UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

APPENDICESDEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STATICS / SOLID MECHANICS I LABORATORY

LAPORAN MAKMAL BERKUMPULAN /GROUP LABORATORY REPORT

BDA17301 MECHANICS ENGINEERING LABORATORY I
Kod M/Pelajaran/ MECHANICS ENGINEERING
BDA 17301
Subject Code LABORATORY I
Kod & Tajuk Ujikaji/
Code & Title of Experiment Tensile Test

Kod Kursus/ Seksyen /Section

BDA 17301
Course Code 2
No. K.P / I.C No.
Kumpulan/Group S2 B
030714-05-0235
No. Matrik
Nama Pelajar/Name of Student Jeevan Chettiar
DD 230083
1. Dr. Fazimah Binti Mat Noor
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor’s Name
2. Mohd Fikri Bin Mohd Masrum
Nama Ahli Kumpulan/
No. Matrik Penilaian / Assesment
Group Members
1. MOHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN HASSAN DD 230090 Teori / Theory 10 %

2. MOHD ADIB BIN MOHD YANI DD 230064 Keputusan / Results 15 %

Pemerhatian
3. MOHD AFIQ ISKANDAR DD 230053 20 %
/Observation
4. MUHAMAD HAZIM BIN JUMALI DD 230086 Pengiraan / Calculation 10 %
Perbincangan /
5. 25 %
Discussions
Tarikh Ujikaji / Kesimpulan /
7/5/2024 15 %
Date of Experiment Conclusion
Tarikh Hantar /
14/5/2024 Rujukan / References 5%
Date of Submission
JUMLAH / TOTAL 100%

COP DITERIMA/APPROVED
ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS STAMP
6.1. ADDITIONAL THEORY

Tensile test is a destructive test method used to determine the metallic material's
tensile strength, yield strength, and ductility. It determines the amount of strength is
needed to break a composite or plastic specimen as well as how far the specimen
elongates or stretches before breaking. Tensile modulus is calculated using stress-strain
diagrams generated by these experiments. Together with elongation and percent
elongation at yield, elongation, and elongation at break in percent, tensile testing also
yields tensile strength (at yield and at break), tensile modulus, tensile strain, and
elongation. The most popular test for plain composite laminates is in-plane tensile
testing. Tensile tests are also conducted on portions of sandwich core materials,
thickness specimens which are cut from thick parts of laminates, and bundles of fibers
coated with resin.

Apart from that, because composites are one of the materials that having properties
with different values along different axes, their strengths and qualities depend on what
direction a force or pressure is applied and because they are often brittle, alignment is
essential for composite testing applications. As a result, when tested in any other
direction, the tensile strength of a composite material is substantially reduced, yet it is
quite strong when tested in the direction parallel to the fiber orientation. It's interesting
to note that in the aerospace sector, where composites are frequently used in high-
tensile-stress constructions, perfect axial-load-string alignment is crucial for
determining maximal tensile strength in the direction parallel to the fiber direction.
6.2. RESULT

Diameter, D1 (mm) Gauge Length, L1 (mm)

Shaft 1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average

Aluminium 8.10 7.85 7.80 7.92 80.00 81.40 80.50 80.63

Mild Steel 7.68 7.67 7.70 7.69 80.15 79.70 79.54 79.80

Table 6.2.1 shows the parameter of specimen before testing.

Diameter, D1 (mm) Gauge Length, L1 (mm)

Shaft 1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average

Aluminium 7.20 5.00 7.90 6.70 88.40 88.30 88.20 88.30

Mild Steel 6.80 4.30 7.20 6.10 96.31 96.50 96.12 96.31

Table 6.2.2 shows the parameter of specimen after testing.

