C4 Chemical Changes Mastery Booklet ANSWERS

Part 1: Formulae of ionic compounds (Recap questions)

1. Beryllium atom 2. Oxygen atom

3. The two outer electrons from Beryllium are transferred to the oxygen atom when Beryllium reacts with oxygen.
4. The two ions formed in this reaction are...

Beryllium ion Oxide Ion

5. When Lithium reacts with oxygen, the outer electrons from two Lithium atoms are transferred to one oxygen atom.

Lithium Atom Oxygen atom

Lithium ion Oxide Ion

6. Lithium oxide has the formula Li2O but the formula for beryllium oxide is BeO because a Lithium atom has one electron in its
outer sheet. Oxygen is able to receive two electrons to achieve Noble Gas configuration so two Lithium atoms are needed.
Beryllium is in group 2 of the periodic table. Its outer shell contains two electrons so only one Beryllium atom is needed to give
oxygen the two electrons it needs.

1. Challenge: Predict the formulae of:

a. Lithium fluoride LiF c. Aluminium nitride AlN e. Aluminium oxide Al2O3
b. Lithium nitride Li3N d. Aluminium chloride AlCl3 f. Magnesium nitride Mg3N2

Practice

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 8. Calcium chloride CaCl2 17. Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 25. Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
9. Calcium sulfate CaSO4 18. Iron (II) sulfate FeSO4 26. Aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3
10. Lithium sulfate Li2SO4 19. Iron (III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 27. Copper (II) carbonate CuCO3
11. Lithium nitrate LiNO3 20. Sodium nitrate NaNO3 28. Beryllium fluoride BeF2
12. Aluminium bromide AlBr3 21. Barium sulfate (think about what 29. Beryllium sulfate BeSO4
13. Aluminium oxide Al2O3 group it is in!) BaSO4 30. Vanadium (V) carbonate V2(CO3)5
14. Aluminium nitrate Al(NO3)3 22. Copper (I) hydroxide CuOH 31. Manganese (VII) iodide MnI7
15. Aluminium sulfate Al2(SO4)3 23. Copper (I) sulfate Cu2SO4 32. Manganese (VII) sulphate
16. Ammonium iodide NH4I 24. Ammonium oxide (NH4)2O
Mn2 (SO4)7

Part 2: Reactivity of Metals

Recap questions:

33. Metallic bonding can be described as the sharing of delocalised (free) electrons among a
lattice of positively charged metal ions.
34. (1) Magnesium will conduct electricity, (2) malleable, (3) ductile.
35. Magnesium conducts electricity as the delocalised electrons move through the structure
carrying charge.
36. Word equation Francium + Bromine → Francium Bromide
Symbol equation 2Fr + Br2 → 2FBr
37. 100g of Fr is used with 50g of bromine. Which is excess and which is limiting?
Fr moles = mass /Mr = 100/223 = 0.00448 moles
Br2 moles = mass / Mr = 50/(79.9 x 2)= 0.313 moles
Fr:Br2 react in a 2:1 ratio. Therefore 0.00448 moles of Francium will react with 0.00224 moles of Bromine. Bromine is in excess.
Francium is the limiting reagent.
38. 75g of Fr is reacted with an excess of bromine. How much FrBr is formed?
nFr = m/Mr = 75/223 = 0.336 moles
Fr:Br2 react in a 2:1 ratio. Therefore 0.336 moles of Francium will react with 0.168 moles of Bromine.
mBr2 = n x Mr = 0.168 x 159.8 = 26.9g (3.s.f.)
39. When FrBr is molten or dissolved in water the ions are free to move through the substance, carrying charge.
40. Fr is more reactive than Li because a Fr atom is larger, meaning its electrons are further from the nucleus. The force of attraction
between the electrons and the positive protons in the nucleus is weaker so the electrons are more easily lost making Francium
more reactive.
41. There are two isotopes of Francium, Fr-223 and Fr-221. Making reference to their numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons,
discuss the similarities and differences between these two isotopes.
Similarities- Atomic number 87. 87 protons. 87 electrons.
Differences- Mass numbers. Fr-223 has 136 neutrons whereas Fr-221 has 134 neutrons.
42. Average mass of the atoms= ((81 x 223)+ (19 x 221))/100 = 180.63 + 41.99 = 222.62 = 223 (3 s.f.)
43. Challenge: (70 x 223) + (22 x 221) + (8 x X) /100 = 222.32
156.1 + 48.62 + 0.08X = 222.32
0.08X = 222.32- 156.1 - 48.62
0.08X = 17.6
X = 17.6/ 0.08 = 220

