1.1)
(d) ˆ f (x) = x
ex−1
∗ (i) ˆ f (x, y) = yex
3
ˆ P13 (x) ˆ P(0,2) (x, y)
ˆ 1.1 ˆ (0, 2.05)
(e) ˆ 3
f (x) = x + 2x − 1 2 (j) ˆ f (x, y) = ex ln y
3
ˆ P03 (x) ˆ P(0,1) (x, y)
ˆ b (b ∈ R) ˆ (0, 2)

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.3 Taylor’s Theorem

3. Using a Taylor polynomial of degree 2, obtain an estimate of:

√
(a) 5 (c) ln 1.5
√
3
(b) 28 ∗ (d) 1.11.1
2
−1
4. Consider the function f : R2 → R, defined by f (x, y) = 3 + exy .

(a) Using a differential of f at (1, 1) obtain an estimate of f (x, y).

(b) Write the equation of the tangent plane to the graph of f at (1, 1, f (1, 1)).
(c) Write the Taylor polynomial of degree 1 which approximates f at a neighbourhood of (1, 1).
(d) How do you explain the relation between the results of (a), (b) and (c)?

5. Consider the function f : R2 → R, defined by f (x, y) = x2 y − xy 2 + y 3 .

(a) Rewrite f (x, y) as a polynomial in x − 1 and y + 1.

(b) Using the result of (a), compute f (1, −0.9).

6. Consider a function f : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f is C 3


ˆ ∀(x, y) ∈ R2 , x2 + y 4 f (x, y) + f 3 (x, y) = 1

(a) Compute:
∂2f
i. f (0, 0) iii. ∂x2 (0, 0)
ii. ∇f (0, 0)

(b) Now, consider that:

∂2f
ˆ ∂x∂y (0, 0) =0
2
∂ f
ˆ ∂y 2 (0, 0) =0
Write the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 2 of f .

∗ 7. Consider two functions, f : R2 → R and g : R2 → R, such that:

ˆ f is C 3 ˆ ∇f (0, 0) = (1, 0)
ˆ f (0, 0) = 0 ˆ g is defined by g(x, y) = xf (x, −y) + yf (y, x)

(a) Compute:
00
i. g(0, 0) iii. gxx (0, 0)
ii. ∇g (0, 0)

(b) Now, consider that:

00
ˆ gxy (0, 0) = 0
00
ˆ gyy (0, 0) = 2
i. Write the Maclaurin expansion of degree 2 of g.
g(x,y)
ii. State and justify the value of lim 2 2.
(x,y)→(0,0) x +y

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.3 Taylor’s Theorem

f
∗ 8. Consider that Pak (x) is the Taylor polynomial of degree k which approximates f in a neighbourhood of a, and
three functions, f : R2 → R, g : R2 → R and h : R2 → R, such that:
ˆ f and g are C 3 ˆ ∇g (2, 2) = (8, 4)
2 f (y−1)2

ˆ P(0,1) (x, y) = y + 2 ˆ h is defined by h(x, y) = g yf (x, y), y 2
ˆ g is homogeneous of degree 3

(a) Compute:
i. h(0, 1) iii. h00yx (0, 1)
ii. h0y (0, 1)

(b) State and justify a condition which ensures that h is homogeneous and the degree of homogeneity of h, in
that case.

9. Consider k ∈ N, a ∈ Rn , b ∈ Rn \ {a}, the function f : Rn → R and, if it exists, Pak (x), the Taylor polynomial
of degree k which approximates f in a neighbourhood of a. State and justify the truth value of the following
propositions:

(a) If n = 1 and f is not continuous at a, then it is still possible that ∃l ∈ N : ∃Pal (x).
∗ (b) If ∃Pa3 (x), then ∃Pa1 (x).
(
1 + ex if x ≤ 0
(c) If n = 1 and f (x) = x2 −1 , then ∃P01 (x).
x if x > 0
(d) If f is polynomial, then ∀x ∈ Rn , Pak (x) = f (x).
(e) If n = 1 and f (x) = x2 , then ∀x ∈ Rn , Pa1 (x) ≤ f (x).
(f) If n = 1 and ∃g : R → R, C 4 and such that g 0 (−1) = 2g 00 (−1) = 3g 000 (−1) = 6 and f (x) = xg 0 (x), then
2
P−1 (x) = 2x2 + 7x − 1.
∗ (g) If f is C k+1 at a and b, then Pak (x) 6= Pbk (x).
f (x)−Pak (x)
∗ (h) If f is C k+1 at a, then ∀p ≤ k, lim kx−akp = 0.
x→a

