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UNIT-1
Electric Charges and Fields
1. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units.
2. (a) the electric field E due to a point charge at any point near it is defined as
ி
 ൌ Ž‹ where q is the test charge and F is the force acting on it. What is the
௤՜଴ ௤
physical significance of Ž‹ in this expression?
௤՜଴
(b) Draw the electric field lines of a point charge Q when (i)Q>0 and (ii)Q<0.
3. State Gauss’s theorem. A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has
charge Q spread uniformly over its surface. Using Gauss’s law, derive an
expression for an electric field at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph of
electric field E(r) with distance r from the center of the shell for Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݎ‬൑ λǤ
4. A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that is uniformly distributed over
its surface. As the balloon is blown up and increases in size, how does the
total electric flux coming out of the surface change? Give reason.
5. Define the term electric dipole moment of a dipole. State its S.I. unit
6. (a) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole kept
in a uniform electric field.
(b) Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed
on the vertices of a triangle as shown.
q
Here ‫ ݍ‬ൌ ͳǤ͸ ൈ ͳͲିଵ଴ ‫ܥ‬

10 cm 10 cm

-4q +2q
10 cm

7. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole

moment ‫݌‬Ԧ in an electric field ‫ܧ‬ሬԦ .
8. In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in (i) stable,
(ii) unstable equilibrium?
9. A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface of radius R. If the radius is
reduced to half, how would the electric flux through the surface change?
10.The electric field components due to a charge inside the cube of side 0.1 m
are as shown:
y

o x
0.1 m
0.1 m

‫ܧ‬௫ ൌ ܽ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ܽ݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬ൌ ͷͲͲܰȀ‫ ܥ‬െ ݉Ǣ ‫ܧ‬௬ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ܧ‬ଶ ൌ ͲǤ

Calculate (i) the flux through the cube, and (ii) the charge inside the cube.
11.(a) Using Gauss’ law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at
any point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and
charge density ߪ C/m2. Draw the field lines when the charge density of the
sphere is (i) positive, (ii) negative.
(b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m diameter has a surface
charge density of ͳͲͲߤ‫ܥ‬Ȁ݉ଶ Ǥ Calculate the
(i) charge on the sphere,
(ii) total electric flux passing through the sphere.
12. State Gauss’ law in electrostatics. Use this law to derive an expression for the
electric field due to an infinitely long straight wire of linear density ߣ‫ି݉ܥ‬ଵ .
13.A positive point charge (+q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting
plate. Sketch electric field lines originating from thee point on to the surface
of the plate.
Derive the expression for the electric field at the surface of a charged
conductor.
14.Use Gauss’s law to derive the expression for the electric field between two
uniformly charged large parallel sheets with surface charged densities
ߪƒ† െ ɐ respectively.
15.Figure shown three point charges, ൅ʹ‫ݍ‬ǡ െ‫ †ƒݍ‬൅ ͵‫ݍ‬Ǥ Two charges
൅ʹ‫ †ƒݍ‬െ ‫ ݍ‬are enclosed within a surface ‘S’. What is the electric flux due
to this configuration through the surface ‘S’?
16. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius ‫ݎ‬ଵ and outer radius ‫ݎ‬ଶ has a
charge ‘Q’. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of the shell.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner surface, (ii) outer surface
of the shell?
(b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point ‫ ݔ‬൐ ‫ݎ‬ଶ from the centre
of the shell.
17.Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by
ఙ
‫ܧ‬ሬԦ ൌ ݊ොǡ where ߪ is the surface charge density and ݊ො is a unit vector normal
ఌబ
to the surface in the outward direction.
ଵ
18. Plot a graph showing the variation coulomb force (f) versus ቀ మቁǡwhere ‫ ݎ‬is
௥
the distance between the two charges of each pair of charges:
(1ߤ‫ܥ‬ǡ ʹߤ‫ܥ‬ሻܽ݊݀ሺʹߤ‫ܥ‬ǡ െ͵ߤ‫ܥ‬ሻǤInterpret the graphs obtained.
19. Two small identical electrical dipoles
AB and CD, each of dipole moment ‘p’ y
+q B
are kept at an angle of 120ι as shown in
the figure. What is the resultant dipole -q
1200
moment of this combination? If this X’
D
X
system is subjected to electric field ൫‫ܧ‬ሬԦ ൯
-q +q c
directed along +X direction, what will B
Y’
be the magnitude and direction of the
torque acting on this?
20. A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density ߣ is
enclosed by a cylindrical surface of radius r and length I, its axis coinciding
with the length of the wire. Find the expression for the electric flux through
the surface of the cylinder.
21.An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field.
(ii) Show that the net force acting on it is zero.
(ii) The dipole is aligned parallel to the field. Find the work done in rotating
it through the angle of 1800.
22.(a) Using Gauss’s law, prove that the electric field at a point due to a uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet is independent of the distance form it.
(c) How is the field directed if (i) the sheet is positively charged, (ii) negatively
charged?
23. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric
flux passing through each face of the cube?
24.A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric flux
passing through two opposite face of the cube?
25.Why should electrostatic field be zero inside a conductor?
26.Derive the expression for the electric field of a dipole at a point on the
equatorial plane of the dipole.
27.Using Gauss’s law deduce the expression for the electric field due to
uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point (i) outside
and (ii) inside the shell.
Plot graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r>R and r<R. (r
being the distance from the centre the of the shell.)
28.Two charges of magnitudes -2Q and +Q are located at points (a,0) and (4a,0)
respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere
of radius ‘3a’ with its centre at the origin?
29.A hollow cylindrical box of length 1m and area of cross-section 25cm2 is
placed in a three dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The
electric field in the region is given by ‫ܧ‬ሬԦ ൌ ͷͲ‫ݔ‬ଓƸ, where E is in NC-1 and x is
in metres.
Find (i) Net flux through the cylinder.
(ii) Charge enclosed by cylinder.

o
1m

30.Two equal balls having equal positive charge ‘q’ coulombs are suspended by
two insulating strings of equal length. What would be the effect on the force
when a plastic sheet is inserted between the two?
 VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
31.While travelling back to his residence in car, Dr. Pathak was caught up in a
thunderstorm. It became very dark. He stopped driving the car and waited for
the thunderstorm to stop. Suddenly he noticed a child walking alone on the
road. He asked the boy to come inside the car till the thunderstorm stopped.
Dr. Pathak dropped the boy at his residence. The boy insisted that Dr. Pathak
should meet his parents. The parents expressed their gratitude to Dr. Pathak
for his concern for safety of the child.
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
(a) Why is it safer to sit inside a car during a thunderstorm?
(b) Which two value are displayed by Dr. Pathak in his actions?
(c) Which value are reflected in parent’s response to Dr. Pathak?
(d) Give an example of a similar action on your part in the past from everyday
life.
32.An elderly woman went alone to Registrar’s office to disburse her property.
When she enquired in the office she was asked to get a Xerox copy of the
document which works under electrostatic induction. The Xerox shop far
away and across the road. She took the help of a passer-by and got her Xerox
done.
(a) What values did the passer-by have?
(b) How does a neutral body get charged by electrostatic induction?
33.During an endoscopic surgery, a surgeon sees the interior of a patient’s body
on the viewing screen of a video monitor. The surgeon continues to do the
surgery with the help of other medical staff and one of the medical staff on
noticing the surgeon’s gloved fingers coming within a few centimeters of the
screen while pointing to a particular part of the image, say to explain a surgical
concern to other medical staff, asks the surgeon that whether his gloves would
have got contaminated, the surgeon, answers him later, after the completion
of the operation.
(a) What is learnt from the above?
(b) Can you find the bacterial source? If yes, name it.
(c) Name the force which plays a role in bacterial contamination.
34.‘A’ & ‘B’ are two students in a class who have been assigned to organize
Republic Day function. They have also instructed to invite personally more
than 60 members form all the nearby cultural organizations and VIPs in their
area. While student ‘A’ arranged invitations using a photocopy/ fax, student
‘B’ arranges invitations by writing to them individually.
 (a) Which student’s method would you adopt and why?
(b) State the principle behind the source used by student ‘A’.
35.Shahid was travelling in a bus. Suddenly the weather changed and it started
raining. After sometime rain stopped and all the passengers opened their
windows. But lightning started immediately. Then he suggested to shut the
doors and windows of the bus, otherwise it may be dangerous.
(a) What values were shown by Shahid?
(b) Two charges ͷߤƒ† െ ʹɊ are placed at points (5cm, 0, 0) and
(23cm,0, 0) in a region of space where there is no other external field.
Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of this charge system.
36. Arun had to repaint his car when he was reminded by the car company for his
regular car service. He told them to do spray painting of mountain dew colour.
The company also replied that they usually perform spray painting only as
wastage is minimized and (even) painting uniform is achieved.
(a) What values did the car service company have?
(b) If spray painting is done by electrostatic induction, how is even painting
achieved?
 Unit 2
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
1. Derive an expression for the electric potential at a point along the axial line of
an electric dipole.
2. Two point charges, ‫ݍ‬ଵ ൌ ͳͲ ൈ ͳͲି଼ ‫ݍ†ƒܥ‬ଶ ൌ െʹ ൈ ͳͲି଼ ‫ ܥ‬are separated
by a distance of 60 cm in air.
(i) Find at what Distance from the 1st charge, Ԣ‫ݍ‬ଵ Ԣ would the electric
potential be zero.
(ii) Also calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the system.
OR
Two point charges 4Q Q are separated by 1 m in air. At what point on
the line joining the charges is the electric field intensity zero?
Also calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the system of
charges, taking the value of charge, ܳ ൌ ʹ ൈ ͳͲି଻ ‫ܥ‬Ǥ
3. A 500 ߤ‫ ܥ‬charge is at the centre of a square of side 10 cm. Find the work done
in moving a charge of 10ߤ‫ ܥ‬between two diagonally opposite points on the
square.
4. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor.
On charging a parallel plate capacitor to a potential V, the spacing between
the plates is halved. and a dielectric medium of ߝ௥ ൌ ͳͲ is introduced between
the plates, without disconnecting the d.c. source. Explain, using suitable
expression, how the (i) capacitance, (ii) electric field and (iii) energy density
of the capacitor change.
5. What is the electrostatic potential due to an electric dipole at an equatorial
point?
6. What is the work done in moving a test charge q through a distance of 1 cm
along the equatorial axis of an electric dipole?
7. Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field uniformly increases in
magnitude but remains constant along Z-direction. How are these surface
different from that of a constant electric field along Z-direction?
8. (i) Can two equipotential surfaces intersect each other? Give reasons.
(ii) Two charges െ“ƒ† ൅ “ are located at points A(0,0-a) and B (0,0,+a)
respectively. How much work is done in moving a test charge from point
P(7,0,0) to Q(-3,0,0)?
9. Define the term ‘potential energy’ of charge ‘q’ at a distance ‘r’ in an external
electric field.
10.A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After some time the battery
is disconnected and a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is inserted
between the plates. How would (i) the capacitance, (ii) the electric field
between the plates and (iii) the energy stored in the capacitor, be affected?
Justify your answer.
11. There identical capacitors ଵ ǡ ଶ ƒ†ଷ of capacitance 6 ߤ each are
connected to 12 V battery as shown.
Find
(i) Charge on each capacitor
(ii) Equivalent capacitance of the network
(iii) Energy stored in the network of capacitors.

12.The equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and B in the given

figure is Ͷߤ Ǥ
(i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.
(ii) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V battery is connected across
terminals A and B.
(iii) What will be the potential drop across each capacitor?
13.Two parallel plate capacitor, X and Y, have the same are of plates and same
separation between them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a
dielectric medium of ߝ௥ ൌ Ͷ.

(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the

combination is 4 ߤF.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y?
14.Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is joule / coulomb.
15.A network of four capacitors each of 12 ߤ capacitance is connected to a 500
V supply as shown in the figure. Determine
(a) equivalent capacitance of the network and
 (b) charge on each capacitor.

16. A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown in the figure. Is the potential
difference ୅ െ ୆ Positive, negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative?

17.A hollow metal sphere of radius 5 cm is charged such that the potential on its
surface is 10 V. What is the potential at the center of the sphere?
18.Net capacitance of there identical capacitors in series is 1ߤ . What will be
their net capacitance if connected in parallel?
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations if they are both
connected to the same source.
19.A test charge ‘q’ is moved without acceleration from A to C along the path
from A to B and then from B to C in electric field E as shown in the figure.

(i) Calculate the potential difference between A and C.

(ii) At which point (of the two) is the electric potential more and why?
20.Draw plot showing thee variation of (i) electric field (E) and (ii) electric
potential (V) with distance r due to a point charge Q.
21.Why must electrostatic field be normal to the surface at every point of a charge
conductor?
22.Why is electrostatic potential constant throughout the volume of the conductor
and has the same value (as inside) on surface?
23.Deduce the expression for the electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor of
capacitance ‘C’ and having charge ‘Q’.
 How will the (i) energy stored and (ii) the electric field inside the capacitor be
affected when it is completely filled with a dielectric material of dielectric
constant ‘K’?
24.A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a potential V. It is
then connected to another uncharged capacitor having the same capacitance.
Find out the ratio of the energy stored in the combined system to that stored
initially in the single capacitor.
25.Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure, when each
capacitor is of 1 ߤ‫ܨ‬Ǥ When the ends X and Y are Connected to a 6 V battery,
find out (i) the charge and (ii) the energy stored in the network.

