Chemistry IGCSE

Unit-1 (Note)

Moses Lim
IIP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
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Glossary
Atom = the smallest particle that cannot be broken down by chemical means
Molecule = a particle of two or more atoms joined together
Ion = an atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge
Melting = solid changes into liquid
Freezing = liquid changes into solid
Boiling/vapourizing = liquid turns into gas/vapour
Condensation = gas turns into liquid
Sublimation = solid directly changes into gas without forming a liquid
Deposition/solidification = gas turns into solid when cooled
Brownian motion = irregular movement of visible particles by uneven bombardment of
invisible particles of liquid or gas in which they are suspended
Diffusion = the random movement of different particles (liquids or gases) so they get mixed up
Chromatography = method of separating pigments (coloured substances) using filter paper
Locating agent = chemical used in chromatography to identify colourless substances
Melting point = the temperature at which a solid turn into a liquid
Boiling point = the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
Solution = contains a solid dissolved in a solvent
Solute = the dissolved solid in a solvent to make a solution
Solvent = the liquid that dissolves the solid to form solution
Filtration = method of separating an undissolved solid from a solution or liquid by passing it
through a piece of filter paper in a filter funnel
Filtrate = the solution which passes through the filter paper
Residue = the solid that stays on the filter paper
Decanting = the process of pouring away a liquid while leaving a solid behind
Centrifugating = the process where a mixture is separated through spinning

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-1

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Crystallisation = method used to obtain a crystalline solid from a solution

Simple distillation = method used to obtain a solvent from a solution
Fractional distillation = method used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling
points
Solvent extraction =method used to separate two solutes dissolved in a solvent
NOTE:

Heating curve

Cooling curve

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Relationship graphs between temperature, volume and pressure

*The rate of diffusion depends on the relative molecular mass*

Rate α 1 / relative molecular mass

Lighter gas diffuses faster than the heavier one.

Apparatus for measuring

Burette Pipette Dropper pipette

Burette = used to find accurate volume(even decimal) up to 50cm³

Pipette = used to find single fixed volume (10cm³ , 25cm³)

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Measuring cylinder Conical flask Volumetric flask

Some common apparatus in laboratory

Crucible with lid Tongs

Evaporating basin
Watch glass

Balance Spatula

Test tube Mortar & pestle

Tripod with gauze mat Bunsen Burner

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Burette vs measuring cylinder

Burette Measuring cylinder
Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage
Accurate Slow Fast As not accurate as
(decimal reading ) (can be cracked) burette

Paper Chromatography

Note
• The substance must be in the solvent, if not use another solvent like ethanol(alcohol) or
propanone. (organic solvents)
• Base line should be drawn in pencil (pencil does not dissolve in water)
• Base line should be above the solvent level
• Locating agent is used for colourless substances
• The larger the Rƒ value, the greater the solubility and the further the substance travelled
• Uses -separate, identify and purify

Purity
❖ Any substances that we take into our bodies must be very pure (water, food, drugs, etc.)
❖ Purity can be check with BP or MP and chromatography
❖ Pure substances have sharp/distinct MP and BP
❖ If the substance is not pure, the range temperatures between MP and BP becomes wider

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Methods of purification

Method Procedure Substances can be

separated
Decanting Pouring off Sand & water

Filtration Use filter paper Sand & water

Centrifugating Use centrifugating machine to spin Blood & blood products

Crystallisation Evaporate the liquid (eg.water) Salt from sea water

Solvent extraction Use second solvent/another solvent Salt & iodine in water
(must be immiscible)

Simple distillation Evaporate the liquid (eg.water) Water from sea water
Use condenser

Fractional Evaporate the liquids Ethanol and water

Distillation Use fractionating column and condenser

Procedure in details (How to separate the mixtures/purify the substances)

Filtration : - pour the solution with undissolved solid into the filter funnel
- The solid remains in the filter paper – residue --> wash with water to remove any
solution
- Then the residue (if wanted) ----> dry between filter paper or in an oven
- If the dissolved salt is needed ----> then carry out crystallization
Crystallisation : - pour the filtrate into the evaporating basin
- Heat/ evaporate the solution(filtrate) until the crystallization point is reached
- Then the solution is left to cool
- Filtered off and dried between filter paper

Tr.Moses/IIP Chemistry IGCSE Unit-1