 Specimen Aluminium Mild Steel

Maximum Load (kN) 20.98 27.51

Maximum Elongation 8.02 17.83

(mm)

Elongation Break (mm) 10.79 22.60

Young Modulus (MPa) 9096.61 15753.20

Yield Strength (kN/m2) 401224.265 409011.439

Maximum Stress (MPa) 417.47 547.21

Maximum Strain (%) 9.223 20.267

Stress Break (MPa) 292.196 383.034

Area (mm2) 50.265 50.265

Table 6.2.3 shows the results obtained from test data.

6.3. OBSERVATION

Based on the experiment, a universal tensile testing machine, GT-7001-LS10 is used

to test the “dog-bone” shaped specimen which includes mild steel and aluminium until
it limits. This experiment starts by measuring the required dimensions of the specimens
and mounting it onto the tensile testing machine. Therefore, once mounted, the machine
is turned on which means that force was applied to the mounted specimen and at the
same time, the stress-strain curve graph was being generated by the software. Moving
on, it can be observed the that when the force was applied to the aluminium specimen,
the necking was formed on the upper part of the specimen. However, when force was
applied to the mild steel specimen, the necking was formed on the lower part of the
specimen. Besides that, it is also observed that time taken for the aluminium specimen
necking is much faster than the mild steel specimen. Apart from that, during the
experiment, the force that was needed to neck the aluminium was sufficient but the
machine failed to neck it as shown in figure 6.8.3 causing the specimen needed to be
necked manually. Finally, that the length of the mild steel specimen after necking is
longer when compared to aluminium as the force needed to neck the mild steel was
significantly higher.
6.4. CALCULATION

1. Calculate Young Modulus, percentage reduction of area (RA) and elongation (EL).

a) Young Modulus

Formula:
𝐹
Stress, 𝜎 = ( )
𝐴
𝛿−𝛿0
Strain, 𝜀 = ( )
𝛿0
𝜎
Young Modulus, Ε = ( )
𝜀

i. Aluminium

20.98×103
Stress, 𝜎 = ( )
50.265

= 417.3878 𝑁𝑚𝑚−2

88.30−80.63
Strain, 𝜀 = ( )
80.63

= 0.0951

417.3878
Young Modulus, Ε = ( )
0.0951

= 4388.9359 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 ii. Mild Steel

27.51×103
Stress, 𝜎 = ( )
50.265

= 547.2993 𝑁𝑚𝑚−2

96.31−79.80
Strain, 𝜀 = ( )
79.80

= 0.2069

547.2993
Young Modulus, Ε = ( )
0.2069

= 2645.2359 𝑀𝑃𝑎

b) Percentage reduction of area (RA)

Formula:
𝜋𝑑 2
Area, 𝐴 = ( )
4
𝐴1 −𝐴2
Percentage reduction of area, 𝑅𝐴 = ( ) × 100%
𝐴1

i. Aluminium

𝜋(7.92)2
Area, 𝐴1 = ( )
4

= 49.2652

𝜋(6.7)2
Area, 𝐴2 = ( )
4

= 35.2565

(49.2652)−(35.2565)
Percentage reduction of area, 𝑅𝐴 = ( ) × 100%
(49.2652)

= 28%
 ii. Mild Steel

𝜋(7.69)2
Area, 𝐴1 = ( )
4

= 46.4454

𝜋(6.1)2
Area, 𝐴2 = ( )
4

= 29.2247

(46.4454)−(29.2247)
Percentage reduction of area, 𝑅𝐴 = ( ) × 100%
(46.4454)

= 37%

c) Elongation (EL)

Formula:
𝛿−𝛿0
Elongation, 𝐸𝐿 = ( ) × 100%
𝛿0

i. Aluminium

88.30−80.63
Elongation, 𝐸𝐿 = ( ) × 100%
80.63

= 9.51%

ii. Mild Steel

96.31−79.8
Elongation, 𝐸𝐿 = ( ) × 100%
79.8

= 20.69%
6.5. DISCUSSION

1. Explain the advantages of mild steel in comparison with aluminium in terms of Young’s
modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength.