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.4 Inverse Function Theorem

List 1.4 Inverse Function Theorem

1. In each of the following parts, show that f is globally invertible, characterize the inverse function of f , f −1 , state
and justify whether f and f −1 are C ∞ , find the jacobian matrices of f at a and of f −1 at f (a) and show that
these matrices are inverse of one another:
f : [2, 4] → [8, 20] f : R+0 × R√→ R+ 0 ×R
+
(a) ˆ (e) ˆ
f (x) = x2 + 4 f (x, y) = ( x, ey )
ˆ a=3 ˆ a = (1, 0)
f : ]−∞, 1[ → R f : R2 → R2
(b) ˆ
(f) ˆ
f (x) = ln 1 − x3 f (x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x + 3y)
ˆ a = −1 ˆ a = (4, 5)
+
f : ]3, +∞[ → R f : R2 → R2
(c) ˆ 1 ∗ (g) ˆ
f (x) = (x−3)


2 f (x, y) = x3 , x − y 3
ˆ a=4 ˆ a = (1, 1)
f : Df → CDf f : R3 → R3
(d) ˆ 1 (h) ˆ
f (x) = e 3+ln x f (x, y, z) = (x, x + y, x + y + z)
ˆ a=1 ˆ a = (1, 2, 3)

2. In each of the following parts, letting f be the function defined by the presented general expression, show that f
is locally invertible at a, label the local inverse of f associated to this point as f −1 , compute Jf −1 (b) and state
what each entry of this matrix represents:
ln(x2 −3)+3x

y √ 
(a) ˆ f (x) = x−2
(c) ˆ f (x, y) = √y−x , 2x − y
3xe
ˆ a=2 ˆ a = (2, 3)
ˆ b=1 ˆ b = (3, 1)
 2 2 
f (x, y, z) = zey −x , xy−3
4z


∗ (b) ˆ f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + ln y + 3, ey−1 − xex + 2 (d) ˆ , x + 2y + 3z
ˆ a = (0, 1) ˆ a = (1, 1, 1)
ˆ b = (3, 3) ˆ b = (1, −2, 6)

∗ 3. Consider two functions, f : R+ → R and g : [1, +∞[ → R, such that:

ˆ f and g are C 1 ˆ g 0 (1) = 9
ˆ f (2) = 1 ˆ g 0 (2) = 6
ˆ f 0 (2) = 3

Also, consider a function h = g ◦ f −1 .

(a) Show that the domain of h contains a neighbourhood of 1.

(b) Show that h is differentiable at 1.
(c) Compute h0 (1).

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.4 Inverse Function Theorem

4. Consider two functions, f : ]−e, +∞[ → R and g : R → R, such that:

ˆ f is defined by f (x) = ln(x + e) ˆ g(1) = −2
ˆ g is C 2 ˆ g 0 (1) = e
ˆ g(3) = −1 ˆ g 0 (3) = 8

Also, consider the function h = g ◦ f .

(a) Write the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 1 of h.

ln 2
(b) Show that ∃c ∈ ]0, e[ such that the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at (c, f (c)) is e .

(c) Show that g has a C 1 local inverse, g −1 , which turns each y in a neighbourhood of −1 into a x in a
neighbourhood of 3.
0
(d) Compute g −1 (−1).
 
3 3
∗ 5. Consider the function f : R2 → R2 , defined by f (x, y) = (x + y) , (x − y) .

(a) Show that |Jf (0, 0)| = 0.

(b) Show that f is globally invertible.
(c) Explain why the results you proved in (a) and (b) do not contradict the inverse function theorem.

6. Consider two functions, f : R2 → R and g : R2 → R2 , such that:

 
ˆ f is C 3 2 1
ˆ Hf (1, 2) =
1 2
ˆ f is homogeneous of degree 2 ˆ g is defined by g(x, y) = ∇f (x, y)

Also, consider the function h = f ◦ g −1 .

