RLC Series Circuit

Example 3.5.1. Transform these sinusoids in phasor form: 𝑖 (𝑡) = 2 √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50𝑡 + 600 ) 𝐴, and 𝑢(𝑡) =
80 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30𝑡 − 500 ).
Solution:
0
The sinusoid 𝑖 (𝑡) = 2 √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50𝑡 + 600 ) 𝐴 has the phasor 𝐼 = 2 𝑒 𝑗60 , while the sinusoid u(t) =
80 𝑗400
80 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30t − 500 ) = 80 sin(30t − 500 + 900 ) has the phasor 𝑈 = 𝑒 .
√2

Example 3.5.2. Express these sinusoids as phasors: 𝑖 (𝑡) = −4 √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10𝑡 + 200 ) 𝐴, and 𝑢 (𝑡) =
7 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 + 200 ) 𝑉.
Solution:
The sinusoid i(t) = −4 √2 sin(10t + 200 ) = 4 √2 sin(10t + 200 + 1800 ) A has the phasor 𝐼 =
0 0
4 𝑒 𝑗200 = 4 𝑒 −𝑗160 , while the sinusoid u(t) = 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2t + 200 ) = 7 cos(2𝑡 + 200 + 900 ) V has the
7 0
phasor 𝑈 = 𝑒 𝑗110 .
√2

0
Example 3.5.3. Find the sinusoids corresponding to the phasors:a) 𝐼 = 4 𝑒 𝑗210 ; b) 𝐼 = 𝑗 ∙ (3 − 𝑗4); c)
0
𝑈 = −97 𝑒 𝑗28 .
Solution:
0
The phasor 𝐼 = 4 𝑒 𝑗210 has the corresponding sinusoid 𝑖 (𝑡) = 4 √2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 2102 ) =
0
4 √2 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 150). The phasor I = j ∙ (3 − j4) could be written in the form I = 4 + j3 = 5 ej37 for
0
which the corresponding sinusoid is i(t) = 5 √2 sin(ωt + 370 ). The phasor U = −97 ej28 could be
0 0
written in the form U = 97 ej208 = 97 e−j152 and the corresponding sinusoid is i(t) =
97 √2 sin(ωt + 2080 ) or i(t) = 97 √2 sin(ωt − 1520 ).

Example 3.5.4. Given 𝑖1 (𝑡) = 4 √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 300 ) 𝐴 and 𝑖2 (𝑡) = 6 √2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 − 300 ) 𝐴, find their
sum 𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑖1 (𝑡) + 𝑖2 (𝑡).
Solution:
To find the sum of the two currents is useful to perform it using the corresponding phasors. Here is an
important use of phasors for summing the sinusoids of the same frequency. For the current i1 (t) =
0
4 √2 sin(ωt + 300 ) A the phasor is I1 = 4 ej30 = 4 (cos 300 + 𝑗 sin 300 ) = 2 √3 + 𝑗2. For the
0
current i2 (t) = 6 √2 cos(ωt − 300 ) = 6 √2 sin(ωt + 600 ) A, the phasor is I2 = 6 ej60 =
6 (cos 600 + 𝑗 sin 600 ) = 3 + 𝑗3√3. Summing the currents as phasors, we have: 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 =
0
(3 + 2√3) + 𝑗(2 + 3√3) = 9.66 𝑒 𝑗48 and transforming to the time domain, we get i(t) = i1 (t) +
i2 (t) = 9.66 √2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 480 ) (𝐴).
Example 3.6.1. Using the phasor approach, determine the current i(t) in a circuit described by the
integrodifferential equation:
𝑑𝑖 (𝑡)
4√2 𝑖 (𝑡) + 8√2 ∫ 𝑖 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 3√2 = 50√2 sin(2𝑡 − 750 ).
𝑑𝑡
Solution:
We transform each term from the time domain in the phasor form. The derivate multiplies the phasor
1
by jω (in our case j2), while the integral multiplies the phasor bi . In the phasor form, the
𝑗𝜔
1 −𝑗750
integrodifferential equation becomes: 10𝐼 + 8 ∙ 𝐼 − 3 ∙ 𝑗2 𝐼 = 50 𝑒 , or (10 − 𝑗4 − 𝑗6) =
𝑗2
0 0
0 50 𝑒 −𝑗75 50 𝑒 −𝑗75 5 0 0
50 𝑒 −𝑗75 . Solving for I, we have: 𝐼 = = 0 = 𝑒 −𝑗30 = 2.5√2 𝑒 −𝑗30 . Converting
10−𝑗10 10√2 𝑒 −𝑗45 √2
this to the time domain, we get the solution of the initial equation: 𝑖 (𝑡) = 5 sin(2𝑡 − 300 ).
Example 3.6.2. The voltage 𝑢 (𝑡) = 15√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50𝑡 + 450 )𝑉 is applied to a 0.1H inductance. Find the
sinusoidal current through the inductance.
Solution:
0
𝑟𝑎𝑑 0 𝑈 15 𝑒 𝑗45
For the inductance, 𝑈 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐼, where 𝜔 = 50 and 𝑈 = 15 𝑒 𝑗45 . Hence 𝐼 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 0 =
𝑠 5 𝑒 𝑗90
−𝑗450
3𝑒 . Converting this to the time domain, i(t) = 3√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50t − 450 )A.