26.Two capacitance of unknown capacitance ଵ ƒ†ଶ are connected first in

series and then in parallel across a battery of 100 V. if the energy stored inn
the two combinations is 0.045 J and 0.25 J respectively, determine the value
of ଵ ƒ†ଶ . Also calculate the charge on each capacitor in parallel
combination.
27.Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the
parallel and series combination of two capacitors ଵ ƒ†ଶ with their
capacitance in the ratio 1:2 so that the energy stored in the two cases becomes
the same.
28.(i) If two similar large plates, each of area A having surface charge
densities൅ߪƒ† െ ɐ are separated by a distance d in air, find the expressions
for
(a) Field at points between the two plates and on outer side of the plates.
Specify the direction of the field in each case.
(b) The potential difference between the plates.
(c) The capacitance of the capacitor so formed.
(iii) Two metallic spheres of radii R and 2R are charged so that both of these
have same surface charge density ߪ. If they are connected to each other
 with a conducting wire, in which direction will the charge flow and
why?
29.Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and same
separation between them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a
dielectric medium of ߝ௥ ൌ Ͷ.
(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent
capacitance of the combination is Ͷߤ .
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates
of X and Y.
(iii) Estimate the ration of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y.

30.Mark two points as A and B around a point charge Q at which electric

potential is the same.
31.A capacitor of capacitance C has distance between plate d.
A very thin mesh wire is placed as shown.
Estimate new capacitance.

32.A capacitor is made of a flat plate of area A and second plate having a stair
like structure as shown in figure below. If width of each stair is A/3 and height
is d. Find the capacitance of the arrangement.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

33.Rekha goes to visit a science exhibition. She observes that a participant gives
charge to a capacitor continuously and the potential difference between its
plates goes on increasing. She advises him not to supply charge to capacitor
continuously otherwise it will be discharged giving sparking.
(a) According to you supply values are shown by Rekha?
(b) Why do we not supply charge to capacitor continuously?
34.Sweta goes to physics laboratory in her practical class. Her teacher reaches
late. In the mean time she notice that a student handles a circuit containing
 capacitor carelessly. She advises him not to handle the capacitor in such way
otherwise he ay get a severe shock.
(a) According to you what values are displayed by Sweta?
(b) Why does she advise him not to handle capacitor carelessly? Explain.
35.In Akash’s classroom thee fan above the teacher was running every slowly.
Due to which his teacher was sweating and was restless and tired. All his
classmates wanted to rectify this. They called for an electrician who came and
charged the capacitor only after which the fan started running fast.
(a) What values did Akash and his classmate have?
(b) What energy is stored in the capacitor and where?
 UNIT-3
Current Electricity
1. Two metallic wires of the same material have the same length but croos-
sectional area is in the ratio 1:2 They are connected (i) in series and (ii) in
parallel. Compare the drift velocities of electrons in the two wires in both the
cases (i) and (ii).
2. Using the mathematical expression for the conductivity of material, explain
how it varies with temperature for (i) semiconductors, (ii) good conductors.
3. The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three
identical cells in series, versus current is as shown. What is the emf of each
cell?

4. (i) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the given electrical network between
points A and B.

(ii)Also calculate the current thought CD and ACB, if a 10V d.c. source is
connected between A and B, and the value of R is assumed as ʹȳ.

5. A potentiometer wire of length 1 m is connected to a driver cell of emf 3 V as

shown in the figure.
 When a cell of 1.5 V emf is used in the secondary circuit, the balance point is
found to be 60 cm. On replacing this cell and using a cell of unknown emf,
the balance point shifts to 80 cm.
(i) Calculate unknown emf of the cell.
(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works, if the driver cell is
replaced with a cell of emf 1 V.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the
balance point? Justify your answer.

6. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms

of relaxation time.
7. A wire of ͳͷȳ resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length.
It is then cut into two equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel
across a 3.0 volt battery. Find the current drawn from the battery.
8. Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.

9. In the meter bridge experimental set up, shown in the figure, the null point
‘D’ is obtained at a distance of 40 cm from end A of the meter bridge wire. If
 a resistance of ͳͲȳ is connected in series with ଵ , null point is obtained at
AD=60 cm. Calculate the values of R1 and R2.

10. (i) State the principle of working of a meter bridge.

(ii) In a meter bridge, balance point is found at a distance l1 with resistances R
and S as shown in the figure.

When an unknown resistance X is connected in parallel with the resistance S,

the balance point shifts to a distance l2. Find the expression of X in term of
ll,l2 and S.

11. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are
joined in series across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is
twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires.
12. A wire of resistance 8R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective
resistance between the ends of a diameter AB?
13. State Kirchhoff’s rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the
currents I1,I2 and I3 in the circuit diagram shown.

14.State Kirchhoff’s rules. Apply Kirchhoff’s rules to the loops ACPPA and
ACBQA to write the expressions for the currents I1,I2 and I3 in the network.

15.State Kirchhoff’s rules. Apply these rules to the loops PRSP and PRQP to
write the expressions for the currents I1,I2 and I3 in the given circuit.

16.In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 40 cm from A. If a

resistance of ͳʹȳ is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at
50.0cm from A. Determine the values of R and S.
17.In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of l cm from A. If now
a resistance of X is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at l2 cm.
obtain a formula for X in terms of I1,I2 and S.

18.In the circuit shown, R1=4ȳ, R2=R3=15ȳ,R4=30ȳ and E=10V. Calculate the
equivalent resistance of the circuit and the current in each resistor.

19.A resistance R is connected across a cell of emf ߝ and internal resistance r. a

potentiometer now measures the potential difference between the terminals of
the cell as V. Write the expression for ‘r’ in terms of ߝ, V and R.
20.Using Kirchhoff’s rules determine the value of unknown resistance R in the
circuit so that no current flows through 4ȳ resistance. Also find the potential
difference between A and D.
21.Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so
that the current in the circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference
between points B and E?

22.A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected to two external

resistances R1 and R2 and a perfect ammeter. The current in the circuit is
measured in four different situations:-
(i) Without any external resistance in the circuit
(ii) With resistance R1 only
(iii) With R1 and R2 in series combination
(iv) With R1 and R2 in parallel combination
The currents measured in the four cases are 0.24A, 1.05A, 1.4A and 4.2A, but
not necessarily in that order. Identify the currents corresponding to the fur
cases mentioned above.
23.A heating element is marked 210V, 630W. What is the value of the current
drawn by the element when connected to a 210V dc source?
24.In the figure, a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a constant
potential gradient along its length. The null points for the two primary cells of
emfs ߝ 1 and ߝ 2 connected in the manner shown are obtained at a distance of
120 cm and 300 cm from the end A. Find (i) ߝ 1/ߝ 2 and (ii) position of null
points for the cell ߝ 1. (iii) How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer increased?
25. The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? Give
reason.
26.Write two possible causes for one sided deflection in a potentiometer
experiment.
27.A 5V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V
battery and a resistance of 39 ȳ as shown in the figure. Find the value of the
current. 5V

39ȳ 200 V
28.Show variation of resistivity of copper as a function of temperature in a graph.
29.A potentiometer wire of length 1.0 m has resistance of ͳͷȳ. It is connected to
a 5V battery in series with a resistance of ͷȳ. Determine the emf of the
primary cell which gives a balance point at 60 cm.
30.Answer the following.
(i) Why are the connection between the resistors in ammeter bridge made
of thick copper strips?
(ii) Why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance point in the middle
of the meter bridge wire?
(iii) Which material is used for the meter bridge wire and why?
OR
A resistance of ȳ draws current from a potentiometer as shown in the figure. The
potentiometer has a total resistance 0 ȳ. A voltage V is supplied to the
potentiometer. Derive an expression for the voltage across R when the sliding
contact is in the middle of the potentiometer.

31.Distinguish between emf and terminal voltage of a cell.

32.State the underlying principle of a potentiometer. Write two factors by which
current sensitivity of a potentiometer can be increased. Why is a potentiometer
preferred over a voltmeter for measuring the emf of a cell?
33.Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs is
shown in the figure. Identify the region of
(i) Negative resistance
(ii) Where ohm’s law is obeyed.

34.A battery of emf 12V and internal resistance ʹȳ is connected to a Ͷȳ resistor

as shown in the figure.
(a) Show that a voltmeter when placed across the cell and across the resistor,
in the turn, gives the same reading.
(b) To record the voltage and the current in the circuit, why is voltmeter placed
in parallel and ammeter in series in the circuit?
35.(i) Define the term drift velocity.
(ii) On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a
conductor in terms of number density of free electrons and relaxation
time. On what factors does resistivity of a conductor depend?
(iii) --Why alloys like constantan and managing are used for making
standard resistors?

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

36.That night Vaikunth was preparing for his physics exam. Suddenly the light
in his room went off and he could not continue his studies. His cousin brother
Vasu who had come to visit him was quick to react. Vasu using the torch (an
android application) installed in his mobile phone found that the fuse had
blown out. He checked the wiring and located a short circuit. He rectified it
and put a fuse wire. The light came to life again. Vaikunth heaved a sigh of
relief, thanked Vasu and continued his studies.
(i) What are the values projected by Vaikunth and Vasu ? (Any two)
(ii) Why did vasu have to check the wiring?
(iv) What is an electric fuse? What characteristics you would prefer for a
fuse wire?
37.Kumaran wanted to pay electricity bill that day. He realized that the
consumption shown by the meter was unbelievably low. He thought that the
meter must have been faulty. He wanted to check the meter. But unfortunately
he did not have any idea as to how to do this. There came his friend Subhash
to help him. He told Kumaran to run only the electric heater rated 1 kW in his
house for some time keeping other appliances switched off. He also calculated
the power consumed in kilowatt hour and compared the value with the meter.
 Kumaran was happy and thanked Subhash for his timely help and the
knowledge.
(i) What are the values displayed by the friends?
(ii) Express kWh in joules. Find the resistance of the heater.
38.Raghav lives in an area where birds in large groups play around producing
pleasing humming sounds. One day he notices that the high power lines soon
after a strong wind have come too close which may prove fatal for the birds
that would sit on them and flutter their wings for some reason or other. He
complained to the authorities and the lines were set at the proper distance once
again.
(i) What are the values possessed by Raghav and the authorities? (Any
two)
(ii) What is the danger that could happen to the innocent birds in Raghav's
view?
39.Supriya was doing an experiment (Comparison of emfs) using potentiometer
in physics lab. She could not take the readings because the galvanometer
showed same side deflection. She checked the circuit and the connections
were correct. Her friend Manasi who was doing her experiment nearby came
to help Supriya. Manasi increased the voltage of the eliminator (by turning the
knob) supplying current to the potentiometer. Supriya tried the experiment
again and got the readings. She thanked Manasi for her help.
(i) What are the values displayed by both Supriya and Manasi?
(ii) State one reason why the galvanometer showed same side deflection.
(iii) Distinguish between emf and terminal pd.
40.Ramaniamma was a childless widow. She ran her life only by the pension for
the Sr. citizens from the Government. When she switches of one bulb in her
house all the other appliances get switched off. She could not even spend for
an electrician. Sujatha living nearby decided to do something about this. She
referred to physics books and learnt that the series combination for the
household connection should be the reason. She called an electrician and had
the circuit changed to parallel combination. The problem was solved and
Ramaniamma was happy. She thanked Sujatha for her help to solve the
problem.
(i) What are the values possessed by Sujatha?
(ii) Why for household a parallel combination is used? Give two
advantages.
41.Father and a son returned home completely drenched due to heavy rain. Father
advised his son not to touch any electrical units with wet hands for he may get
a shock. In spite of this, on immediately entering the house, the son switches
on the light (supply voltage is 220V) and gets a severe shock. He was fortunate
not to get electrocuted. Father, who is a Biologist, told that when the skin is
dry, resistance of a human body is 105 ȳ; and when the skin is wet the body
resistance is 1500ȳ.
(i) What is the lesson learnt by you?
(ii) Calculate the current that flow through
(a) A wet body and (ii) a dry body, and (iii) dry skin or wet skin.
42.Based on the previous knowledge learnt in the class, two students of class XII
(A and B) were asked to conduct an experiment in the laboratory using a meter
bridge one made of Nichrome and the other one made of Copper, of same
length and same diameter, of constant potential difference. The student A
could not give explanation for not achieving the result whereas student B,
could get the result and was also able to explain.
(i) What made student B to perform successfully?
(ii) Give the formula to calculate the rate of heat production.
43.An old woman who had suffered from a heart stroke was taken to the hospital
by her grandson who is in class XII. The grandson has studied in physics that,
to save a person who is suffering from a heart stroke, regular beating of the
heart is to be restored by delivering a jolt to the heart using a defibrillator,
whose capacity is 70 microfarad and charged to a potential of 5000V and
energy stored in 875 J; 200 J of energy is passed through a person’s body in a
pulse lasting 2 milliseconds. The old woman gets panicked and refuses to be
treated by defibrillator. Her grandson then explains to her the process that
would be adopted by medical staff and how the result of that would bring her
back to normalcy. The woman then treated and was back to normal.
(i) What according to you, are the values displayed by the grandson?
(ii) How much power is delivered to the body to save a person’s life from
heart attack?
44.Rajesh has an old two wheeler. One day he wanted to start his two wheeler
but could not do so. He observed carefully and found that its battery was
defective. Then he arranged 6V day cell battery but it was also unable to start
two wheeler. Then but it was also unable to start two wheeler. Then his friend
Mahesh came and suggested him that this battery will not work because its
internal resistance is more and it cannot give a desired current of 30 A which
 is required for starting the two wheelers. As per his suggestion Rahesh got
fitted a lead acid battery of 6V and his problem was solved.
(i) According to you, what values were displayed by Mahesh?
(ii) The storage battery of a car has an emf 12V. If the internal resistance
of the battery is ͲǤͶȳ, what is the maximum current that can be drawn
from the battery?
45.On a Sunday morning Sudha went to her friend’s home where she and her
friend would start talking. Then they heard a crying from the kitchen. She
went there and noticed that her maid servant received an electric shock during
the opening of refrigerator. She observed that insulation of a wire of
refrigerator was damaged and bare wire touched metal casing. She suggested
that to avoid such a situation metal casing of refrigerator will be earthed. Her
friend agreed with suggestion of Sudha and made her all electrical appliance
earthed. So that when an earthed appliance gets short circuited, the current
from its metal body will flow into the earth.
(i) What values are shown by Sudha?
(ii) Two wires of tinned copper having identical cross section 10-6 m2 and
lengths 10cm and 15 cm are to be used as fuses. Show that the fuses
will melt at the same value of current in each case.
 UNIT-4
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
1. Using Ampere’s circuital law, obtain an expression for the magnetic field
along the axis of a current carrying solenoid of length l and having N number
of turns.
2. Why should the spring/ suspension wire in a moving coil galvanometer have
low torsional constant?
3. What is the direction of the force acting on a charged particle q, moving with
ሬԦ?
a velocity ‫ݒ‬Ԧ in a uniform magnetic field‫ܤ‬
4. State Biot-Savart law.
A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
ሬሬሬԦ at point
Indicate the direction of the magnetic field due to a small element ݈݀
P situated at distance ‫ݎ‬Ԧ from the element as shown in the figure.