44. Magnesium is more reactive than copper as Magnesium atoms are smaller than copper atoms so the outer electrons of
Magnesium are more easily lost.
45. Magnesium + oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
46. 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s)
47. Reactants → Products

A reaction where oxygen is added is called an oxidation reaction. If oxygen is removed, it is called a reduction reaction.

48.

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 1. Magnesium atom 2. Oxygen atom

49. Use arrows to show what occurs when they react with each other (Arrow from two outer electrons of Magnesium to outer shell of
Oxygen)
50. Draw the ions that are formed as a result of this reaction.

Magnesium ion Oxide Ion

51. Explain why this reaction is called an oxidation reaction. Oxygen is added to Magnesium. Oxidation involves a loss of electrons.
The Magnesium atom is oxidised to form the Magnesium ion.
52. The mass increases because Oxygen from the air was added.
53. Magnesium oxide → Magnesium + Oxygen
54. Decomposition
55. Oxygen has a low melting point as it exists as small simple molecules. There are weak forces of attraction between the
molecules that are easily overcome with little heat energy at low temperatures.
56. Magnesium has a high melting point as the metallic bonds are strong and require lots of energy to break.
57. Magnesium oxide will conduct electricity when it is molten or dissolved in water (aqueous)
58. Challenge: Calcium is more reactive than Magnesium as calcium atoms are larger therefore the outer electrons are further from
the nucleus and the attraction between them and the protons is weaker. This means that the outer electrons are more easily lost.
59. Magnesium> Iron> Copper
60. When Iron atoms react they lose 3 electrons to form Fe3+ ions.
61. The type, concentration and volume of acid are control variables. Strong acids react differently to weak acids. You would also
see more of a reaction with a more concentrated acid than a more dilute acid.
62. The student should also use the same mass of metal, keep the same surface area (i.e. all powder or all 2cm x 2cm pieces) and
keep the acid at the same temperature.
63. In Fe2(SO4)3 there are 17 atoms; 2 iron, 3 sulfur and 12 oxygen.
64. Challenge: smaller metals with fewer electrons react more vigorously than metals with larger atoms.
65. More reactive> less reactive
a. Calcium < lithium
b. Gold < copper
c. Sodium >iron
d. Zinc > copper
e. Copper <zinc
f. Iron < zinc
g. Iron < calcium
h. Sodium > lithium
66. For each reaction below, state whether or not it would occur.
i. Magnesium oxide + calcium NO
j. Iron chloride + zinc YES
k. Copper bromide + gold NO
l. Zinc chloride + potassium YES
m. Iron sulphate + copper NO
n. Iron + lithium sulphate NO

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 o. Magnesium + iron oxide YES
67. Potassium + Sodium Chloride → Sodium + Potassium Chloride
68. Potassium is more reactive than sodium so displaced the sodium from the compound.
69. Zinc + Iron Bromide → Zinc Bromide + Iron
70. Elements- Zinc, iron, bromine. Compounds- Iron Bromide and Zinc Bromide
71. Only more reactive metals displace less reactive metals.
72. Copper is less reactive than Lithium so cannot displace it from the compound.
73. CaCl2 + 2 Li 🡪 2 LiCl + Ca
74. Calcium ions have a +2 . Formula= Ca2+
75.

Element Proton Electron Neutron

Calcium 20 20 20

Chlorine-35 17 17 18

Lithium 3 3 4

76.