First and foremost, mild steel has more advantage in terms of Young’s modulus, yield
strength as well as tensile strength when in comparison with aluminium. This is proved
based on the result of the experiment which states that the Young modulus of the mild
steel is 15752.3 MPa while the Young modulus of aluminium is 9090.61 MPa. This
shows that not only the stiffness of the mild steel is higher but is also undergoes less
deformation under a given load compared to aluminium. Subsequently, making mild
steel more suitable for applications where rigidity is important such as in structural
components.

Moving on, mild steel has a higher yield strength reading of 409011.439 kN/m2 whereas
aluminium only has a yield strength of 4011224.265 kN/m2. This proves that the mild
steel is able to withstand a greater amount of stress before its permanent deformation
occurs when in comparison with aluminium. Therefore, this makes mild steel much for
preferable to be used in application such as machinery components where high strength
and resistance to deformation is required instead of aluminium.

Besides that, ultimate tensile strength simplifies as the maximum amount of stress a
material can withstand before failure which in this experiment the ultimate tensile
strength of the mild steel is much higher than aluminium at a reading of 547.21 MPa
and 417.47 MPa respectively. In other words, the ultimate tensile strength of mild steel
shows its ability to be able withstand extreme loads or forces without fracturing when
compared to aluminium. Hence, mild steel is much more applicable to be used in
applications such as construction and automotives which requires high strength and
durability.

Finally, the difference between mild steel and aluminium in terms of Young’s modulus,
yield strength and ultimate tensile strength is due to not only its inherent properties but
also its atomic structure and also composition.
2. List of all possible source of errors include errors in load cell, cross-sectional
dimensions and gauge measurements. How does this error affect the obtained results ?

First and foremost, in a tensile test involving materials such as mild steel and aluminium,
errors can arise from various sources where each error has the potential to significantly
affect the obtained result. Moving on, an important factor contributing to errors is the
inaccuracies in load cell readings. The load cell is used to measure the force applied
during the tensile test therefore, it must be calibrated correctly to ensure the readings
are accurate. However, in case the load cell is not calibrated properly, then it may result
in proving higher value of applied force leading to misinterpretation of not only the
material’s strength but also its elasticity.

Apart from that, inconsistences in cross-sectional dimensions can also be prone to errors
in the test result. This is because variation in either diameter or the cross-sectional area
of the specimen will result in uneven deformation during the testing process. In other
words, these errors will affect the calculation of both the stress and strain of the
specimen which will then eventually affect the material properties such as yield strength,
Young’s modulus and even ultimate tensile strength. Subsequently, any errors in cross-
sectional dimension will result in not being able to obtain the correct material properties
of the tested specimen.

Besides that, errors in gauge measurements also represents another potential source of
error in tensile testing experiment. This is because strain gauges are used to measure
the deformation of the specimen. Therefore, it must be precisely placed and aligned to
ensure accurate readings. However, misalignment or improper attachment of strain
gauges can lead to errors in terms of measurements of strain which results in
undermining the validity of the data collected during the test. As a result, any errors in
gauge measurements can compromise the overall precision of the tensile test results
making it harder to understand the mechanical behaviour of both mild steel as well as
aluminium under tensile loading conditions.
3. What is the international standard used for testing the mechanical properties of ceramics,
polymers and metallics materials ? In your opinion, why these international standards
are important ?

The international standards commonly used for testing the mechanical properties of
ceramics, polymers and metallic materials is ASTM International, specifically ASTM
E8/E8M for metallic materials as it offers standardized procedures for conducting
tensile tests, allowing for the assessment of mechanical attributes such as elongation,
yield strength, tensile strength, and area reduction. Besides that, for ceramic materials,
ISO 5013 are used as it outlines test procedures for evaluating characteristics such as
hardness, compressive strength, and flexural strength, while ASTM C1161 offers
guidelines specific to advanced ceramics. Polymers are assessed according to the ISO
527 series, with ISO 527-1 providing general protocols for determining properties like
modulus of elasticity, elongation at break, and tensile strength. ASTM D638 is also
widely utilised for testing both reinforced and unreinforced plastic materials. Apart
from that, ASTM D638 is also widely utilised for polymers as it can be used for testing
both reinforced and unreinforced plastic materials.

