CHAPTER 3:

FUNCTIONS &
GRAPHS
By:
DR. NUR ALIAH IZZATI
3.1 Relations & Functions

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Represent relation using arrow diagram or as ordered pairs.

2. Identify relations and functions.
3. Determine the one to one function.
Relations & Functions
Relation

• A relation between two sets is the correspondence between elements of

the first set, called domain and elements of the other set, called
codomain.

• A relation can be represented by:

Arrow Diagram Ordered Pairs

Domain Codomain
A D Domain: {A,B,C}
Codomain: {D,E,F}
B E Object: {A,B,C} {(A,D),(B,E),(C,E)}
Image: {D,E}
C F Range: {D,E}
Relations & Functions
Relation

Example:

Let 𝐴 = *2,3,5+ and 𝐵 = *6,9,10+. Consider the relation “is a factor of”. Present
this relation by using arrow diagram and ordered pairs. List all possible
domain, codomain, object, image and range.

Solution:
Arrow Diagram Ordered Pairs
“is a factor of”
  Domain: { }
Codomain: { }
  Object: { } {( ),( ),( ),( ),( )}
Image: { }
  Range: { }
𝐴 𝐵
Relations & Functions
Types of Relation

There are 4 types of relation:

One to one Many to one One to many Many to many

A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1

B 2 B 2 B 2 B 2

C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3
Relations & Functions
Types of Relation

Example:

Determine the relation of the following arrow diagram.

a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

b 2 b 2 b 2 b 2

c 3 c 3 c 3 c 3

d 4 d 4 d 4 d 4
Relations & Functions
Function

• A function is a special case of a relation which takes every element of

one set (domain) and assigns to it one and only one element of the
other set (codomain).

• A function can has relation one to one or many to one only.

Example:

Which arrow diagram below illustrates a function? Give your reason.

a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

b 2 b 2 b 2 b 2

c 3 c 3 c 3 c 3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
Relations & Functions
One to One Function

• A function 𝑓 is said to be one to one function if and only if each domain

maps to a corresponding codomain.

• One to one test method:

Analytical Graphical Approach
Approach
Horizontal Line Test
 If the horizontal line intersects the graph
only once, then the function is one to one.
One to one Not one to one
If 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 ,
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
then 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .

𝑥 𝑥
Relations & Functions
One to One Function

Example 1:
Show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 7, 𝑥 ∈  is one to one function.

Solution:
Analytical Approach Graphical Approach
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
(𝑥1 )3 + 7 = 𝑥2 3 + 7 7
3 3
(𝑥1 )3 = 𝑥2 3
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑥
Thus, 𝑓 is one to one function.
By horizontal line test, each horizontal
line intersects only at a point on function
𝑓. Thus, 𝑓 is one to one function.
Relations & Functions
One to One Function

Example 2:
Determine whether 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑥 ∈  is one to one function or not. State
your reasons.

Solution:
Analytical Approach Graphical Approach
𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥) By horizontal line test, each
horizontal line intersects

𝑥
3.2 Graph of Functions and Its Domain
and Range
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Determine the basic graph of a function.

2. Determine the domain, object, codomain, image and range of a
function.
3. Sketch graph functions.
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 1:

A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find

𝑥
i. 𝑓(−3) ii. 𝑓(𝑏) iii. 𝑓 1+𝑥 iv. the values of 𝑎 if 𝑓 𝑎 = 19
Hence, find the relation of 𝑓.

Solution:
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 2:
2
A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥−3 , 𝑥 ∈ *𝑅/𝑘+. Find
i. 𝑓(−2) ii. 𝑓(8) iii. the value of 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 5
iv. the value of 𝑥 such that the function is undefined.

Solution:
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 3:

A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 9, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find

i. the image if the object is 3 ii. the object if the image is 7
iii. the value of the object that map onto itself

Solution:
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 4:

A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 − 5 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find

i. 𝑓(−1) ii. possible values of 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 iii. the domain if 𝑓 𝑥 < 2
iv. the domain if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 7

Solution:
Basic Graphs and Types of Functions
There are 10 types of function as follows.

1. Constant Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant.

𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −5
𝑘
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
Graphs and Types of Functions
2. Linear Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏
𝑏

𝑥 𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑥
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
Graphs and Types of Functions
3. Quadratic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
𝑓 𝑥 =
Vertex:
𝑐 𝑥-intercept:
𝑐 𝑥 𝑦-intercept:
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
4. Cubic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
Vertex:
𝑥-intercept:
𝑑
𝑑 𝑦-intercept:

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
5. Rational Function:
1 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ≠
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎>0 𝑎<0 Example:
1
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ≠ 2
asymptote 𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 𝑥
𝑏
𝑏
𝑎
𝑎
asymptote
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
 Graphs and Types of Functions
6. Absolute Value Function:
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 =
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0

𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2

𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =

𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
7. Surd Function:
𝑏
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏, 𝑥≥𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 , 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 = 𝑏, 𝑎≠0
− 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 , 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑥≥ 𝑥≤ 𝑥≥ 𝑥≤
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎

𝑥 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
Graphs and Types of Functions
Example:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+5 𝑓 𝑥 = − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 − 2
𝑥+5≥0 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0 −𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
𝑥≥ 𝑥≥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = Range: 𝑅𝑓 = Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
 Graphs and Types of Functions
8. Piecewise Function:
−𝑥 2 , 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 + 4, 𝑥 ≥ 0
***Combination of more than one functions.
𝑓(𝑥)

−𝑥 + 1, 𝑥
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+4 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =

𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
9. Exponential Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

0<𝑎<1 𝑎>1 𝑎 = 𝑒; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = 
1 1 1
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = (0, ∞)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
Example:
𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑥 = = 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 1
2
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = Range: 𝑅𝑓 = Range: 𝑅𝑓 =

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

Asymptote
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
10. Logarithmic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 + , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

0<𝑎<1 𝑎>1 𝑎 = 𝑒; 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
1 1
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = +
Asymptote Asymptote Asymptote Range: 𝑅𝑓 = 
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = log 1 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥
3
= = 𝑓 𝑥 = ln(3𝑥 + 2)
= log 𝑥 = log 𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = Range: 𝑅𝑓 = Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

Asymptote Asymptote Asymptote

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