5. (a) Two straight long parallel conductors carry currents I1 and I2 in the same
direction. Deduce the expression for the force per unit length between them.
(b) A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in a uniform magnetic
field as shown in the figure.
6. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but
not within a straight solenoid. Why?
7. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer.
Increasing the current sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage
sensitivity of a galvanometer. Justify.
8. An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of
uniform magnetic field. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
9. A charge ‘q’ moving along the X-axis with a velocity‫ݒ‬Ԧ is subjected to a
uniform magnetic field B acting along the Z-axis as it crosses the origin O.
(i) Trace its trajectory.
(ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the magnetic field?
Justify your answer.

Z-axis

10.Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain briefly how it work and how
it is used to accelerate the charged particles.
(i) Show that time period of ions in a cyclotron is independent of both the
speed and radius of circular path.
(ii) What is resonance condition? How is it used to accelerate the charged
particles?
11.A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton P travels with a speed ‫ݒ‬௥
parallel to the wire, at a distance d from it in a direction opposite to the current
as shown in the figure. What is the force experienced by the proton and what
is its direction?
12.(a) With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving
coil galvanometer.
(b) What is the importance of radial magnetic field and how is it produced?
(c) Why is it that while using a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter, a
high resistance in series is required whereas in an ammeter, a shunt is used?
13. A beam of ߙ-particles projected along +y-axis, experiences a force due to a
magnetic field along the +y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
14.A beam of electrons projected along +x-axis, experience of force due to a
magnetic field along the +y-axis.
What is the direction of the magnetic field?
15.A beam of protons projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to a
magnetic field along the -y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
16.Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge ‘q’
moving with velocity ‫ݒ‬Ԧ in a magnetic field ‫ܤ‬ ሬԦǤ Show that no work is done by
this force on the charged particle.
17.Two identical circular wires P and Q each of radius R and carrying current ‘I’
are kept in perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre as
shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
at the common centre of the two coils.

18.A rectangular loop of wire of size Ͷ  ൈ ͳͲ  carries a steady current of 2A.

A straight long wire carrying 5A current is kept near the loop as shown. If the
loop and the wire coplanar, find
(i) The torque acting on the loop and
(ii) The magnitude and direction of the force on the loop due to the current
carrying wire.

10cm
19.Explain, giving reasons, the basic difference in converting a galvanometer
into (i) a voltmeter and (ii) an ammeter.
20.(a) Using Biot-Savart’s law derive the expression for the magnetic field in the
vector form at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
(b) What does a toroid consist of ? Find out the expression for the magnetic
field inside a toroid for N turns of the coil having the average radius r and
carrying a current I. Show that the magnetic field in the open space inside and
exterior to the toroid is zero.
21.Define the current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its S.I. unit.
Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and battery of 3 V.
When the galvanometers in each arrangement do not show any deflection,
obtain the ratio R1 /R2.

22.An ammeter of resistance ͲǤͺͲȳ can measure current upto 1.0A.

(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to
current upto 5.0A?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt?
23.(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of crossed
electric and magnetic field in accelerating the charge. Hence derive the
expression for the kinetic energy acquired by the particles.
(b) An ߙ-particle and a proton are released from the center of the cyclotron
and made to accelerate.
(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency? Give reason to
justify your answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher
velocity at the exit slit of the dees?
24.A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire ‘PQ’ as shown in the
figure, Depict the direction of the current induced in the when the current in
the PQ is constantly increasing.
25.State the underlying principle of ac cyclotron. Write briefly how this
machine is used to accelerate charged particles to high energies.
26.(a) State Ampere’s circuital law expressing it in the integral form.
(b) Two long coaxial insulated solenoids. S1 and S2 of equal lengths are wound
one over the other as shown in the figure. A steady current ‘I’ flow through
the inner solenoid S1 to the other end B, which is connected to the outer
solenoid S2 through which the same current ‘I’ flow in the opposite direction
so as to come out at end A. If݊ଵ and ݊ଶ are the number of turns per unit length,
find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at a point (i) inside
on the axis and (ii) outside the combined system.

27.(a) Deduce an expression for the frequency of revolution of a charged particle

in a magnetic field and show that it is independent of velocity or energy of the
particle.
(b) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain, giving the essential
details of its construction, how it is used to accelerate the charged particles.
OR
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly
its principle and working.
(b) Answer the following:
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside
the coil of a galvanometer?
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not
necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.
28.State the principle of working of a galvanometer.
A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter to measure upto
V volts by connecting a resistance ܴଵ in series with the coil. If a resistance ܴଶ
is connected in series with it, then it can measure upto V/2 volts. Find the
 resistance, in terms of ܴଵ and ܴଶ required to be connected to convert it into a
voltmeter that can read upto 2V. Also find the resistance G of the
galvanometer in terms of ܴଵ and ܴଶ Ǥ
29.Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field on the axis
of a current carrying circular loop of radius R.
Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current I.
30.Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady current ଵ and ଶ separated
by a distance d. If the currents are flowing in the same direction, show how
the magnetic field set up in one produces an attractive force on the other.
Obtain the expression for this force. Hence define one ampere.
 UNIT-5
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
1. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having
positive susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does
negative susceptibility signify?
2. Figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetization versus the applied
magnetic field intensity, H, for two magnetic materials A and B.
(i) Identify the materials A and B.
(ii) Why does the material B, have a larger susceptibility than A, for a given
field at constant temperature?

3. Figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetization versus the applied

magnetic field intensity, H, for two magnetic materials A and B.
(i) Identify the materials A and B.
(ii) Draw the variation of susceptibility with temperature for B.

4. Figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetization versus the applied

magnetic field intensity, H, for two magnetic materials A and B.
(i) Identify the materials A and B.
(ii) For the material A, plot the variation of intensity of magnetization
versus temperature.
5. Deduce the expression for the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting
around the central nucleus.
6. (i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?
OR
Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance
is placed in an external magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes
this behavior of the field lines due to the two substances?
7. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip 900?
8. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic
meridian has its north tip down at 600 with the horizontal. The horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic field at the place is known to be 0.4G.
Determine the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at the place.
9. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic
materials it represents.
10.The susceptibility of a magnetic material is ͳǤͻ ൈ ͳͲ-5. Name the type of
magnetic materials it represents.
11.The susceptibility of a magnetic material is െͶǤʹ ൈ ͳͲ-6. Name the type of
magnetic materials it represents.
12.The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a place is B and
angle of dip is 600. What is the value of vertical component of earth’s magnetic
field at equator?
13.Mention the two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making
core of a transformer.
14.(a) A small compass needle of magnetic moment ‘m’ is free to turn about an
axis perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field ‘B’. The moment
of inertia of the needle about the axis is ‘I’. The needle is slightly disturbed
from its stable position and then released. Prove that its executes simple
harmonic motion. Hence deduce that expression for its time period.
(b) A compass needle, free to turn in vertical plane orients itself with its axis
vertical at a certain place on the earth. Find out the values of (i) horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field and (ii) angle of dip at the place.
15.What are permanent magnets? Give one example.
16.Out of the two magnetic materials, ‘A’ has relative permeability slightly
greater than unity while ‘B’ has less than unity. Identify the nature of the
materials ‘A’ and ‘B’. Will their susceptibilities be positive or negative?
17.Show diagrammatically the behavior of magnetic field lines in the presence
of (i) paramagnetic and (ii) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain
this distinguishing feature.
18.When is a magnet said to be in stable equilibrium in a uniform magnetic field?
19.Define the term magnetic moment.
20.A short bar magnet, placed with its axis making an angle ߠ with a uniform
external field, B, experiences a torque Ԣ߬Ԣ. What is the magnetic moment of
the magnet?
21.Give the S.I. unit of magnetic dipole moment.
22.What does the Gauss’ theorem of magnetism indicate?
23.How is Gauss related to Weber/metre2?
24.At a certain location in Africa, a compass needle point 150 west of the
geographic north. What is the angle of declination at the point?
25.What kind of ferromagnetic material is used for coating magnetic tapes in
cassette player?
26.Give the SI unit of magnetic susceptibility.
27.Retentivity of steel is slightly slightly smaller than soft iron. Still, steel is
preferred to soft iron for making permanent magnets. Why?
28.The Earth’s core contains iron but geologists do not regard this as a source of
magnetic field.
29.Why do magnetic lines of force prefer to pass through iron than through air?
30.What kind of material is used to make core of an electric transformer? Justify
your answer.
31.Can a bar magnet retain its magnetism, if it is heated to 1000 0 C and cooled
in magnetic field of free space? Give reason.
32.Earth’s magnetic field does not affect working of moving coil galvanometer.
Why?
33.Does an iron bar magnet retain its magnetism when melted? Give reason for
your answer.
34.Two substances A and B have their relative permeabilities slightly greater and
less than unity respectively. What do you conclude about A and B?
 VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
35.Ms. Nita Chander found the her son could not hear properly. The specialist
prescribed hearing aid for her son. Hearing aids consist of electromagnets in
the loudspeakers used in the device.
(a) What two values does Ms. Nita exhibit towards her son and students?
Mention any two.
(b) What is a electromagnet? In what way its hysteresis curve is different from
that used for permanent magnets?
36.Ms. Sumathy wife of Mr. Varadan complained about the non-availability of
gas cylinders and explained to him to look out for alternate methods for
cooking.
Mr. Varadan bought an induction stove to overcome the fuel problem. The
next day Sumathy used her copper bottom cooker and kept it on the induction
stove. But even after using it for half an hour she found that the cooker was
not hot and food not cooked. As she was not aware of the method to use the
induction stove, she asked her elder daughter Dhanya, studying first year
engineering about it. She told her, that some vessels can not be used on this
stove. She took the instruction manual on magnetic inductions, and copper
being a dia magnetic material, will not respond to it?
(a) What values did Mr. Varadan and Dhanya exhibit towards Ms. Sumathy?
(b) Give few examples of diamagnetic materials and explain how their
susceptibility varies with temperature?
37.Bala and Rama class X students, were assigned a project based on magnetism.
In their project work, they had calculated the value of the earth’s magnetic
field. When they submitted their project for verification, Mr. Santosh, their
physics teacher corrected the mistakes. He also suggested few books which
could be of use to them.
(a) What values did Mr. Santosh exhibit towards his students? Mention any
two.
(b) Mention the three magnetic elements required to calculate the value of the
earth’s magnetic field. And draw a neat diagram to explain them.
38.Mr. Sairam the chief development officer, in southern railway went on an
official tour to attend a seminar on fast moving trains. He met his friend
Ontosaki in Tokyo after he finished his seminar there. His friend explained to
Sairam, how Japanese people are concentrating on energy conservation and
saving of fossil fuels using Maglev trains. Mr. Sairam travelled from Tokyo
to Osaka in Maglev train and found that sound is less, travelling is smooth and
understood, in what way we are lagging behind Japanese in mass transporting
systems. This works on the principle of Mesiner’s effect.
(a) What values did Mr. Sairam found from Ontosaki? Mention any two.
(b) What is Meisner’s effect? What is the value of X and ߤ௥ for perfect
diamagnetism?
 UNIT-6

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. A metallic rod of length l is rotated at a constant angular speed ߱ǡ normal to
a uniform magnetic field B. Derive an expression for the current induced in
the resistance of the rod is R.
2. Explain briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic principle of the
working of an a.c. generator.
In an a.c. generator, coil of N turns and area A is rotated at ‫ ݒ‬revolutions per
second in uniform magnetic field B. Write the expression of the emf produced.
A 100-turn coil or area 0.1m2 rotates at half a revolution per second. It is
placed in a magnetic field 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the
coil. Calculate the maximum voltage generated in the coil.
3. The circuit arrangement given below shows that when an a.c. passes through
the coil A, the current starts flowing in the coil B.

(i) State the underlying principle involved.

(ii) Mention two factors on which the current produced in the coil B
depends.
4. (i) State faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
(iii) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800km/h. What is
the voltage difference developed between the ends of the wing having
a span of 25m, if the Earth’s magnetic field at the location has a
magnitude of ͷ ൈ ͳͲିସ T and the dip angle is 300 ?
5. (a) what are eddy currents? Write their two applications.
(b) figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQSR in which arm RS of
length ‘l’ is movable. The loop is kept in uniform magnetic field ‘B’ directed
downward perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is moved with
a uniform speed ‘v’.
 Deduce an expression for
(i) the emf induced across the arm ‘RS’,
(ii) the external force required to move the arm, and
(iii) the power dissipated as heat.
6. A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B and placed near another coil P as
shown in the figure.
Give reasons to explain the following observations:
(a) The bulb ‘B’ lights.
(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards left.

7. A plot of magnetic flux ሺ߶ሻ versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two
inductors A and B. Which of the two has larger value of self inductance?

8. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the
same Plane where current I in the wire is increasing steadily.

I
9. A vertical metallic pole falls down through the plane of the magnetic
meridian. Will any emf be produced between its ends? Give reason for your
answer.
10.Predict the direction of induced current in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I
in the wire is steadily decreasing?