(a) Write the Taylor polynomial of degree 2 which approximates f in a neighbourhood of (1, 2).
(b) Show that g has a C 2 local inverse, g −1 , which turns each (u, v) in a neighbourhood of (4, 5) into a (x, y)
in a neighbourhood of (1, 2).
(c) Show that h is differentiable at (4, 5).
(d) Compute h0(−1,1) (4, 5).

∗ 7. Consider two functions, f : R2 → R and e g : R2 → R2 , such that:

ˆ f is C 1 ˆ ∇f (0, 0) 6= (0, 0)
ˆ f (0, 0) = 0 ˆ g is defined by g(x, y) = (f (x, −y), f (y, x))

(a) Show that g has a C 1 local inverse, which turns each (u, v) in a neighbourhood of (0, 0) into a (x, y) in a
neighbourhood of (0, 0).
(b) Now, consider that ∇f (0, 0) = (1, 0) and a function h : R2 → Rm , differentiable at (0, 0).
i. Compute Dg1−1 (0, 0).
ii. Show that Jh◦g−1 (0, 0) = Jh (0, 0).

12
Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
List 1.4 Inverse Function Theorem
 5−x−y

8. Consider the function f : Df ⊂ R2 → R2 , defined by f (x, y) = ye 3 , ln x2 − y .

(a) Show that f has a C ∞ local inverse which turns each (u, v) in a neighbourhood of (3, 0) into a (x, y) in a
neighbourhood of (2, 3).
(b) Compute Jf −1 (3, 0).
(c) Now, consider the function g : Dg ⊂ R2 → R, defined by g(u, v) = (u − 3)f1−1 (u, v) + vf2−1 (u, v).
i. Write the Taylor polynomial of degree 2 which approximates g in a neighbourhood of (3, 0).
g(u,v)−2(u−3)−3v+4(u−3)v
ii. State and justify the value of lim (u−3)2 +v 2
.
(u,v)→(3,0)

9. Consider a ∈ Rn , α ∈ R, λ ∈ R+ , and the functions f : Rn → CDf ⊂ Rn , C 1 , and f −1 : Df −1 ⊂ Rn → CDf −1 ⊂

Rn , the inverse function of f , if it exists locally or globally. State and justify the truth value of the following
propositions:

∗ (a) If f is locallly invertible in Rn , then f is globally invertible.

∗ (b) If f is locallly invertible at a, then |Jf (a)| =
6 0.
(c) It is possible that f −1 is defined, but is not C 1 at f (a).
∗ (d) If n = 1, a > 0 and f 0 is even and positive in [0, a[, then f is invertible in ]−a, a[.
(e) If n = 1, a = 3, f (a) = 5, f (a + 1) = 3, f 0 (a) = − 31 , f 0 (a + 1) = 15 , f −1 (a) = 4 and f −1 (a + 1) = 2, then
0
f −1 (a) = −3.
(f) If n = 1, f is C 4 and f 0 (a) 6= 0, then the Taylor polynomial of degree 3 which approximates f in a
neighbourhood of a is locallly invertible at a.
∗ (g) If f is homogeneous of degree α and such that |Jf (a)| =
6 0, then f is locallly invertible at λa.

13
 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions

Solutions

List 1.1
5
1. (a) Yes; 0 (b) Yes; α (c) Yes; 2 (d) No (e) Yes; − 12 (f) No (g) Yes; 1 (h) Yes; 3 (i) Yes; 6
2. (a) Yes; Increasing returns to scale (b) Yes; Constant returns to scale (c) No; Decreasing returns to scale
(d) Yes; Increasing returns to scale (e) No (f) Yes; Decreasing returns to scale
1
3. (a) −2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) α (f) 8
 
2 −2
4. (a) 4 (b) (4, −4) (c)
−2 2
5. (a) 1 + α − β (b) −3
1
6. (a) 2 (b) i. 64 ii. z = 2 + 2(x − 1) + 3(y − 1)
7. (a) β = α + 1 (b) 4
8. (a) (80, 32) (b) 32
4 8
9. (a) 6α + 6 (b) i. 9 ii. 3 iii. 16
1 1 7


10. (a) 3α (b) i. 4, 2 ii. 4 iii. 9
11. (a) 4 (b) i. (4, 2) ii. 14
12. (a) αβ (b) i. 1