Subatomic particle Proton Electron Neutron

Charge +1 -1 0

Mass 1 1/1000 or very small 1

(negligible)

77. Always using 1 minute is a control variable. It ensures the results can be compared. i.e. fair test.
78. Y> Z > X
79. Metal Y would react easiest with oxygen.
80. Alloys are mixtures not compounds so Metal X will still have three electrons in its outer shell as it will not form an ion.

Part 3: Extracting metals

81. Oxygen is removed from iron oxide leaving the iron as an element. Reduction is removal of oxygen.
82. An Ore has to have enough metal in it to be economically viable to extract (ie. make a profit). It mustn’t contain enough of the
metal to make a profit.
83. Francium can only be extracted using electrolysis.
84. How reactive it was compared to Carbon and (Hydrogen).
85. Lithium would react the most because it is a group 1 metal. Group 1 metals are more reactive than group 2, 3 and transition
metals.
86. Zinc Oxide + carbon → Zinc + Carbon Dioxide
87. Gold is found naturally in the Earth’s crust as it is quite unreactive.
88. Silver would go above gold but near the bottom of the reactivity series.
89. Lithium + copper oxide→ lithium oxide + copper
90. 2Li + CuO 🡪 Li2O + Cu
91. Lithium has been oxidised as oxygen has been added to form a compound and copper oxide has been reduced as oxygen has
been removed to leave copper as an element.
92. Iron oxide + sodium → sodium oxide + iron.
93. Fe2O3 + 6 Na 🡪 3 Na2O + 2 Fe
94. the iron in iron oxide has been reduced to form iron. Sodium has been oxidised to form sodium oxide.
95. Zinc and Potassium Oxide
96. Potassium has been oxidised to Potassium Oxide and the Zinc in Zinc Oxide has been reduced to Zinc..

GCSE Practice Questions

Metal Temperature rise in °C Mean

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 temperature
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
rise in °C

Calcium 17.8 16.9 17.5

Iron 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.1

Magnesium 12.5 4.2 12.3 12.4

Zinc 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.8

(a) Volume and concentration of acid. Size/ surface area and mass of metal used.
(b) 4.2 is anomalous as it is much smaller than the other results. The temperature may have been measured wrongly or
the mass of magnesium may have been smaller or a smaller volume of acid may have been used.
(c) Mean temp rise = (17.8 + 16.9 + 17.5 ) /3 = 17.4
(e) The temperature rise when aluminium is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid would be about 10 degrees.

Question 2: A student investigated the reactivity of three different metals. This is the method used.

1. Place 1 g of metal powder in a test tube.

2. Add 10 cm3 of metal sulfate.
3. Wait 1 minute and observe.
4. Repeat using the other metals and metal sulfates.

The student placed a tick in the table below if there was a reaction and a cross if there was no reaction.

Zinc Copper Magnesium

Copper sulfate

Magnesium sulfate

Zinc sulfate

(a) The dependent variable in the investigation is the reaction.

(b) - no question
(c) Mass of metal → Balance, Volume of metal sulfate → Measuring cylinder/ Burette
(d) Magnesium> Zinc> Copper
(e) Sodium is very reactive so this could be unsafe
(f) Gold is found in the Earth as the metal itself.
(g) 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2
(h) The element Carbon is used to reduce iron oxide.
(i) Reduction is removal of oxygen (or a gain of electrons)

Question 3: Metals are used in the manufacture of pylons and overhead power cables.
(a) Iron (steel) is used to make pylons because it conducts electricity.
(b) The table shows some of the properties of two metals. Use the information in the table to suggest why
aluminium and not copper is used to conduct electricity in overhead power cables.

Metal Density in g per cm3 Melting point in°C Percentage(%) relative Percentage(%)
electrical conductivity abundance in Earth’s
crust

copper 8.92 1083 100 0.007

aluminium 2.70 660 60 8.1

Copper is heavy as its density is high and it has a low abundance so there isn’t much available to use.
Aluminium also has a low percentage abundance. It’s also very soft with a low melting point. It only has a 60%
conductivity so won’t conduct electricity as well.

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Part 4: Acids
1. Reactions of acids with metals
97.

