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Lecture 4 Rigid Bodies

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15 views

Lecture 4 Rigid Bodies

Uploaded by

sysybituin27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIGID BODIES:

EQUIVALENT
SYSTEMS OF FORCES
LECTURE 4 SRBN01E
DREXSIBAL
RIGID BODY MECHANICS
Most of the bodies considered in
elementary mechanics are assumed to be
rigid.

RECALL: We define a rigid body as one that


does not deform.
RESULTANT OF A FORCE SYSTEM
 The resultant of a force system is
defined to be the simplest system
that can replace the original system
without changing its external effect
on a rigid body.
OBJECTIVES
To discuss the concept of the moment
of a force and show how to calculate it.
To provide a method for finding the
moment of a force about a specified
axis.
OBJECTIVES
To define the moment of a couple.
To present methods for determining the
resultants of nonconcurrent force systems.
To indicate how to reduce a simple
distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location.
FORCES AND MOMENTS
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES
1. External forces are exerted by other bodies on the rigid
body under consideration. They are entirely responsible for
the external behavior of the rigid body, either causing it to
move or ensuring that it remains at rest.
2. Internal forces hold together the particles forming the
rigid body. If the rigid body is structurally composed of
several parts, the forces holding the component parts
together are also defined as internal forces.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
The principle of transmissibility
states that the conditions of
equilibrium or motion of a rigid
body remain unchanged if a force F
acting at a given point of the rigid
body is replaced by a force F’ of
the same magnitude and same
direction, but acting at a different
point, provided that the two forces
have the same line of action.
MOMENT OF A FORCE
Forces applied to wrenches and wheels will
produce rotation or a tendency for rotation. This
effect is called a moment, and in this chapter we
will study how to determine the moment of a
system of forces and calculate their resultants.
Moment of a Force
When a force is applied to a body it will
produce a tendency for the body to rotate
about a point that is not on the line of
action of the force. This tendency to rotate
is sometimes called a torque, but most
often it is called the moment of a force or
simply the moment .
MOMENT OF A FORCE
The moment Mo about point O , or about an axis passing through O
and perpendicular to the plane, is a vector quantity since it has a
specified magnitude and direction.
EXAMPLE
For each case illustrated in
the following figures,
determine the moment of
the force about point O.
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
RESULTANT MOMENT
Resultant Moment. For two-
dimensional problems, where all the
forces lie within the x–y plane, For
example, the resultant moment
(MR)O about point O (the z axis) can
be determined by finding the
algebraic sum of the moments
caused by all the forces in the system.
Example 6
Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting on the rod:
ILLUSTRATED PROBLEMS
PRINCIPLE OF
MOMENTS
Pierre Varignon (1654 –
23 December 1722)
A French
mathematician
who worked on
graphical statics
and mechanics.
VARIGNON’S THEOREM
“The moment of a force
about a point is equal to the
sum of the moments of the
components of the force
about the point.”
Determine the moment of the force
EXAMPLE the figure shown about point O .
SOLUTION 1
Determine the moment of the force
EXAMPLE the figure shown about point O .
SOLUTION 2
Force F acts at the end of the angle bracket in
Fig. a . Determine the moment of the force
EXAMPLE about point O .
MOMENT OF A COUPLE
MOMENT OF A COUPLE
A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have the same
magnitude, but opposite directions, and are separated by a
perpendicular distance d ,
MOMENT OF A COUPLE
Scalar Formulation. The
moment of a couple, M is
defined as having a
magnitude of
EQUIVALENT COUPLES
If two couples produce a moment with the same magnitude
and direction , then these two couples are equivalent.
RESULTANT COUPLE MOMENT
A resultant couple moment
is simply the vector sum of
all the couple moments of
the system.
Determine the resultant couple moment of the
three couples acting on the plate in the figure
shown:
EXAMPLE
Determine the resultant couple moment of the
three couples acting on the plate in the figure
shown:
EXAMPLE
SIMPLIFICATION OF A
FORCE AND
COUPLE SYSTEM
SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND
COUPLE SYSTEM
A system is equivalent if the
external effects it produces on a
body are the same as those caused
by the original force and couple
moment system.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
Force Summation.

• If the force system is coplanar , resolve each force into its x and y
components. If a component is directed along the positive x or y axis, it
represents a positive scalar; whereas if it is directed along the negative x
or y axis, it is a negative scalar.
Moment Summation.

• When determining the moments of a coplanar force system about point


O , it is generally advantageous to use the principle of moments, i.e.,
determine the moments of the components of each force, rather than the
moment of the force itself.
Replace the force and couple system shown in the
figure shown by an equivalent resultant force and
couple moment acting at point O .
EXAMPLE
Replace the force and couple system shown in the
figure shown by an equivalent resultant force and
couple moment acting at point O .
EXAMPLE
EQUIVALENT FORCE SYSTEM (Example)
FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION
OF A FORCE AND
COUPLE SYSTEM
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM
COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM
PARALLEL
FORCE SYSTEM
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
Force Summation.

• The resultant force is equal to the sum of all the forces in the system.
• For a coplanar force system, resolve each force into its x and y components. Positive
components are directed along the positive x and y axes, and negative components are
directed along the negative x and y axes.
Moment Summation.

• The moment of the resultant force about point O is equal to the sum of all the couple
moments in the system plus the moments of all the forces in the system about O .

• This moment condition is used to find the location of the resultant force from point O .
Replace the force and couple moment system acting on the
beam in the Figure shown by an equivalent resultant force, and
find where its line of action intersects the beam, measured
EXAMPLE from point O.
Replace the force and couple moment system acting on the
beam in the Figure shown by an equivalent resultant force, and
find where its line of action intersects the beam, measured
EXAMPLE from point O.
EQUIVALENT RESULTANT FORCE
REDUCTION OF A
SIMPLE DISTRIBUTED
LOADING
MAGNITUDE OF RESULTANT FORCE
The magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the
area A under the loading diagram
LOCATION OF RESULTANT FORCE
LOCATION OF RESULTANT FORCE
This coordinate x, locates
the geometric center or
centroid of the area under
the distributed loading. In
other words, the resultant
force has a line of action
which passes through the
centroid C (geometric
center) of the area under
the loading diagram
Determine the magnitude and location of the
equivalent resultant force acting on the shaft iin
EXAMPLE the figure shown:
Determine the magnitude and location of the
equivalent resultant force acting on the shaft iin
EXAMPLE the figure shown:
A distributed loading of p = (800x) Pa acts over
the top surface of the beam shown. Determine
the magnitude and location of the equivalent
EXAMPLE resultant force.
A distributed loading of p = (800x) Pa acts over
the top surface of the beam shown. Determine
the magnitude and location of the equivalent
EXAMPLE resultant force.

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