List 1.2

2. (a) Yes; c = 2 (b) No; @c (c) No; @c (d) Yes; c = 1, 94 1 1 b

(e) No; c = 2, 2 (f) Yes; c = 2 (g) Yes;
c ∈ {(4, 3, 2), (11, 10, 2)}
3. (b) Strictly decreasing in ]−∞, −2[; Strictly increasing in ]−2, +∞[
4. (a) Strictly decreasing in R+ (b) Strictly decreasing in ]−∞, −2[ and ]0, 2[; Strictly increasing in ]−2, 0[ and
]2, +∞[ (c) Strictly decreasing in ]−∞, 1[ and ]3, +∞[; Strictly increasing in ]1, 3[ (d) Strictly decreasing in
]−∞, −2[; Constant in ]−2, 3[; Strictly increasing in ]3, +∞[ (e) Strictly decreasing in ]−∞, 0[ and 12 , 1 ;
 
 1
Strictly increasing in 0, 2 and ]1, +∞[ (f) Strictly increasing in ]−∞, k[; Strictly decreasing in ]k, +∞[
(g) Strictly decreasing in ]−∞, −1[; Strictly increasing in ]−1, +∞[ (h) Strictly increasing in ]−4, 4[

List 1.3
k−1
1. (a) 5 (b) 18 (c) − 92 x2 (d) 1 (e) (−1) (k − 1)! (f) 8 (g) −1
3 2 2 2 2
(h) 4(x − 1) + 12(x − 1) (y − 2) + 3(x − 1)(y − 2) (i) 24(x − 3) (y − 5) (j) 18
2. (a) P02 (x) = 1 − x2 + 38 x2 ; P02 (0.1) = 0.95375; R02 (0.1) ≈ −0.0003 (b) P31 (x) = 1 − (x − 3); P31 (3.01) = 0.99;
2 3
R31 (3.01) = 0.01 (c) P13 (x) = 1 + 2(x − 1) + 3(x − 1) + 10 3 3
3 (x − 1) ; P1 (1.2) = 1.5467; R1 (1.2) ≈ 0.0060
2 3
(d) P13 (x) = 1− x2 + x3 ; P13 (1.1) = 0.99533; R13 (1.1) ≈ −0.00001 (e) P03 (x) = −1+2x2 +x3 ; P03 (b) = −1+2b2 +b3 ;
2
R03 (b) = 0 (f) P(1,0)
2
(x, y) = 2(x − 1) − (x − 1) + y 2 ; P(1,0)
2 2
(0.9, 0.1) = −0.2; R(1,0) (0.9, 0.1) ≈ 0.00155
2 2
2
(g) P(1,3) (x, y) = 16+2(x − 1)+2(y − 3)− (x−1)
8 − (x−1)(y−3)
4 −− (y−3)
8
2
; P(1,3) 2
(0.5, 2.5) = 16; R(1,3) (0.5, 2.5) = 0
2 2 2 3
(h) P(1,−1) (x, y) = 1 + (x − 1) + (x − 1)(y + 1); P(1,−1) (1.1, −1.1) = 1.02; R(0,1) (0, 2) = 0.02
3 x3 x2 (y−2)
(i) P(0,2) (x, y) = 2 + 2x + (y − 2) + x2 + x(y − 2) + 3 + 2 ; 3
P(0,2) 3
(0, 2.05) = 2.05; R(0,2) (0, 2.05) = 0

14
Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions

3 (y−1)2 x2 (y−1) x(y−1)2 (y−1)3 3

(j) P(0,1) (x, y) = (y − 1) + x(y − 1) − 2 + 2 − 2 + 3 ; P(0,1) (0, 2) = 0.8(3);
3
R(0,1) (0, 2) ≈ −0.14019
3. (a) 2.234375 (b) 3.03657978966621 (c) 0.375 (d) 1.11
1
4. (a) 4 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) (b) z = 4 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) (c) P(1,1) (x, y) = 4 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1)
2 2 2 2 3
5. (a) −3 − 3(x − 1) + 6(y + 1) − (x − 1) + 4(x − 1)(y + 1) − 4(y + 1) + (x − 1) (y + 1) − (x − 1)(y + 1) + (y + 1)
(b) −2.439
x2
6. (a) i. 1 ii. (0, 0) iii. − 23 (b) 1 − 3

7. (a) i. 0 ii. (0, 0) iii. 2 (b) i. g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 + R(0,0)