I
2

11.Define mutual inductance between two long coaxial solenoids. Find out the
expression for the mutual inductance of inner solenoid of length l having the
radius ‫ݎ‬ଵ and the number of turns ݊ଵ per unit length due to the second outer
solenoid of same length and ݊ଶ number of turns per unit length.
12.(a) Describe a simple experiment (or activity) to show that the polarity of emf
induced in coil is always such that it tends to produce a current which opposes
the change of magnetic flux that produced it.
(b) The current flowing through an inductor of self inductance L is
continuously increasing.
Plot a graph showing the variation of
(i) Magnetic flux versus the current
(ii) Induced emf versus dI/dt
(iii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current.
13.Define the term self-inductance of a solenoid. Obtain the expression for the
magnetic energy stored in an inductor of self-inductance L to build up a
current I through it.
14.(i) Define mutual inductance.
(ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. the current in
one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage
with the other coil?
15.What are eddy currents?
16.Mention two applications of eddy currents.
17.Give two factors on which the self-inductance of a long solenoid depends.
18.In which of the case shown below, will the mutual inductance of two coils be
maximum if the number of turns remains the same in each case?

19.A copper ring is held horizontally and bar magnet is dropped through the ring
with its length along the axis of the ring as shown in figure. Will the
acceleration of the falling magnet be equal to, greater than or less than that
due to gravity?

20.What is the self-inductance of a solenoid of length 0.40m, area of cross-

section ʹͲ ൈ ͳͲିସ m2 and total number of turnsൌ ͺͲͲǫ
21.Magnetic flux of 5 micro weber is linked with a coil, when a current of 1mA
flows through it. What is the self-inductance of the coil?
22.An armature coil consists of 20 turns of wire, each of area Aൌ ͲǤͲͻm2 and
total resistance ͳͷǤͲȳ. It rotates in a magnetic field of ͲǤͷ at a constant
frequency of 150/ߨ Hz. Calculate the value of (i) maximum (ii) average
induced emf produced in the coil.
23.A circular copper disc 10 cm in radius rotates at a speed of 20ߨ rad/s about an
axis through its centre and perpendicular to the disc. A uniform magnetic field
of ͲǤʹͲ acts perpendicular to the disc.
(i) Calculate the potential difference developed between the axis of the
disc and the rim.
(ii) What is the induced current if the resistance of the disc is ʹȳ?
24.In an experiment, a coil carrying current was wound on a cylindrical rod
(core). This acted as a magnet. This coil with its core was moved axially
towards a circular coil, axially. The ends of this circular coil were attached to
a galvanometer. In this set up,
(a) What should you do to obtain a large deflection of the galvanometer?
(b) How should you demonstrate the presence of an induced current in the
absence of a galvanometer?
25.How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when:
(i) Separation between the coils is increased?
(ii) The number of turns of each coil is increased?
(iii) A thin iron sheet is placed between the two coils, other factors
remaining the same? Explain your answer in each case.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

26.In an evening Ashok and his friends were sitting in a park. They saw a bird
was sitting on a high voltage wire. But as soon as the current was passed
through the wire, the bird sitting on it flew away. All gave their opinions for
the reason behind it. At last Ashok explained the reason behind it.
(a) What are the value displayed by Ashok?
(b) Why as soon as the current passed through a high voltage wire, the bird
sitting on it flew away?
27.Isabella used an induction stove and explains to her neighbor that due to
shortage of LPG one must utilize other sources that are available to produce
heat energy; being a Physics teacher Isabella, explains that the oil companies
are trying their best to meet the demands for LPG and that as a good citizen
one must use other sources wherever feasible. Isabell uses an induction stove
having a value of 7 H inductor and the flow of current from 10 A to 7 A in
ͻ ൈ ͳͲ-2 seconds.
(a) In the above, what is the quality, you find in the physics teacher?
(b) Calculate the emf generated in the above?
28.Imran on entering the airport was asked to remove the contents from his pant
and shirt pockets; his hand bags and luggage were also checked by airport
authorities by using a metal detector. Imran got annoyed and argued with the
airport authority asking the reasons for such procedure. The authority tells him
that all the passengers and their belongings will be checked for security check
to ensure safe travel.
 (a) What is the value that imparts us in the above scenario?
(b) Briefly explain the working principle of a metal detector.
29.Raj is in XII standard. His physics teacher demonstrated an experiment to
explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. Raj interrupted her
lecture and asked. “Is there any possibility of induced emf due to the earth’s
magnetism”? The teacher was stunned for a moment and gave this question
for group discussion. Finally the students came out with correct answer.
(a) Write the values that you learnt from this incident.
(b) What can be the reason for Raj’s Questions?
 UNIT- 7
ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. An a.c. source generating a voltage ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ‫ ݒ‬m ‫݊݅ݏ‬ɘ‫ ݐ‬is connected to a capacitor
of capacitance C. Find the expression for the current, i, flowing through it.
Plot a graph of ‫ ݒ‬and ݅ versus ɘ‫ ݐ‬to show that the current is ߨȀʹ ahead of the
voltage.
A resistor of ʹͲͲȳ and a capacitor of ͳͷǤͲߤF are connected in series to a
200V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Calculate the current in the circuit and the rms
voltage across the resistor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these
voltages more than the source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox.
2. An inductor 200 mH, capacitor ͷͲͲߤ ǡ resistor ͳͲȳ are connected in series
with a 100Vǡ variable frequency a.c. source. Calculated the
(i) frequency at which the power factor of the circuit is unity
(ii) current amplitude at this frequency
(iii) Q-factor
3. An inductor of unknown value, a capacitor ͳͲͲߤ and a resistor of ͳͲȳ are
connected in series to a 200V, 50 Hz a.c. source. It is found that the power
factor of the circuit is unity. Calculate the inductance of the inductor and the
current amplitude.
4. Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an ac circuit.
5. The instantaneous current and voltages of an a.c. circuit are given by
݅ ൌ ͳͲ •‹ ͵ͲͲ‫ ݒ݀݊ܽܣݐ‬ൌ ʹͲͲ •‹ ͵ͲͲ‫ܸݐ‬.
What is the power dissipation in the circuit?
6. A ͳͷǤͲߤ capacitor is connected to 220V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive
reactance and the rms current.
7. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance connected in series with
a capacitor and an AC source is glowing with certain brightness. How does
the brightness of the lamp change on reducing the (i) capacitance and (ii) the
frequency? Justify your answer.
8. Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working
principle. Deduce the expression for the secondary to primary voltage ratio in
terms of the number of turns in the two coils. In an ideal transformer, how is
this ratio related to the currents in the two coils? How is the transformer used
in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long
distances?
9. Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit connected to
an AC supply of variable frequency.
Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of the applied
voltage.
Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used
in the tuning mechanism of a radio a TV set.
10.Define the term ‘wattless current’.
11.Mention various energy losses in transformer and explain the some.
12.A light bulb is rated 100W for 220V ac supply of 50 Hz. Calculate (i) the
resistance of the bulb; (ii) the rms current through the bulb.
OR
An alternating voltage given by V = 140 •‹ ͵ͳͶ ‫ ݐ‬is connected across a pure
resistor of ͷͲȳ. Find (i) the frequency of the source. (ii) the rms current
through the resistor.
13.Why is the use of a.c. voltage preferred over d.c. voltage? Give two reasons.
14.A capacitor ‘C’, a variable resistor ‘R’ and a bulb ‘B’ are connected in series
to the ac mains in circuit as shown. The bulb glows with some brightness.
How will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a dielectric slab is introduced
between the plates of the capacitor, keeping resistance R to be the same; (ii)
the resistance R is increased keeping the same capacitance?

15.Draw a graph to show variation of capacitive-reactance with frequency in a.c.

circuit.
16.A series LCR circuit is connected across an a.c. source of variable angular
frequency Ԣ߱Ԣ. Plot a graph showing variation of current Ԣ݅Ԣ as a function of
Ԣ߱Ԣ for two resistances R1 and R2 (R1>R2).
Answer the following questions using this graph:
(a) In which case is the resonance sharper and why?
(b) In which case is the power dissipation more and why?
17.Draw a necessary arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coils in
a step-up transformer. State its underlying principle and derive the relation
between the primary and secondary voltages in terms of number of primary
and secondary turns. Mention the two basic assumptions used in obtaining the
above relation.
State any two causes of energy loss in actual transformers.
18.An inductor L of inductance XL is connected in series with a bulb B and an ac
source. How would brightness of the bulb change when (i) number of turns in
the inductor is reduced, (ii) an iron rod is inserted in the inductor and (iii) a
capacitor of reactance XC = XL is inserted in series in the circuit. Justify your
answer in each case.
19.Define ‘quality factor’ of resonance in series LCR circuit. What is its SI unit?
20.What is meant by admittance of an a.c. circuit?
21.The algebraic sum of potential drop across the various elements in LCR circuit
is not equal to the applied voltage. Why?
22.When are the voltage and current in an LCR series ac circuit in phase?
23.What is the power factor of an LCR series circuit at resonance?
24.Name one device through which power consumed in an AC circuit is zero.
25.Which device will you use to step up a.c. voltage? Can we use the same device
to step up the dc voltage?
26.The total impedance of a circuit decreases, when a capacitor is added in series
with L and R. Why?
27.A capacitor, resistor and a 40 mH inductor are connected in series to AC
source of frequency 60 Hz. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor if
current is in phase with the voltage.
28.A transformer has an efficiency of 80% and works at 100V and 4 kw. If the
secondary voltage is 240V, calculate the primary and secondary currents.
29.A capacitor of C =ͳͲͲߤF and a coil of resistance ͷͲȳ and inductance ͲǤͷ H
are connected in series with a 110V-50 Hz source. Calculate rms value of
current in the circuit.
30.Derive an expression for the average power aver a complete cycle of AC in
LCR circuit.
31.Draw a labelled diagram of a transformer. Discuss its principle and working.
Give two cause for power loss in a transformer. Also mention how these losses
can be minimized.
32.A capacitor blocks dc but allows ac. Why?
33.(a) State Lenz’s law. Show that it is a consequence of the law of conservation
of energy.
(b) A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2 cm2 placed
inside normal to the axis of the solenoid. If the current carried by the solenoid
changes steadily from 2 A to 4 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced voltage in the
loop while the current is changing?
34.Given circuit diagram shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable
frequency 230V source.

(i) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(ii) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the
resonating frequency.
(iii) Determine the rms potential drops across the three elements of the
circuit.
(iv) How do you explain the observation that the algebraic sum of the
voltages across the three elements obtained in (iii) is greater than the
supplied voltage?