Formula of salt Name of salt Original metal Original acid

NaCl Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydrochloric Acid

LiCl Lithium Chloride Lithium Hydrochloric Acid

CaSO4 Calcium Sulfate Calcium Sulfuric Acid

MgSO4 Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium Sulfuric Acid

KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Potassium Nitric Acid

98. Write a word equation for the reactions between:

a. Aluminium + Hydrochloric acid → Aluminium Chloride + Hydrogen
b. Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
c. Calcium + Nitric acid → Calcium Nitrate + Hydrogen
d. Beryllium + Sulfuric acid → Beryllium Sulfate + Hydrogen
e. Iron + Sulfuric acid → Iron Sulfate + Hydrogen
99. Write a word equation for a reaction which forms:
f. Aluminium + Sulfuric Acid → Aluminium Sulfate + Hydrogen
g. Calcium + Hydrochloric Acid → Calcium Chloride + Hydrogen
h. Barium + Nitric Acid → Barium Nitrate + Hydrogen
i. Rubidium + Hydrochloric Acid → Rubidium Chloride + Hydrogen
Challenge: write symbol equations for every reaction in Q1 and Q2

Write a symbol equation:

j. 2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
k. Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2
l. Ca + HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2
m. Be + H2SO4 → BeSO4 + H2
n. 2 Fe + H2SO4 → Fe2SO4 + H2
Write a symbol equation:
o. Al + H2SO4 → Al2 (SO4)3 + H2
p. Cal + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2
q. Ba + HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2 + H2
r. 2 Rb+ 2 HCl →2 RbCl + H2

Part 5: Ionic equations

100. Complete the table below.

Atom Ion Atom Ion Atom Ion

Li Li+ Be Be2+ Al Al3+

Na Na+ Mg Mg2+ Fe (II) Fe2+

K K+ Ca Ca2+ Fe (III) Fe3+

101. For each of the salts formed in question 2 and question 3 write out the symbol formula- Already done above.
102. Complete the equations:

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 s. Mg + H2SO4 🡪 MgSO4 + H2
t. 2Li + 2HNO3 🡪 2 LiNO3 + H2
u. 2Al + 6HNO3🡪2 Al(NO3)3+ 3H2
v. 2Fe(III) + 6HCl 🡪 2 FeCl3 + 3H2
103. For the equations below, you will need to balance and complete:
w. Mg + HNO3 🡪 Mg (NO3)2+ H2
x. Fe(III) + HNO3 🡪 Fe (NO3)3+ H2
y. K + H2SO4 🡪 K2SO4 + H2
z. Li + H2SO4 🡪 Li2SO4+ H2
104. Write out full word and symbol equations for each of the below:
aa. Iron (II) + Nitric acid → Iron Nitrate + Hydrogen
Fe + 2 HNO3 → Fe(NO3)2 + H2
bb. Barium + Sulfuric acid → Barium Sulfate + Hydrogen
Ba + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2
cc. Strontium + Hydrochloric acid → Strontium Chloride + Hydrogen
Sr + 2 HCl → SrCl2 + H2
dd. Aluminium + Sulfuric acid → Aluminium Sulfate
2 Al + 3 H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2
ee. Gallium + Nitric acid → Gallium Nitrate + Hydrogen
2 Ga + 6HNO3 → 2 Ga(NO3)3 + 3 H2

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Part 5: Ionic equations
106. Complete the ionic equations:
s. Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq) 🡪 Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)
t. Li (s) + 2H+ (aq) 🡪 2 Li+ (aq) + H2
u. 2Al (s) + 6H+ (aq) 🡪2 Al3+ (aq) + 3H2 (g)
v. 2Fe(s) + 6H+ (aq) 🡪 2 Fe3+ (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Ionic equations:
w. Mg (s) + H+ (aq) 🡪 Mg2+(aq) + H2 (g)
x. Fe(s) + H+ (aq) 🡪 Fe 3+ (aq) + H2 (g)
y. K(s) + 2 H+ (aq) 🡪 2 K+ (aq) + H2 (g)
z. Li(s) + 2 H+ (aq) 🡪 2 Li + (aq)+ H2 (g)
Ionic equations;
aa. Fe (s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Fe2+ (aq) + H2 (g)
bb. Ba (s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Ba2+ (aq) + H2 (g)
cc. Sr(s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Sr2+ (aq)+ H2 (g)
dd. 2 Al(s) + 6 H+ (aq) → 2 Al3+ (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
ee. 2 Ga(s) + 6H+ (aq)→ 2 Ga3+ (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Part 6: Half equations