2
(x, y) ii. 1
8. (a) i. 1 ii. 6 iii. 0 (b) Ex: f homogeneous of degree 1; 6
9. (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) T (f) T (g) F (h) T

List 1.4
f −1 : [8; 20] → [2; 4] f −1 : R → ]−∞, 1[
1. (a) −1
√ ; f , f −1 C ∞ ; Jf (3) = 6; Jf −1 (13) = 16 (b) √ ; f , f −1 C ∞ ;
f (y) = y − 4 f −1 (y) = 3 1 − ey
f −1 : R+ → ]3,√+∞[
Jf (−1) = − 23 ; Jf −1 (ln 2) = − 23 (c) y ; f , f −1 C ∞ ; Jf (4) = −2; Jf −1 (1) = − 21
f −1 (y) = 3 + y
f −1 : R+ \ {1} → R+ \ e13

√3 e √
−1 ∞ 9
(d) 1
−3 ; f , f C ; J f (1) = − 9 ; Jf
−1 (
3
e) = − √ 3 e
f −1 (y) = e ln y
f −1 : R+ +
+
 1   
0 × R → R
0 ×R −1 ∞ 2 0 2 0
(e) ; f, f C ; Jf (1, 0) = ; Jf −1 (1, 1) =
f −1 (u, v) = u2 , ln v 0 1 0 1
−1 2 2
   
f :R →R −1 ∞ 1 2 −3 2
(f) ; f , f C ; Jf (4, 5) = ; J f −1 (14, 23) =
f −1 (u, v) = (−3u + 2v, 2u − v) 2 3 2 −1
−1 2 2
f :R →R
   1 
−1 ∞ 3 0 0
(g)  √ p √  ; f, f C ; Jf (1, 1) = ; Jf −1 (1, 0) = 3
f −1 (u, v) = 3 u, 3 3 u − v 1 −3 1
9 − 13
 
1 0 0
f −1 : R3 → R3 −1 ∞  1 1 0 ; f , f −1 C ∞ ;
(h) ; f , f C ; J f (1, 2, 3) =
f −1 (u, v, w) = (u, −u + v, −v + w)
1 1 1
 
1 0 0
Jf −1 (1, 3, 6) =  −1 1 0 
0 −1 1
∂f1−1 ∂f1−1
  " #
−1 0 −11 ∂u (3, 3) ∂v (3, 3)
2. (a) Jf −1 (1) = −3 = f (1) (b) Jf −1 (3, 3) = = ∂f2−1 ∂f2−1
01
∂u (3, 3) ∂v (3, 3)
" −1 −1 #
  ∂f1 ∂f1
2 −2 ∂u (3, 1) ∂v (3, 1)
(c) Jf −1 (3, 1) = = ∂f2−1 ∂f2−1
4 −6
∂u (3, 1) ∂v (3, 1)
∂f1−1 ∂f1−1 ∂f1−1
 
−1 4 (1, −2, 6) ∂v (1, −2, 6) ∂w (1, −2, 6)
 
3  ∂f∂u−1 ∂f2−1 ∂f2−1

(d) Jf −1 (1, −2, 6) = −1 7
 5  =  ∂u (1, −2, 6)
 2
∂v (1, −2, 6) ∂w (1, −2, 6)


1 −6 −4 ∂f3−1 ∂f3−1 ∂f3−1
(1, −2, 6) ∂u ∂v (1, −2, 6) ∂w (1, −2, 6)

3. (c) 2
4. (a) −2 + x (c) g 0 (3) = 8 (d) 81
f −1 : R2 → R 2
 
0 0 √ √ √ √
5. (a) Jf (0, 0) = (b) −1  3 u+ 3 v 3 u+ 3 v

0 0 f (u, v) = 2 , 2

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 Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions

2 2
6. (a) 7 + 4(x − 1) + 5(y − 2) + (x − 1) + (x − 1)(y − 2) + (y − 2) (b) |Jg (1, 2)| = 3 (d) 1
 
2 2 1
7. (a) |Jg (0, 0)| = (fa0 (0, 0)) + (fb0 (0, 0)) (b) i.
0
 
−1 0 2
8. (a) |Jg (2, 3)| = 1 (b) (c) i. 2(u − 3) + 3v − (u − 3) − 4(u − 3)v − v 2 ii. −1
−4 −1
9. (a) F (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) F (f) T (g) T

16