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

35.Anand on entering his apartment, switched on the tube light, but it did not
work. So he called the electrician. The electrician inspected the tube light and
suggested a replacement of the choke. On replacing the choke, Anand found
the tubelinght working.
(a) What is the function of a choke?
(b) Identify the value exhibited here.
36.A group of students while coming from the school noticed a box marked
“Danger H.T. 2200 V” at a substation in the main street. They did not
understand the utility of a such a high voltage, while they argued, the supply
was only 220V. They asked their teacher this question the next day. The
teacher thought it to be an important question and therefor explained to the
whole class.
(i) What device is used to bring the high voltage down to low voltage of
a.c. current and what is the principle of its working?
(ii) Is it possible to use this device for bringing down the high dc voltage
to the low voltage? Explain.
(iii) Write the values displayed by the students and the teacher.
 UNIT-8
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum whose wavelength lies in the
range of 10-10 m. Give its on use.
2. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as per the wavelengths given
below. Write one application of each.
(a) 10-3nm (b) 10-3m (c) 1 nm
3. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as per the frequency given
below. Write one application of each.
(a) 1020 Hz (b) 109 Hz (c) 1011 Hz
4. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as per the wavelengths
given. Write one application of each.
(a) 1 nm (b) 10-12 m (c) 10-8 m
5. Write the following radiations in ascending order in respect of their
frequencies: X-rays, microwaves, UV rays and radio waves.
6. Answer the following questions:
(a) Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground while X-rays
astronomy is possible only from satellites orbiting the Earth. Why?
(b) The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human
survival. Why?
7. Name the EM waves used for studying crystal structure of solids. What is its
frequency range?
8. Arrange the following in descending order of wavelength:
X-rays, Radio waves, Blue light, Infrared light.
9. Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in ascending order of their
frequencies:
(i) Microwave (ii) Radio wave
(iii) X-rays (iv) Gamma rays
10.Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the largest penetrating
power?
11.A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along ‫ݔ‬-direction. What can
you say about the direction of electric and magnetic field vectors?
12.How are infrared waves produced? Why are these referred to as ‘heat waves’?
write their one important use.
13.The speed of an electromagnetic wave in a material medium is given by
‫ ݒ‬ൌ ͳȀξߤߝǡ ߤ being the permeability of the medium and ߝ its permittivity.
How does its frequency change?
14.A capacitor, made of two parallel plates each of plate area A and separation
d, is being charged by an external ac source. Show that the displacement
current inside the capacitor is the same as the current charging the capacitor.
15.Welders wear special goggles or face masks with glass windows to protect
their eyes from electromagnetic radiations. Name the radiations and write the
range of their frequency.
16.To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency
ͷ ൈ ͳͲ19 Hz belong?
17.To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency
͵ ൈ ͳͲ13 Hz belong?
18.Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how
one is required to generalize Ampere’s circuital law to include the term due
to displacement current.
19.Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is:
(a) Suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.
(b) Used to treat muscular strain.
(c) Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine.
20.(i) Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is:
(a) Suitable for radar system used in aircraft navigation,
(b) Produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons.
(ii) why does a galvanometer show a momentary deflection at the time of
charging or discharging a capacitor? Write the necessary expression to
explain this observation.
21.Write Maxwell’s generalization of Ampere’s Circuital Law. Show that in the
process of charging a capacitor, the current produce within the plates of the
capacitor is
ௗம
݅ ൌ ߝ଴
ௗ௧
where Ԅா is the electric flux produced during charging of the capacitor plates.
22.Give four properties of electromagnetic waves.
 VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
23.Shalini wanted to girft her aunt a microwave oven so that her aunt enjoys some
rest from though household activities. She requested her aunt and convinced
her about details and significance of microwave over.
(a) What are the values shown by Shalini?
(b) How does microwave oven work? Explain briefly.
24.Soni noticed that some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on
the earth would be followed by a servere ‘nuclear winter’ with devastating
effect on life on the earth. She was interested to know the facts and so she
went to her friend Moni. Moni explained him all the concerning facts
properly:
(a) What are the values displayed by Moni?
(b) What might be the basis of this prediction?
25.Some of the valuable articles were stolen from the museum. Police arrested
thief with stolen articles. The police wanted to prove the case. Raman helped
the police and confirmed that such articles were belonging to the museum by
using UV light.
(a) What are the values exhibited by Raman?
(b) How does he prove such case?
26.Saurabh reads in his text book that if the distance from the bulb is doubled
then intensity is reduced to one-fourth. But then he notices that as a laser beam
travel across the length of a room, its intensity is essentially constant. So he
wants to know what is responsible for the constant intensity, which is missing
in the case of light from the bulb. His friend Samir explained him such things
properly.
(a) What values are displayed by Samir?
(b) How does Samir explain such things properly?
27.X-rays were discovered by German Scientist Roentgen in 1895. X-rays were
being used by doctors to see if bones were fractured or damaged within weeks
of his discovery. It was noticed that many of the early X-rays operators died
of tumors. When Raghav knew such things, he went to his friend Mdhav to
find the reason behind it. Madhav explained the reasons and convinced him
with proper causes.
(a) What are the values displayed by Madhav?
(b) How did Madhav explain such reason properly?
28.Puja’s aunt was advised by her doctor to have an ECG (Electrocardiograph)
for heart. Her aunt did not know much about the details and significance of
 this test. She also felt that it was too expensive and thought of postponing it.
When Puja learnt about her aunt problem she took the help of her parents,
friends and responsible neighbors and arranged for the cost of test. Then she
told her aunt that an ECG of her heart would enable the doctor to know the
condition of her heart without causing any harm to her. Her aunt was
convinced and got the required ECG of her heart done. The resulting
information greatly helped her doctors to treat her well.
(a) What according to you, are the values displayed by Puja and her parents,
friends and neighbors to help her aunt?
(b) A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25 MHz tavels in free space
along the x-direction. At a particular point space and time, the electric
vector
ሬԦ ൌ ͸Ǥ͵ȀଌƸ. Calculate B at this point
29.Akhil was playing cricket with his friends, when a ball hit his friend Bharat
on his left leg. Bharat screamed with pain. Akhil rushed towards him and
comforted him and asked him not to move his leg. He quickly took out his cell
phone and called up Bharat’s parents and briefed them about the incident. In
10 minutes Bharat was examined by the doctor who advised for an X-rays test
which confirmed a hairline fracture.
(a) How are X-rays produced?
(b) Mention one another application of X-rays.
(c) Mention two qualities of Akhil which are reflected from the above
situation.
30.Chirag was at the restaurant chatting with his cousins. The restaurant was
clean and free of flies and insects to his relief. His cousin was curious to know
about the UV lamp in the corner and asked Chirag about it. Chirag explained
that inside the fluorescent lamp, the electrical energy is converted into UV
radiation. The inside of the tube is coated with a fluorescent powder which
absorbs the UV and emits violet light in the visible region. These attract the
insects which are electrocuted by high voltage wires near the lamp, so that
they don’t fall on the food and contaminate them.
(a) Name the main source of UV rays?
(b) Why are they considered harmful to us?
(c) What impressed you about Chirag?
31.It was Rajat’s turn to talk about the great Indian scientist in front of the class
and he chose Jagdish Chandra Bose.
 Although more famous as a biologist, Jagadish Chandra Bose was a great
physicist as well. He can rightly be called the inventor of wireless telegraphy.
Though Marconi inventor the wireless, Bose had already demonstrated its
functioning in public in the year 1895, a year before Marconi’s patent for the
telegraph. He was the first to fabricate the device that generated radio wave-
length (25 mm to 5 mm). He was a great scientist, who selflessly dedicated
his findings to the further development of science. An inventor can make lakhs
of rupees by just one or two inventions. Bose has invented many instruments
used by may industries. When he was offered money for these, he did not
accept it. He felt that knowledge was not anybody’s personal property. He
permitted anyone and everyone to use the fruits of his work. The whole class
including his teacher applauded.
(a) Give two properties of the e.m.w. produced by Bose.
(b) What values of Bose impressed you from the above passage?
32.A group discussion was in progress…..
Speaker 1-Electromagnetic radiations play an important role in
maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature through greenhouse
effect. These radiations trap the green house gases such as CO2 and water
vapour thus increasing the temperature.
Speaker 2-We could reduce the emission by using solar operated vehicles
or cycles for short distance, use public transport, car pooling.
Speaker 3-The government can impose carbon tax-i.e., taxing the
individual and industries based on the size of the CO2 emission.
(a) What type of radiation is speaker 1 referring to?
(b) Name one electronic device which emits this radiation.
(c) What values do the speakers exhibit in their discussion?
33.Gopal visits his friend Naresh. In his house Naresh was playing with his kid
sister and in spite of the broad day light, Gopal notices the tube light burning
and advises him to save electricity. He also claims that the heat inside the
room increases which would lead to global warming.
(a) What are the values associated with the decision saving electricity?
(b) Which electromagnetic wave is responsible for increase in the average
temperature of the earth? Give other application of the electromagnetic
wave.
34.A woman and her daughter of class XII in KV were in the kitchen, preparing
a feast for visitors using the new microwave oven purchased last evening.
Suddenly, the daughter noticed sparks inside the oven and unplugs the
connection after switching it off. She found that inside the microwave oven a
metallic container had been kept to cook vegetable. She informs her mother
that no metallic object must be used while cooking in microwave oven and
explains the reasons for the same.
(a) What attitude of the daughter inspires you?
(b) Give another use of a microwave oven.
(c) The frequency of microwave is ͵ ൈ ͳͲ11 Hz. Calculate tis wavelength.
 UNIT-9
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal
length 10 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2.
2. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the
incident violet light is replaced with red light?
3. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism of refractive index
1.5 change, if it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3?
4. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having
same refractive index. What would be the focal length of the lens in this
medium?
5. A glass lens of refractive index 1.5 is placed in through of liquid. What must
be the refractive index of the liquid in order to make the lens disappear?
ଵ ଵ ଵ
6. Derive the lens formula, ൌ െ for a concave lens, using the necessary ray
௙ ௩ ௨
diagram.
Two lenses of power 10D and -5D are placed in contact.
(i) Calculate the power of the new lens.
(ii) Where should an object be held from the lens, so as to obtain a virtual
image of magnification 2?
7. Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the near point
position. Write the expression for its magnifying power.
8. With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a
concave mirror.
9. (i) What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a
material?
(ii) Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain.
10.Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right angled
prism ‘abc’ at face ‘ab’. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for
red, green and blue wavelength are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of
the three which colour ray will emerge out of face ‘ac’? Justify your answer.
Trace the path of these rays after passing through face ‘ab’.
11.(i) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
12.Define refractive index of a transparent medium.
A ray of light passes through a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing the
variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
13.Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object
placed on the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive
indices n1 and n2. Establish the relation between the distances of the object,
the image and the radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical
surface.
Hence derive the expression of the lens maker’s formula.
14.Two thin lenses of power ൅͸‫ ݀݊ܽܦ‬െ ʹ‫ ܦ‬are in contact. What is the focal
length of the combination?
15.Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound
microscope. Derive the expression for total magnification of a compound
microscope. Explain why both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound
microscope must have short focal length.
16.Using the data given below, state below, state which of the given lenses will
you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical
telescope.
Lenses Power(p) Aperture (A)
L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm
L3 10D 1 cm
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of a distant object in
the normal adjustment position for the astronomical telescope so formed.
Write the expression for its (i) magnifying power and (ii) length of the
telescope.
17.(a) (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an
astronomical telescope for distant object.
(ii)Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a
refracting type telescope.
(b) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away
from a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in
 front of the convex lens, find the position of the final image formed by the
combined system.
18.When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does
this decrease in speed imply a decrease in the energy carried by the light
wave? Justify your answer.
19.Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 300.
20.(i) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of material
of a prism in minimum deviation condition.
21.An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the
focal length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the
screen, twice the size of the object.
22.The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the
length of the object. If the focal length of the lens in 20 cm, calculate the object
and image distances.
23.The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10cm and 15cm.
If focal length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of
the lens.
24.A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and
eyepiece lens of focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the
objective lens. Calculate the magnifying power of the compound microscope.
Also calculate the length of the microscope.
25.Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce
an expression for the total magnification when the final image is formed at the
near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is place at a distance of 1.5 cm from the
objective of focal length 1.25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm
and the final image is formed at the near point, estimate the magnifying power
of the microscope.
26.A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in (i) a
medium of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
(i) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(ii) How will its focal length change in the two media?
27.An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.
 (i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower
half of the mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black?
28.For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three
media A, B and C are 150, 250 and 350 respectively. In which medium would
the velocity of light be minimum?
29.Under what condition does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive
index act as a plane glass sheet when immersed in a liquid?
30.You are given three lenses L1,L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object
is kept at 40 cm in front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the
focus ‘I’ of L3. Find the separations between L1,L2 and L3.

31.(a) Write the necessary conditions for the phenomenon of total internal
reflection to occur.
(b) Write the relation between the refractive index and critical angle for a
given pair of optical media.
32.Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an
isosceles right-angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism
for the two rays ‘I’ and ‘2’ are respectively 1.32 and 1.45. Trace the path of
these rays after entering through the prism.
33.The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the lens is
convex or concave.

34.(i) Plot a graph to show variation of the angle of deviation as a function of

angle of incidence for light passing through a prism. Derive an expression for
refractive index of the prism in terms of angle of minimum deviation and
angle of prism.
(ii) what is dispersion of light? What is its cause?
(iii) A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right isosceles prism is
totally reflected as shown in fig. what must be the minimum value of
refractive index of glass? Give relevant calculations.