Example 3.6.3. the voltage 𝑢 (𝑡) = 10√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 + 300 )𝑉 is applied to a 50µF capacitance. Find the
sinusoidal current through the capacitance.
Solution:
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 0
For the capacitance, 𝑈 = 𝐼, where 𝜔 = 100 and 𝑈 = 10 𝑒 𝑗30 . Hence 𝐼 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑈 = 50 ∙
𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑠
0
10−3 𝑒 𝑗120 . Converting this to the time domain, i(t) = 50 ∙ 10−3 √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50t − 450 )A, or i(t) =
50√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50t − 450 )mA.

Example 3.7.1. The circuit parameters for the RLC series circuit in the figure a) below are R=30Ω,
L=160mH, C=50µF and the supplying voltage: 𝑢(𝑡) = 200√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(500𝑡 + 600 ) 𝑉. Using the phasor
method, calculate: a) the impedance phasor, Z, the circuit impedance, Z, and the phase angle
introduced by the circuit impedance, φ; b) the current phasor I, the rms value I, and the
instantaneous value of the current, i(t); c) the resistance voltage phasor UR, the rms value UR, and the
instantaneous value of the voltage on the resistance uR(t); d) the inductance voltage phasor UL, the
rms value UL, and the instantaneous value of the voltage on inductance u L(t); e) the capacitance-
voltage phasor UC, the rms value UC, and the instantaneous value of the voltage on the capacitance
uC(t); f) draw the phasor diagram.
i(t) R L C I R jωL 1/jωC

30Ω 160mH 50µF 30 j80 -j40

a) b)
Example 3.7.1.
 Solution:
1
The inductive reactance is 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 80 Ω, and the capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 = = 40Ω , where
𝜔𝐶
1
ω=500rad/s. The phasor circuit is drawn in figure b) above. For this circuit𝑈 = 𝑅𝐼 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼 − 𝑗 𝐼 or
𝜔𝐶
0 0
0 200 𝑒 𝑗60 200 𝑒 𝑗60 0
200 𝑒 𝑗60 = 30𝐼 + 𝑗80𝐼 − 𝑗40𝐼. Solving for the I, we have 𝐼 = = 0 = 4 𝑒 𝑗7 . Hence,
30+𝑗40 50 𝑒 𝑗53
I=4A and 𝑖 (𝑡) = 4√2 sin(500𝑡 + 70 ) 𝐴. The circuit impedance is Z=50Ω and the phase angle
0
introduced by the impedance is φ=530. The resistance voltage phasor is 𝑈𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼 = 120𝑒 𝑗7 and as a
consequence, UR=120V and 𝑢𝑅 (𝑡) = 120√2 sin(500𝑡 + 70 ) 𝑉. The inductance voltage phasor is
0 0 0 0
𝑈𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼 = 𝑗320𝑒 𝑗7 = 𝑒 𝑗90 320𝑒 𝑗7 = 320𝑒 𝑗97 . Hence, UL=320V and 𝑢𝐿 (𝑡) =
0 1 0
320√2 sin(500𝑡 + 97 ) 𝑉. The capacitance-voltage phasor is 𝑈𝐶 = −𝑗 𝜔𝐶 𝐼 = −𝑗160𝑒 𝑗7 =
0 0 0
𝑒 −𝑗90 160𝑒 𝑗7 = 320𝑒 −𝑗83 . Hence, UC=160V and 𝑢𝐶 (𝑡) = 160√2 sin(500𝑡 − 830 ) 𝑉. The phasor
diagram is drawn in the figure below.
Im

U C 160e  j 83
U L  320 e j 97

U  200e j 60

60 0
U R  120e j 7
53 0
70
I 4 e j7
Re

The phasor diagram of the circuit