107. For each of the ionic equations in question 106 construct half equations.

aa. Fe (s)) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2 e-

bb. Ba (s) → Ba2+ (aq) + 2 e-
cc. Sr(s) → Sr2+ (aq)+ 2 e-
dd. 2 Al(s) → 2 Al3+ (aq) + 6 e-
ee. 2 Ga(s) → 2 Ga3+ (aq) + 6 e-

Acids continued: 5. Metal Hydroxides

108. State the formulae for the hydroxides of: lithium, potassium, calcium, aluminium, magnesium, iron (II), iron (III), zinc (II) and
beryllium→ LiOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Be(OH)2

6. Alkali + acid 🡪 salt + water

For each of the reactions below, write:

a. A word equation
b. A balanced symbol equation (assume that all hydroxides are dissolved in water)
c. An ionic equation
109. Potassium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid→ Potassium Chloride + Water
KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
H+(aq) + OH- (aq)→ H2O (l)
110. Magnesium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid→ Magnesium Chloride + Water
Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + 2 H2O
H+(aq) + OH- (aq)→ H2O (l)
111. Sodium Hydroxide + Nitric Acid → Sodium Nitrate + Water
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
H+(aq) + OH- (aq)→ H2O (l)
112. Sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid
NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
H+(aq) + OH- (aq)→ H2O (l)
113. Iron (III) hydroxide and sulphuric acid
Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
H+(aq) + OH- (aq)→ H2O (l)

7. Acid and base

114. Write the formula for the oxides of lithium, potassium, calcium, aluminium, magnesium, iron (II), iron (III), zinc (II) and beryllium→
Li2O, K2O, CaO, Al2O3, MgO, FeO, Fe2O3, ZnO, BeO
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8. Metal oxide + acid 🡪 salt + water
115. Potassium Oxide + Hydrochloric Acid → Potassium Chloride + Water
K2O + 2 HCl → 2 KCl + H2O
116. Magnesium Oxide + Hydrochloric Acid → Magnesium Chloride + Water
MgO + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
117. Sodium oxide + Nitric Acid → Sodium Nitrate + Water
Na2O + 2 HNO3 → 2 NaNO3 + H2O
118. Sodium oxide + Sulfuric acid → Sodium Sulfate + Water
Na2O + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
119. Iron (III) oxide + sulphuric acid → Ion (III) Sulfate + Water
Fe2O3 + 3 H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 H2O

9. Metal carbonate + acid 🡪 salt + water + carbon dioxide

120. State the formulae for the carbonates of: lithium, potassium, calcium, aluminium, magnesium, iron (II), iron (III), zinc (II) and
beryllium→ Li2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, Al2(CO3)3, MgCO3, FeCO3, Fe2(CO3)3, ZnCO3, BeCO3

121. Potassium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid → Potassium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide
K2CO3 + 2 HCl → 2 KCl + H2O + CO2
122. Magnesium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid → Magnesium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide
MgCO3 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
123. Sodium Carbonate + Nitric Acid → Sodium Nitrate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Na2CO3 + 2 HNO3 → 2 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
124. Sodium Carbonate + Sulfuric Acid → Sodium Sulfate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
125. Iron (III) Carbonate + Sulfuric Acid → Iron (III) Sulfate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Fe2(CO3) 3 + 3 H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 H2O + 3 CO2

pH
Questions:

126. A substance has 40g of acid in it and is pH 2.

a. What mass of acid would be required for pH 1? 400g
b. What mass of acid would be required for pH 3? 4g
c. What mass of acid would be required for pH 4? 0.4g
127. A certain solution has 12050 H+ ions in it and has a pH of 3.
d. How many H+ ions would need to be added for a pH of 1? x10x10 = x100 added to move 2 x pH units. so 1, 205, 000
would be in solution. 1, 205, 000- 12, 050 = 1,192,950 additional H+ ions would need to be added.
e. How many H+ ions would need to be taken away for a pH of 5? pH would contain 120.5 H+ ions, say 121 as you can’t
have 0.5 of an H+ ion. so 12050-120.5 = 11, 929 H+ ions would need to be removed.