35.Refractive index of glass for lights of yellow, green and red colours are
ߤ௬ ǡ ߤ௚ ܽ݊݀ߤ௥ respectively. Rearrange these symbols in an increasing order
of values.
36.How does the focal length of a convex lens change if monochromatic red light
is used instead of monochromatic blue light?
37.What happens to the size and the intensity of the image, if some part of lens
surface is covered?
38.Can a concave lens form an image of same size as the object?
39.Usually a glass convex lens is converging and a glass concave lens is
diverging. Under what conditions the convex lens becomes diverging and
concave lens converging?
40.Two lenses of focal lengths 6 cm and 50 cm are to be used for making a
telescope. Which will you use for the objective?
41.Why does the sky appear blue?
42.Which mirror is used as shaving mirror-concave or convex?
43.A concave mirror is held in water. What would be the change in focal length
of the mirror?
44.Define critical angle for total internal reflection.
45.What is critical angle for a material of refractive index ξʹ?
46.A ray of light is incident normally on a glass slab. What is the angle of
refraction?
47.A convex lens is held in water. What would be the effect on the focal length
of the lens?
48.A square wire of side 3.0 cm is placed 25 cm away from a concave mirror of
focal length 10 cm. what is the area of the image of the square? Given: the
centre of the wire is on the axis of the mirror, with its two sides normal to the
axis.
VALUE BASED QUESTION
49.One day Chetan’s mother developed a severe stomach ache all of a sudden.
She was rushed to the doctor who suggested for an immediate endoscopy test
and gave an estimate of expenditure for the same. Chetan immediately
contacted his class teacher and shared the information with her. the class
teacher arranged for the money and rushed to the hospital. On realizing that
Chetan belonged to a below average income group family, even the doctor
offered concession for the test free. The test was conducted successfully.
Answer the following question based on the above information:
(a) Which principle in optics is made use of in endoscopy?
(b) Briefly explain the values reflected in the action taken by the teacher.
(c) In what way do you appreciate the response of the doctor in the given
situation?
50.Rahul was driving a car and suddenly became aware of aloud sound coming
from behind. He looked through his rear-view mirror and saw an ambulance.
 He recalled reading that such emergency vehicles often have their name
written in the mirror writing.
He quickly made way for the ambulance, murmuring a quick prayer for the
speedy recovery of the patient inside the ambulance.
(a) What type of mirror is as a rear view mirror and why?
(b) What values did Rahul exhibit?
51.Ajay thought a virtual image, we always say, cannot be found on screen. Yet
when we see a virtual image we are obviously bringing it on the screen such
as retina of our eye. How it can be possible? He had no answer. So he
approached his friend Vijay, who explained him its proper reason.
(a) What are the values displayed by Vijay?
(b) How did Vijay explain Ajay properly? Describe briefly.
52.A glass window has been broken into tiny particles of glass in a robbery case.
Some of these tiny particles are found at the scene of crime and some in the
robbers clothing. If the police can prove that both particles found from both
the places are similar, they have a strong case. Being a responsible person
Ganesh helped the police to prove such case.
(a) Which values are displayed by Ganesh in proving such case?
(b) Which phenomenon is responsible for proving such case?
(c) How do you prove such case?
53.Ravi goes to visit a museum. A special mirror is lying there. When he stands
in front of the mirror he finds his image having a very small head, a fat body
and legs of normal size. He becomes frightened and comes to his friend Shiva
explains the reason behind it.
(a) What values are shown by Shiva?
(b) Name the kinds of mirror.
(c) How do you explain such a thing properly?
 UNIT-10
Wave Optics
1. How is a wavefront defined? Using Huygen’s construction, draw a figure
showing the propagation of a plane wave refracting at a plane surface
separating two media. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
2. State the reason, why two independent sources of light cannot be considered
as coherent sources.
3. (a) What are coherent source of light? Two slits in Young’s double slit
experiment are illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of
the same wavelength. Why is no interference pattern observed?
(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Young’s
experiment. Hence write the expression for the fringe width.
(c) If s is the size of the source and d its distance from the plane of the two
slits, what should be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen?
4. State one feature by which the phenomenon of interference can be
distinguished from that of diffraction.
A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a silt
of width ‘a’. if the distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8m and the
distance of ʹ୬ୢ order maximum from the center of the is 15 mm, calculate the
width of the slit.
5. Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarized light. An unpolarised
light is incident on the boundary between two transparent media. State the
condition when the reflected wave is totally plane polarized. Find out the
expression for the angle of incidence in this case.
6. (a) What is plane polarized light? Two polaroids are placed at 900 to each and
the transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when one more polaroid is
placed between these two, bisecting the angle between them? How will the
intensity of transmitted light vary on further rotating the third polaroid?
(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted through a
polaroid which is rotated, does it mean that the light is unpolarised? Explain
briefly.
7. What type of wavefront will emerge from a
(i) Point source, and
(ii) Distant light source?
8. In Young’s double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 630
nm illuminates the pair of slits and produces an interference pattern in which
 two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 8.1 mm. Another source of
monochromatic light produces the interference pattern in which the two
consecutive bright fringes are separated by 7.2mm. Find the wavelength of
light from the second source.
What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is
replaced by a source of white light?
9. At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive
index ξ͵, such that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to
each other?
10.If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the analyser is 450, write
the ratio of the intensities of original light and the transmitted light after
passing through the analyser.
11.In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 0.15 mm apart are illuminated
by monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away
from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second
(i) Bright fringe,
(ii) Dark fringe from the central maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the
slits?
12.How does an unpolarised light get polarized when passed through a polaroid?
Two polaroids are set in crossed positions. A third polaroid is placed between
the two making an angle ߠ with the pass axis of the first polaroid. Write the
expression for the intensity of light transmitted from the second polaroid. In
what orientations will the transmitted intensity be (i) minimum and (ii)
maximum?
13.What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram
how an unploarized light can be polarized by reflection from a transparent
medium. Write the expression for Brewster angle in terms of the refractive
index of denser medium.
14.When monochromatic light ravels from one medium to another, its
wavelength changes but frequency remains the same. Explain.
15.State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference.
In Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the
conditions for constructive and destructive interference. Hence deduce the
expression for the fringe width. How does the fringe width get affected, if the
entire experimental apparatus of Young immersed in water?
16.(a) How does an unpolarized light incident on a polaroid get polarized?
Describe briefly, with the help of a necessary diagram, the polarization of light
by reflection from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are kept in crossed position. How should a third
polaroid ‘C’ be placed between them so that the intensity of polarized light
transmitted by polaroid B reduces to 1/8th of the intensity of unpolarized light
incident on A?
17.A parallel beam of light of 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the
first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen.
Calculate the width of the slit.
18.Which of the following waves can be polarized:
(i) Heat waves
(ii) Sound waves?
Give reason to support your answer.
19.(i) State law of Malus.
(ii) Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity (I) of polarized light
transmitted by an analyser with angle ሺɅሻ between polarizer and analyser.
(iii) What is the value of refractive index of a medium of polarizing angle
600?
20.What will be the effect on the interference pattern if the phase difference
between the two interfering waves changes continuously?
21.In a Yong’s double slit experiment, what will happen to the fringe width if
wavelength of the monochromatic source is increased, all other parameters of
the experimental set up remaining the same?
22.What changes in the interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment
will be observed when:
(i) distance between the slits is reduced, and
(ii) if the apparatus is immersed in water
23.Two students are separated by a 7 m high partition wall in a room 10 m high.
Though both light and sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that
the students are unable to see each other even though they can converse
easily?
24.In the diffraction experiment, if we replace the yellow light by red light, then
what will happen to the width of the central maxima?
25.Draw graphs of the diffraction patterns for a single slit.
26.Two coherent sources of intensity ratio 1:25 interfere. Deduce the ratio of the
intensity between the maxima and minima in the pattern.
27.In Young’s double slit experiment, the 10th maximum is observed for
ߣ ൌ ͹ͲͲͲՀ. What order will visible if the source of light is replaced by light
of wavelength 5000 Հ.
28.Derive an expression for fringe width using Young’s double slit experiment
for interference of light.
29.What is value of refractive index of a medium for which polarizing angle is
750?
30.A slit of width d is illuminated by light of wavelength 5500 Հ. What will be
the value of d, when
(a) first minimum falls at an angle of diffraction of 300?
(b) the first maximum falls at an angle of diffraction of 300?

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

31.Anil is using yellow light in a single slit diffraction experiment with slit width
of 0.6 mm. When his friend replaced yellow light by X-ray then diffraction
pattern is not visible. They become surprised and asked the teacher about such
thing. The teacher replaces X-rays by yellow light and diffraction pattern
appears again. Then teacher explained all the facts about diffraction properly?
(a) What are the values noticed in both the students?
(b) Give the necessary condition for the diffraction?
(c) Why is diffraction pattern not visible by using X-rays in such case?
32.Two students are situated in a room 10 m high, they are separated by 7 m high
partition wall. The students are unable to see each other even though they can
converse easily. But they know that both light and sound waves can bend
around the obstacles. So they were interested to know scientific cause of such
phenomena. Then they went to their friend Neelam who convinced them with
basic facts.
(a) What are the values shown by Neelam?
(b) How did Neelam convince them such basic facts?
 UNIT-11
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS
1. The following graph shows the variation of stopping potential V0 with the
frequency v of the incident radiation for two photosensitive metals X and Y:
(i) Which of metals has larger threshold wavelength ? Give reason.
(ii) Explain, given reason, which metal gives out electrons, having larger
kinetic energy, for the same wavelength of the incident radiation.
(iii) If the distance between the light source and metal X is halved, how will
the kinetic energy of electrons emitted from it change? Give reason.

2. Two lines, A and B, n the plot given below show the variation of de Broglie
wavelength, ߣ versus ͳȀξܸ, where V is the accelerating potential difference,
for two particles carrying the same charge. Which one of two represents a
particle of smaller mass?

3. An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength

associated with them. How are their kinetic energies related to each other?
4. An electron and alpha particle have the same kinetic energy. How are the de-
Broglie wavelength associated with them related?
5. An electron and a proton have the same de Broglie wavelength associated with
them. How are their kinetic energies related to each other?
6. The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1.5 V. What
is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?
7. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3 eV. What is its stopping
potential?
8. The figure shows a plot of three curves a,b,c showing the variation of
photocurrent vs collector plate potential for three different intensities I1,I2 and
I3 having frequencies ‫ݒ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݒ‬ଶ and ‫ݒ‬ଷ respectively incident on photosensitive
surface.

Point out the two curves for which the incident radiation have same frequency
but different intensities.
9. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential.
Which one of the two has
(i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(ii) less kinetic energy?
Justify you answers.
10.An electron and a proton are accelerated through the same potential. Which
one of the two has
(i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(ii) less momentum?
Justify you answers.
11.Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features
observed in photoelectric effect, which can be explained on the basis of the
above equation.
12.Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of
incident radiation for two different photosensitive materials having work
 function W1 and W2 (W1>W2). On what factors does the (i) slope and (ii)
intercept of the lines depend?
13.An ߙ-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential.
Find the ratio of their de-Broglie wavelengths.
14.An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 volts. What is
the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does this value of wavelength correspond?
15.Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate
potential for two different frequencies, ‫ݒ‬ଵ ൐ ‫ݒ‬ଶ , of incident radiation having
the same intensity. In which case will the stopping potential be higher? Justify
your answer.
16.Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly how this equation is
obtained using the photon picture of electromagnetic radiation.
Write the three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can be
explained using the equation.
17.Define the terms (i) ‘cut-off voltage’ and (ii) ‘threshold frequency’ in relation
to the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation show how the cut-off voltage and
threshold frequency for a given photosensitive material can be determined
with the help of a suitable plot/graph.
18.A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has grater de-
Broglie wavelength and why?
19.A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has smaller
de- Broglie wavelength and why?
20.(a) Why photoelectric effect can not be explained on the basis of wave nature
of flight? Give reasons.
(b) Write the basic features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on
which Einstein’s photoelectric equation is based.
21.The given graph shows the variation of photo-electric
current (I) versus applied voltage (V) for two I
different photosensitive materials and for two
different intensities of the incident radiation.
Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to different
materials but same intensity of incident radiation.
22.The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident
radiation for two photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has
higher value of work-function? Justify your answer.

23.A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating
potential. Which one of the two has.
(a) greater value of de- Broglie wavelength associated with it, and (b) less
momentum? Give reasons to justify your answer.
24.(i) Monochromatic light of frequency ͸ǤͲ ൈ ͳͲ14 Hz is produced by a laser.
The power emitted is ʹǤͲ ൈ ͳͲ-3W. Estimate the number of photons emitted
per second on an average by the source by the source.
(ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current versus the
intensity of incident radiation of a given photosensitive surface.
25.How does one explain, using de Broglie hypothesis, Bohr’s second postulate
of quantization of orbital angular momentum?
26.Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the ݊ ൌ ʹ state
of hydrogen atom.
27.Sketch the graphs showing variation of stopping potential with frequency of
incident radiations for two photosensitive materials A and B having threshold
frequencies‫ݒ‬୅ ൐ ‫ݒ‬୆ .
(i) In which case is the stopping potential more and why?
(ii) Does the slope of the graph depend on the nature of the material used?
Explain.
ଵ
28.Plot a graph showing variation of de-Broglie wavelength ߣ versus , where
ξ௏
Vis accelerating potential for two particles A and B carrying same charge but
of masses ଵ ǡ ଶ (ଵ ൐ ଶ ). Which one of the two represents a particle of
smaller mass and why?
29.Work function of copper is 4.0 eV. If two photons each of energy 2.5 eV strike
an electron of copper, will the emission of electron be possible?
30.The work function of lithium is 2.3 eV and that of aluminum is 4.2 eV. Which
of these metals will be useful for the photo cell working with visible light?
31.Two metals A,B have work-function 2 eV, 4 eV respectively. Which metal
has a lower threshold wavelength for photoelectric effects?
32.Radiations of frequency 1015 Hz are incident on two photosensitive surfaces
P and Q. Following observations are made:
(i) Surface P: Photoemission occurs but the photoelectrons have zero
kinetic energy and
(ii) Surface Q: photoemission occurs and photoelectrons have some
kinetic energy. Which of these has a higher work function? If the
incident frequency is slightly reduced, what will happen to
photoelectron emission in the two cases?
33.The maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted by a photocell is 5 eV. What
is the stopping potential?
34.Two metals A,B have work-function 2 eV,4 eV respectively. Which metal has
a lower threshold wavelength for photoelectric effects?
35.An electron and a photon have the same amount of kinetic energy. Which of
the two possesses greater wavelength?
36.Obtain the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron having kinetic energy 150 eV.
Given : mass of neutron ൌ ͳǤ͸͹ ൈ ͳͲ-27 kg, ݄ ൌ ͸Ǥ͸ ൈ ͳͲ-34 Js.
37.Light of wavelength ͷͲͲͲՀ falls on a sensitive plate with work function 1.90
eV. Calculate
(i) the energy of the proton in eV,
(ii) kinetic energy Of the emitted photoelectrons,
(iii) stopping potential.
Give : ݄ ൌ ͸Ǥ͸ ൈ ͳͲ-34 Js.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

38.Mohan thought that there are materials which absorb photons of shorter
wavelength and emit photons of longer wavelength. But, can there be stable
substances which absorb photons of larger wavelength and emit light of
shorter wavelength? He got confused and could not find its answer. Then he
requested his friend Sohan. Sohan explained him that in the first case, energy
given out is less than the energy supplied. But in the second case, the material
 has to supply the energy as the emitted photon has more energy, which cannot
happen for stable substances.
(a) What values do you noticed in Sohan?
(b) Consider a metal exposed to light of wavelength 600 nm. The maximum
energy of the electron doubles when light of wavelength 400 nm us used.
Find the work function in eV.
39.Ram knows that red light has grater intensity and so it much bright, but in case
of photoelectric emission it cannot produce the emission of electrons from a
clean zinc surface, while even weak ultraviolet radiation can do so. He could
not know specific cause of such thing. Then he went to his friend Shyam for
its specific explanation. Shyam explained him that the photoemission of
electron does not depend on the intensity while it depends on the frequency
and thus on the energy of photon of incident light. The energy of photon of
red light is less than the work function of zinc, so red light cannot emit
photoelectrons. Similarly, the energy of photon of ultraviolet light is greater
than the work function of zinc, so ultraviolent light can emit photoelectrons.
(a) What values are noticed in Shyam?
(b) The work functions of lithium and copper are 2.3 eV and 4 eV respectively.
Which of these metals are useful for the photoelectric cell working with
visible light? Explain.
40.A function was organised in the school auditorium. There was 500 sitting
arrangement in the auditorium. When entry started, students entered in group
and so counting became a great problem. Then of the school ordered science
students to take responsibility at the gate. The science students managed the
situation and now all the students used to enter the hall one by one. This helped
them to maintain discipline and counting became easy with the help of a
scientific device used by these students.
(a) What values are shown by science students?
(b) Name the scientific device which is based on application of photoelectric
effect.
(c) What is the principle of such scientific device?
41.Davisson and Germer’s actual objective was to study the surface of a piece of
nickel by directing a beam of electrons at the surface an observing how may
electrons bounced off at various angles. Though the experiment was
conducted in a vacuum chamber, air entered the chamber, producing an oxide
film on the nickel surface. When they started the experiment again and the
electrons hit the surface, they were scattered by atoms which originated from
 crystal planes inside the nickel crystal. Davisson and Germer’s accidental
discovery of the diffraction of electrons was the first direct evidence
confirming de Broglie’s hypothesis that particles can have wave properties as
well.
(a) What can we infer about the values shown by Davisson and Germer?
(b) Write the expression to find the wavelength of an electron when
accelerated through a potential difference of V volts.
42.Shivam had knowledge that energy and momentum of an electron are related
to frequency and wavelength of the associated matter (de-Broglie)wave by the
௛
relations, ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ݄‫ݒ‬ǡ ‫ ݌‬ൌ . But when he heard from his friend that value of ߣ is
ఒ
physically significant but the value of frequency v has no physical
significance. Shivam requested Shubham to explain such to explain such
thing clearly. Shubham said to him that according to de-Broglie a particle
behaves as a wave, but it is now established that a particle cannot be
equivalent to a single wave, but it is equivalent to a group of waves or a vave
packet.
௛
As ‫ ݌‬ൌ , so in the discussion of matter waves, a wave packet is significant
ఒ
and hence only wavelength, ߣ is significant. As, a single wave is insignificant,
so phase velocity (velocity of a single wave, ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ‫ )ߣݒ‬is insignificant and thus,
frequency ‫ ݒ‬is also insignificant.
(a) What are the values shown by Shubham?
(b) Calculate the (i) momentum and (ii) de Broglie wavelength of the electrons
accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V.
 UNIT-12
ATOMS
1. The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing
necessary calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of
spectral line of wavelength 102.7nm.