Moving on, in my opinion, these international standards as important as they provide

detailed procedures and guidelines for conducting tensile tests, ensuring consistency
and comparability of results across different laboratories and industries. Moreover, the
international standard also specifies the parameters such as sample preparation, testing
conditions, and data analysis techniques, facilitating reliable and accurate assessment
of material properties such yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, as well as
elongation. In addition to that, these international standards are crucial because they
promote uniformity in testing methodologies that allows not only researchers but also
manufacturers as well as regulators to make informed decisions based on standardised
and validated data. Thereafter, by adhering to these standards, it can be ensured that the
quality, safety, and performance of materials used in various applications such as
structural components in construction and even in automotive industry. Finally, these
international standards serve as essential tools for advancing materials science and
engineering that enables not only innovation but also progress in diverse fields.
6.6. CONCLUSION

Based on the tensile test experiment using two different “dog-bone” shaped
specimen that includes mild steel and aluminium as well as the universal testing
machine GT-7001-LS10, it can be concluded that this experiment was a success in
terms of achievement. This is because several different conclusions could be drawn
about the mechanical behavior of both the aluminium and mild steel specimen from the
result obtained. First and foremost, the experiment showed that mild steel has not only
a higher tensile strength but also a higher strain hardening capacity when compared to
aluminium as the aluminium specimen took a much faster time to neck in comparison
to the mild steel specimen. Besides that, the experiment also resulted in the mild steel
specimen having a longer gauge length than the aluminium specimen after the necking
process indicating the mild steel has not only higher ductility but also the ability to
undergo more deformation before failure.

In terms of problems faced, there were limitations in the testing machine. This is
because although the software indicated the correct amount of force needed to neck the
aluminium, the machine wasn’t able to do it automatically. Therefore, the aluminium
specimen was required to manually neck in order to complete the experiment. Apart
from that, problems were also faced to obtained the gauge length and diameter or each
specimen before and after the necking process which was due to parallax error that
occurred when obtaining the reading of the measured data using the vernier caliper.
Moving on to recommendation, it is important to carry out regular maintenance process
on the machine as well as the measuring equipment to ensure a more accurate result.
6.7. REFERENCE

[1] Tensile Test Experiment | Michigan Technological University. (2021).

https://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/#:~:text=The%20basic%20ide
a%20of%20a,the%20other%20end%20is%20fixed.

[2] Wikipedia Contributors. (2024, January 10). Tensile testing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testing

[3] Experiment One (1) Tensile Stress Testing. (n.d.).

https://web.eng.fiu.edu/munroen/Classes/Lab%20Manual%20for%20Tensile%20Stres
s%20Testing%20HAndout%20Lab%20One.pdf

[4] Tensile Testing Machines | An Introduction. (2024).

https://www.instron.com/en/resources/test-types/tensile-test

[5] Michler, T., Lindner, M., Eberle, U., & J. Meusinger. (2012). Assessing hydrogen
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[6] Tensile Test. (2024).

https://www.nusatek.com/mechanical-testing/tensile-test.html

[7] Lab 6: Tensile Testing. (n.d.).

https://www.mse.iastate.edu/files/2011/07/polymer-lab-instron-procedure.pdf

[8] Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University. (n.d.).

https://www.aybu.edu.tr/bolumroot/contents/muhendislik_makina/files/TENSION%2
0TEST.pdf
6.8. APPENDIX

Figure 6.8.1 shows the aluminium specimen after the necking process.
Figure 6.8.2 shows the results and graph obtained for mild steel.
Figure 6.8.3 shows the results and graph obtained for aluminium.