2. The energy levels of an element are given below: Identify, using necessary
calculations, the transition, which corresponds to the emission of spectral line
of wavelength 482 nm.

3. The ground state energy of hydrogen atoms is -13.6eV.

(i) What is the potential energy of an electron in the 3rd excited state?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from the 3rd excited state,
calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted.
4. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger-Marsden experiment. How did
the scattering of ߙ-particles by a thin foil of gold provide an important way to
determine an upper limit on the size of the nucleus?
5. (a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will
result in the transition of a photon of wavelength 275nm?
 (b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum
wavelength?
6. What is the ration of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and
ground state in a hydrogen atom?
7. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV. What are the kinetic
and potential energies of electron in this state?
8. Find the ratio of energies of photon produced due to transition of an electron
of hydrogen atom from its
(i) Second permitted energy level to the first level, and
(ii) The highest permitted energy level to first permitted level.
9. Define ionization energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom?
10.The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is ͷǤ͵ ൈ ͳͲିଵଵ Ǥ
What is the radius of orbit in the second excited state?
11.Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom.
12.(a) Using de Broglie’s hypothesis, explain with the help of a suitable diagram,
Bohr’s second postulate quantization of energy levels in a hydrogen atom.
(b) The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV. What are the kinetic
potential energies of the electron in this state?
13.In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to
the nucleus of Z=80, when an ߙ-particle of 8 MeV energy impinges on it
before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction.
How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy
of the ߙ-particle is doubled?
14.(a) Using Bohr’s second postulate of quantization of orbital angular
momentum show that the circumference of the electron in the nth orbital state
in hydrogen atom is n times the de Broglie wavelength associated with it.
(b) The electron in hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state. What
is the maximum number of spectral lines which can be emitted when it finally
moves to the ground state?
15.The ground state energy of hydrogen atom -13.6eV. If an electron makes a
transition from an energy level -0.85eV to -3.4eV, calculate the wavelength
of the spectral line emitted. To which series of hydrogen spectrum does
wavelength belong?
16.Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the total energy of the
electron in the stationary state of the hydrogen atom. Hence draw the energy
level diagram showing how the line spectra corresponding to Balmer series
occur due to transition between energy levels.
17.State Bohr’s postulates for atomic model. Derive the expression for total
energy of an electron bound to hydrogen atom.
18.(a) Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for total energy of the
electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.
(b) What is the significance of negative sign in the expression for the energy?
(c) Draw the energy level diagram showing how line spectra corresponding to
Paschen series occur due to transition energy levels.
19. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation
emitted when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher
energy state (quantum number ni ) to the lower state, (nf ).
When electron in hydrogen atom jumps from energy state ni =4 to nf =3,2,1,
identify the spectral series to which the emission lines belong.
20.Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy
of electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy
possessed by the electron?
OR
Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for radius
of nth electron orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.
21.A 12.5eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room
temperature. Upto which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be excited?
Calculate the wavelength to the first member of Lyman and first member of
Balmer series.
22.Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as n2 , where n is the
principal quantum number of the atom.
23.Define ionization energy.
How would the ionization energy change when electron in hydrogen atom is
replaced by a particle of mass 200 times that of the electron but having the
same charge?
OR
Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer
series. [Given Rydberg constant,  ൌ ͳͲ଻ ݉ିଵ ]
24.(i) State Bohr’s quantization condition for defining stationary orbits.
How does de Broglie hypothesis explain the stationary orbits?
(ii) Find the relation between the three wavelengths ߣଵ ǡ ߣଶ ƒ†ߣଷ from the
energy level diagram shown below.
25.How does Bohr’s atomic model differ from Rutherford’s atomic model?
26.How did de Broglie equation lead to the quantization condition laid down by
Bohr?
27.Write two limitations of Bohr’s atomic model.
28.Why are Bohr’s orbits called “stationary orbits”?
29.In a hydrogen atom, the transition of electron takes place from n = 8 to n =
1. Calculate the wavelength of emitted photon. The photon would be in what
region in electromagnetic spectrum?
30.By using Bohr’s postulates of atomic model, derive mathematical
expressions for (i) kinetic energy and (ii) potential energy of an electron
revolving in an orbit of radius r.
How does the potential energy change with increase in the principle
quantum number (n) for the electron and why?
31.The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is
– 3.4ev. Calculate:
(i) The kinetic energy of the electron in this state.
(ii) The potential energy of the electron in this state, and
(iii) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of zero of
potential energy is changed?
VALUE BASED QUESTION
32.Rakesh thought what would happen, when performing the alpha-particle
scattering experiment by using a this sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the
foil. Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures below 14 K. He contacted his friend
Rajesh for its answer. Rajesh explained him that in such case, no large angle
of scattering of alpha particle is possible. Because hydrogen atom is a proton
having mass of only ͳǤ͸͹ ൈ ͳͲିଶ଻ kg, while mass of alpha-particle is ͸Ǥ͸Ͷ ൈ
ͳͲିଶ଻ kg, i.e., four times of mass of proton so the scattering particle is more
massing than the target nucleus, thus the alpha-particle would not bounce back
for a head- on collision.
(a) What values are displayed by Rajesh?
(b) The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 V. What are kinetic and
potential energies of electron in this state?
33.Shyam saw his younger brother wondering with a question which deals with
emission of light from a vapour lamp. He was anxious to know how different
colours were being emitted by different light. He also saw mercury and
sodium vapour lamps in the physics lab and was curious to know what is
inside the lamps. On seeing his anxiety to know more about it, Shyam
explained about absorption of energy and re-emission of photons in the visble
region. He also advised him not to touch or break any items in the lab for the
thirst of knowledge.
(a) What is the moral you derive from Shyam?
(b) Which series in the hydrogen spectrum is in the visible region?
 UNIT-13
NUCLEI
1. State two characteristic properties of nuclear force.
2. A nucleus ଶଷଵ଴
Ne undergoes Ⱦ-decay and becomes ଶଷ ଵଵ
Na. Calculate the
maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted assuming that the daughter
nucleus and anti-neutrino carry negligible kinetic energy. Mass of ଶଷ
ଵ଴
Ne ൌ
ʹʹǤͻͻͶͶ͸͸—Ǣ mass of ଶଷ ଵଵ
Na ൌ ʹʹǤͻͺͻ͹͹Ͳ—Ǣ 1 uൌ ͻ͵ͳǤͷ MeV/c2
3. Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction:
ଶଷ଼
ଽଶ
 ՜ ଶଷସ
ଽ଴
Š ൅ ସଶ ‡ ൅ 
[Mass of ଶଷ଼
ଽଶ
 ൌ ʹ͵ͺǤͲͷͲ͹ͻ— Mass of ଶଷସ
ଽ଴
Š ൌ ʹ͵ͶǤͲͶ͵͸͵Ͳ—
Mass of ସଶ ‡ ൌ ͶǤͲͲʹ͸ͲͲ— ͳ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ͻ͵ͳǤͷ‫ܸ݁ܯ‬Ȁ‫ ݒ‬ଶ ]
4. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 8:125. What is the ratio of their
nuclear radii?
5. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 2:5. What is the ratio of their
nuclear densities?
6. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the
following scheme:
ఈ ఉ ఈ ఊ
 ՜ ଵ ՜ ଶ ՜ ଷ ՜ ସ
The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72 respectively. What
are these numbers for A4?
7. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the
following scheme:
ఈ ఉ ఈ ఊ
 ՜ ଵ ՜ ଶ ՜ ଷ ՜ ସ
The mass number and atomic number of A4 and 172 and 69 respectively. What
are these numbers for A?
8. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the
following scheme:
ఈ ఉ ఈ ఊ
 ՜ ଵ ՜ ଶ ՜ ଷ ՜ ସ
The mass number and atomic number of A are 190 and 75 respectively. What
are these numbers for A4?
9. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6
MeV is split into two fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The
binding energy of nucleons in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the
energy Q released per fission in MeV.
10.Draw a plot of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number
for a large number of nuclei, ʹ ൑  ൑ ʹͶͲ. How do you explain the constancy
of binding energy per nucleon in the range 30 < A < 170 using the property
that nuclear force is short-ranged?
11.State the law of radioactive decay.
Plot a graph showing the number (N) of undecayed nuclei as a function of
time (t) for a given radioactive sample having half life T1/2.
12.Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass
number A, state clearly how the release of energy in the processes of nuclear
fission and unclear fusion can be explained.
13.(i) What characteristic property of nuclear force explains the constancy of
binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) in the range of mass number ‘A’ lying
30 < A < 170?
(ii) show that the density of nucleus over a wide range of nuclei is constant –
independent of mass number A.
14.(a) In a typical nuclear reaction, e.g.,
ଶ
ଵ
൅ ଶଵ ՜ ଷଶ ‡ ൅  ൅ ͵Ǥʹ͹‡ǡ
although number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How?
Explain.
(b) show that nuclear density in a given nucleus is independent of mass
number A.
15.In a nuclear reaction
ଷ
ଶ
‡ ൅ ଷଶ ‡ ՜ ସଶ ‡ ൅ ଵଵ ൅ ଵଵ ൅ ͳʹǤͺ͵‡ǡthough the number of
nucleons is conserved on both sides of the reaction, yet the energy is released.
How? Explain.
16.(a) Deduce the expression,  ൌ ଴ ‡ି஛୲ ǡfor the law of radioactive decay.
(b) (i) Write symbolically the process expressing the ߚ ା decay of ଶଶ
ଵଵ
Na. Also
write the basic nuclear process underlying this decay.
(ii) Is the nucleus formed in the decay of the nucleus ଶଶ
ଵଵ
Na, an isotope or
isobar?
17.In the study of Geiger-Marsdon experiment on scattering of ܽ particles by a
thin foil of gold, draw the trajectory of a- particles in the coulomb field of
 target nucleus. Explain briefly how one gets the information on the size of the
nucleus from this study.
From the relation Rൌ  ଴ ଵȀଷ ǡWhere  ଴ is constant and A is the mass number
of the nucleus, show the nuclear matter density is independent of A.
OR
Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. Show how in both these
processes energy is released.
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction:
ଶ
ଵ
൅ ଷଵ ՜ ସଶ ‡ ൅ 
Using the data:
݉൫ଶଵ ൯ ൌ ʹǤͲͳͶͳͲʹ—
݉൫ଷଵ ൯ ൌ ͵ǤͲͳ͸ͲͶͻ—
݉൫ସଶ ‡൯ ൌ ͶǤͲͲʹ͸Ͳ͵—
݉௡ ൌ ͳǤͲͲͺ͸͸ͷ‫ݑ‬
ͳ— ൌ ͻ͵ͳǤͷ‡Ȁ ଶ
18.(a) Write the basic nuclear process involved in the emission of ߚ ା in a
symbolic from, by a radioactive nucleus.
(b) In the reactions given below:
(i) ଵଵ
଺
 ՜ ୷୸  ൅ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ˜
(ii) ଵଶ
଺
 ൅ ଵଶ
଺
 ՜ ଶ଴
௔
‡ ൅ ௕௖ ‡
Find the values of x,y and z and a,b and c.
19.A nucleus with mass number A=240 and BE/A=7.6 MeV breaks into two
fragments each of A=120 with BE/A=8.5 MeV. Calculated the released
energy.
OR
Calculate the energy in fusion reaction:
ଶ
ଵ
‫ܪ‬൅ ଶଵ ‫ ܪ‬՜ ଷଶ ‫ ݁ܪ‬൅ ݊ǡ ‫ ݂݋ܧܤ݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬ଶଵ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ʹǤʹ͵‫ ݂݋ܸ݀݊ܽ݁ܯ‬ଷଶ ‫ ݁ܪ‬ൌ ͹Ǥ͹͵‫ܸ݁ܯ‬
20.Write a general equations for beta-emission.
21.Give one example of ߚ-decay.
22.Complete the equation : 92U235൅଴ ݊ଵ ՜
23.Express one atomic mass unit in kilogram.
24.State the energy equivalent to 1 a.m.u in MeV.
25.92U238 decays successively to form 90Th234, 91Pa234, 92U234, 90Th230, 88Ra226 and
222
86Rn . What are the radioactive radiations emitted in each decay process?
26.The sequence of stepwise decays of radioactive nucleus is
ఈ ఉ ఈ ఈ
‫ ܦ‬՜ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ՜ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ՜ ‫ܦ‬ଷ ՜ ‫ܦ‬ସ
If the nucleus number and atomic number for D2 are respectively 176 and 71,
what are the corresponding values for D and D4 nuclei? Justify your answer.
27.A radioactive nucleus A decays as follows:
బ
శభ௘ ఈ
 ሱሮ ଵ ՜ ଶ Ǥ
If the mass number and atomic number of A2 are 176 and 71 respectively,
what are the mass numbers and atomic numbers of A1 and A? which of these
elements are isobars?
28.Compare the radii of two nuclei with mass numbers 8 and 27 respectively.
29.The wavelength of the first member of Lyman series is 1216 Հ. Calculate the
wavelength of the second member of the Balmer series.
30.State the laws of radioactivity. What is half-life? Derive the mathematical
expression for it for radioactive disintegration.
31.Two metals A and B have work function 2 eV and 4 eV Respectively. Which
one has lower threshold wavelength for photoelectric effect?
32.Two metals X and Y have work function 2 eV and 5 eV respectively. Which
metal will emit electrons when irradiated with light of wavelength 400 nm and
why?
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
33.For the past some time, Aarti has been observing some erratic body
movement, unsteadiness and lack of coordination in the activities of her sister
Radha, who also used to complain of severe headache occasionally. Aarti
suggested to her parents to get a medical check-up Radha. The doctor
thoroughly examined Radha and diagnosed that she has a brain tumour.
(a) What, according to you, are the values displayed by Aarti?
(b) How can radioisotopes help a doctor to diagnose brain tumour?
 UNIT-14
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS:
MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
1. Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and P-type semiconductor.
Give reason, why, a P-type semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral,
although ݊௛ ‫݊ ب‬௘ ?
2. Why should a photodiode be operated at a reverse bias?
3. State the reason, why GaAs is most commonly used in making of a solar cell.
4. Draw the output wave from at X, using the given inputs A, B for the logic
circuit shown below. Also identify the gate.
5. The given input A, B are fed to a 2-input NAND gate. Draw the output wave
form of the gate.

6. If the output of a 2 input NOR gate is fed as both inputs A and B to another
NOR gate, write down a truth table to find the final output, for all
combinations of A, B.
7. The inputs A and B are inverted by using two NOT gates and their outputs are
fed to the NOR gate as shown below.

Analyse the action of the gates (1) and (2) and identify the logic gate of the
complete circuit so obtained. Give its symbol and the truth table.
8. With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the formation of depletion region
in a p-n junction. How does its width change when the junction is (i) forward
biased, and (ii) reverse biased?
9. (i) With the help of circuit diagram, distinguish between forward biasing and
reverse biasing of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias, (b)
reverse bias.
10.How is a Zener diode fabricated so as to make it a special purpose diode?
Draw I-V characteristics of Zener diode and explain the significance of
breakdown voltage.
11.Explain with the help of a circuit diagram how a Zener diode works as DC
voltage regulator. Draw I-V characteristics.
12.(i) Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of an
n-p-n transistor in its common emitter configuration. Draw the typical input
and output characteristics.
(ii) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of n-p-n transistor
as a common emitter amplifier.
13.Give a circuit diagram of a common emitter amplifier using an n-p-n
transistor. Draw the input and output waveforms of the signal. Write the
expression for its voltage gain.
14.Draw the logic symbol of a 2-input NAND gate. Write down its truth table.
15.Draw the logic symbol of a 2-input NOR gate. Write down its truth table.
16.(i) Sketch the output waveform from an AND gate for the input A and B
shown in the figure.

(ii) If the output of the above AND gate is fed to a NOT gate, name the gate
of the combination so formed.
17.In the figure given below the input waveform is converted into the output
waveform by a device ‘X’. Name the device and draw its circuit diagram.

18.Identify the logic gate represented by the circuit as shown and write its truth
table.

19.(i) Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given logic circuit.

(ii) Write down the output at X for the inputs A=0, B=0 and A=1, B=1.
20.(i) Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given logic circuit.

(ii) Write down the output at X for the inputs A = 0, B = 0 and A = 1, B = 1.

21.How is forward biasing different from reverse biasing in a pn junction diode?
22.Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier and explain its working, draw
the input and output waveforms.
23.You are given a circuit below. Write its truth table. Hence, identify the logic
operation carried out by this circuit. Draw the logic symbol of the gate it
corresponds to.

24.Name the semiconductor device that can be used to regulate an unregulated

dc power supply. With the help of I-V characteristics of this device, explain
its working principle.
25.In a transistor, doping level in base is increased slightly. How will it affect (i)
collector current and (ii) base current?
26.Draw the output waveform at X, using the given inputs A and B for the logic
circuit shown below. Also, identify the logic operation performed by this
circuit.

27.The current in the forward bias is known to be more (~mA) than the current
in the reverse bias (~ߤA). What is the reason, then, to operate the photodiode
in reverse bias?
28.The graph shown in the figure represents a plot of current versus voltage for
a given semiconductor. Identify the region, if any, over which the
semiconductor has a negative resistance.

29.Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a photo-diode.

Write briefly how it is used to detect the optical signals.
OR
Mention the important considerations required while fabricating a p-n
junction diode to be used as a Light Emitting Diode (LED). What should be
the order of band gap of an LED if it is required to emit light in the visible
range?
30.Output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration is shown in
the figure. Determine:
(i) dynamic output resistance.
(ii) dc current gain and
(iii) ac current gain at an operating point VCE = 10V, when IB = 30ߤA.
31.In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit
and make its truth table.

32.In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit
and make its truth table.

33.Draw the necessary energy band diagrams to distinguish between conductors,

semiconductors and insulators.
How does the change in temperature affect the behavior of these materials?
Explain briefly.
34.Write the truth table for the combination of the gates shown. Name the gates
used.

Identify the logic gates marked ‘P’ and ‘Q’ in the given circuit. Write the truth
table for the combination.
35.(a) State briefly the processes involved in the formation of p-n junction
explaining clearly how the depletion is formed.
(b) Using the necessary circuit diagrams, show how the V-I characteristics of
p-n junction are obtained in
(i) forward biasing
(ii) reverse biasing
OR
(a) Differentiate between three segments of a transistor on the basis of their
size and level of doping.
(b) How is a transistor biased to be in active state?
(c) With the help of necessary circuit diagram, describe briefly how n-p-n
transistor in CE configuration amplifies a small sinusoidal input voltage.
Write the expression for the ac current gain.
36.Distinguish between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ semiconductors.
37.Write the truth table for the combination of gates shown in figure.

(a)

(b)

38.Draw the output waveforms for the gates shown below:

39.A transistor is connected in common emitter configuration. The collector
supply is 8V and the voltage drop across a resistor of 800ȳ in the collector
circuit is 0.5 V. If the current gain factor (ߙ) is 0.96, calculate the base current.
40.Sudha reads in class-XII Science. She has read semiconductor in his NCERT
Physics text book. On the basis of such book she knows that electronic
appliances operate at very low voltage. But at home she observes daily that
her father using wall socket of 220 V for charging mobile. She is confused
and put her doubt in front of teacher. The teacher explains her doubt properly.
Now she is satisfied and shares the knowledge with her classmates.
(a) What are the values displayed by Sudha?
(b) What is the principle of a charge?
(c) How does the d.c. current gain of a transistor change, if the width of the
base region is increased?
41.Shalini’s mother wants to purchase a TV set. Shalini and her mother visited
electronic shops to look for some branded TV. The dealer showed them so
many TVs such as LCD and LED TVs. Now they were confused which set to
buy. Finally after discussing with friends, reading relevant magazines and
searching the internet Shalini convinced her mother for purchasing LED TV.
(a) What are the values displayed by Shalini?
(b) What is a LED?
(c) Which semiconducting material can be used for constructing LED?
42.Prakash finds his friend Rakesh connecting his new television set directly to
a switch board. Prakash advises Rakesh not to do so and to connect the
television through a voltage stabilizer.
(a) Identify the diode used in voltage regulator an give its symbol.
(b) What values did, Prakash exhibit in the situation described?
43.Ashwin was given 3 semiconductors A, B and C with respective bandgaps of
3 eV, 2 eV and 1 eV for use in a photodetector to detect, ߣ ൌ ͳͶͲͲ nm. He
found that the photodetector was not working with these semiconductors and
did not know why. Explained it to him.
(a) Why did the photodetector not work?
(b) What according to you are the values shown by Akash?
 UNIT-15
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. Draw a plot of the variation of amplitude versus ߱ for an amplitude modulated
wave. Define modulation index. State its importance for effective amplitude
modulation.
2. Draw a block diagram of a simple amplitude modulation. Explain briefly how
amplitude modulation is achieved.
3. Explain, why high frequency carrier waves are needed for effective
transmission of signals. A message signal of 12 kHz and peak voltage 20 V is
used to modulate a carrier wave of frequency 12 MHz and peak voltage 30 V.
Calculate the (i) modulation index (ii) side-band frequencies.
4. Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS)
communication. What is the range of their frequencies?
A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has height of 20 m and height of
the receiving antenna is 45 m. Calculate the maximum distance between then
for satisfactory communication in LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth ͸ǤͶ ൈ
ͳͲ଺ m).
5. Write the function of (i) Transducer and (ii) Repeater in the context of
communication system.
6. What is sky wave propagation?
7. What is ground wave propagation?
8. What is space wave propagation?
9. Why are high frequency carrier waves used for transmission?
10.Write two factors justifying the need of modulation for transmission of a
signal.
11.By what percentage will the transmission range of a TV tower be affected
when the height of the tower is increased by 21%?
12.Distinguish between sky wave and space wave propagation. Give a brief
description with the help of suitable diagrams indicating how these waves are
propagated.
13.Write two factors justifying the need of modulating a singal.
A carrier wave of peak voltage 12 V is used to transmit a message signal.
What should be the peak voltage of the modulating signal in order to have
modulation index of 75%?
14.Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast services having
frequency range from a few MHz upto 30 MHz? Explain diagrammatically
 how long distance communication can be achieved by this mode. Why is there
an upper limit of frequency of waves used this mode?
15.What is space wave propagation? Give two example of communication
system which use space wave mode.
16.(i) Why is communication using line of sight mode limited to frequencies
above 40 MHz?
(ii) A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32 m and the
height of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is the maximum distance
between them for satisfactory communication n line of sight mode?
17.What is the range of frequencies use for TV transmission? What is common
between these waves and light waves?
18.What is the range of frequencies used in satellite communication? What is
common between these waves and light waves?
19.What is ground wave communication? On what factors does the maximum
range of propagation in this mode depend?
20.Draw a schematic diagram showing the (i) ground wave (ii) sky wave and (iii)
space wave propagation modes of em waves.
Write the frequency range of each of the following:
(i) Standard AM broadcast
(ii) Television
(iii) Satellite communication
21.(i) Define modulation index.
(ii) Why is the amplitude of signal kept less than the amplitude of carrier
wave?
22.What is sky wave communication? Why is this mode propagation restricted
to the frequencies only upto few MHz?
23.Mention three different modes of propagation used in communication system.
Explain with the help of a diagram how long distance communication can be
achieved by ionospheric reflection of radio waves.
24.Name the three different modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Explain, using a proper diagram the mode of propagation used in the
frequency range above 40 MHz.
25.Block diagram of a receiver is shown in the figure.
 (a) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
(b) Write their functions.
26.Mention the function of the following used in communication system:
(i) Transducer (ii) Repeater (iii) Transmitter (iv) Bandpass Filter
27.Distinguish between. ‘sky waves’ and ‘space waves’ modes of propagation in
communication system.
(a) Why is sky wave mode propagation restricted to frequencies upto 40MHz?
(b) Give two examples where space wave mode of propagation in used.
28.In the block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal, shown
in the figure, identify the boxes A and B. Write their functions.

29.The figure given below shown the block diagram of generalized

communication system. Identify the element labelled ‘X’ and write its
function.

30.The carrier wave is given by’

C (t) = 2 sin ሺͺɎ–ሻ volt.
The modulating signal is a square wave as shown. find modulation index.
31.Write two basic modes of communication. Explain the process of amplitude
modulation. Draw a schematic sketch showing how amplitude modulated
signal is obtained by superposing a modulating signal over a sinusoidal carrier
wave.
32.Write the functions of the following in communication system:
(i) Transducer
(ii) Repeater
33.Name the essential components of communication system.
34.Explain the terms (i) Attenuation and (ii) Demodulation used in
Communication System.
35.We do not choose to transit an audio signal by just directly converting it to an
e.m. wave of the same frequency. Given three reasons for the same.
36.Distinguish between ‘point to point’ and ‘broadcast’ communication modes.
Give one example of each.
37.Why are sky waves not used in the transmission of television signals?
38.What is ground wave?
39.What is a repeater? For what purpose is it used?
40.A TV tower has height of 100 m. How much population is covered by the TV
broadcast if the average population density around the tower is 1000 persons
per sq. km? (Radius of Earth = ͸ǤͶͲ ൈ ͳͲ଺ )

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Anuj’s mother was having constant headaches. After a medical check-up, she
was diagnosed with tumour. Anuj realized there was telecommunication
tower very close to their house. He enquired from the doctor if the relation
from the tower could have caused the tumour. As the doctor supported his
anxiety, he lodged a complaint with police and ultimately succeeding in
getting the tower removed to a distant place away the from residential colony?
Answer the following:
(i) What values were displayed by Anuj?
(ii) Anuj made a rough estimated about the height of the antenna to be
about 20 m from the ground. Calculate the maximum distance upto
which radiations from the tower are likely to reach. Use the value of
radius of the Earth ൌ ͸ͶͲͲ ൈ ͳͲଷ ݉Ǥ
2. When Sunita, a class XII student came to know that her parent are planning
to rent out the floor of their house to a mobile company she protested. She
 tried hard to convince her parents that this move would be a health hazard.
Ultimately her parents agreed:
(i) In what way can the setting up of transmission tower by a mobile
company in a residential colony prove to be injurious to health?
(ii) By objecting to this move of her parents, what value did Sunita display?
(iii) Estimate the range of e.m waves which can be transmitted by an
antenna of height 20m. (Given radius of the earth = 6400 km)
3. One day Samir thought if Moon is a natural satellite then why there is need of
other artificial satellites. Finally, he came to the conclusion that Moon cannot
be used as a communication satellite. So, he requested his teacher for its
answer, the teacher explained him the reasons behind it properly, after which he
shared his knowledge with his classmates.
(a) What are the values shown by Samir?
(b) Why can Moon be not used as a communication satellite?