Strong, weak, dilute, concentrated

128. Sulphuric acid is a strong acid as it fully ionises in water.
129. Sulphuric acid split up into 2 x hydrogen ions (H+) and one SO42- ion.
130. 20g sulfuric acid would be needed to make a pH of 1
131. Complete the table below, using the words “high,” “medium” or “low” to represent pH. The first one has been done for you.

Concentrated Dilute

Strong acid Low Medium

Weak acid Medium High

132. Sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide → Sodium Sulfate + Water

133. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (aq)
134. H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)
135. If 10g of acid is dissolved in water, followed by another 10g the pH will reduce by 2.
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 136. A strong acid has a lower pH than a weak acid as there are more H+ ions in solution for strong acids as they fully dissociate.
Weak acids only partially dissociate so there are fewer H+ ions in a solution of weak acid.

Back to metal extraction

137.In a reaction, solid sodium displaces iron from iron (II) sulphate solution:
Na + FeSO4 🡪 Na2SO4 + Fe
a. Balance the equation 2 Na + FeSO4 🡪 Na2SO4 + Fe
b. Add state symbols to the equation 2 Na (s) + FeSO4 (aq) 🡪 Na2SO4 (aq) + Fe (s)
c. Write an ionic equation for this reaction 2 Na + Fe2+ → 2 Na+ + Fe
d. Use half equations to show that sodium has been oxidised and iron ions have been reduced
Na → Na+ + e- A Sodium atom has been oxidised as it has lost an electron to form a sodium ion.
Fe2+ + 2 e- → Fe Iron ions have been reduced to Fe atoms
138. Repeat the above process for reactions between:
e. Na(s) + LiOH(aq) 🡪 NaOH(aq) + Li(s)
Na(s) + LiOH(aq) 🡪 NaOH(aq) + Li(s) Balanced
Ionic equation: Na + Li+ → Na+ + Li
Half equations: Na → Na+ + e- and Li+ + e- → Li
f. Ca(s) + MgCl2(aq) 🡪 CaCl2(aq) + Mg(s)
Ca(s) + MgCl2(aq) 🡪 CaCl2(aq) + Mg(s) Balanced
Ionic equation: Ca + Mg2+ 🡪 Ca2+ + Mg
Half equations: Ca → Ca2+ + 2 e- and Mg2+ + 2 e- → Mg
g. Ca(s) + FeSO4(aq) 🡪 CaSO4(aq) + Fe(s) (the charge on the iron ion in iron sulphate is 2+)
Ca(s) + FeSO4(aq) 🡪 CaSO4(aq) + 2Fe(s) Balanced
Ionic equation: Ca + Fe2+🡪 Ca2+ + Fe(s)
Half equations: Ca → Ca2+ + 2 e- and Fe2++ 2 e- 🡪 Fe(s)
139. Sodium is more reactive than lithium because a sodium atom is larger than a lithium atom so it’s outer electrons are not held as
strongly. The attraction between them and the protons in the nucleus is weaker so they are more easily lost, making sodium more
reactive.

140.Repeat the process above for the reaction:

LiCl(aq) + F2(aq) 🡪 LiF(aq) + Cl2 (g)
2 LiCl(aq) + F2(aq) 🡪 2 LiF(aq) + Cl2 (g)
Ionic equation: 2 Cl- + F2 → Cl2 + 2F-
Half equations: 2 Cl- → Cl2 + 2 e- and F2 + 2 e- → 2F-
141.Repeat the process above for the reaction:
MgI2(aq) + Br2(aq) 🡪 MgBr2(aq) + I2(aq)
MgI2(aq) + Br2(aq) 🡪 MgBr2(aq) + I2(aq) Balanced
Ionic equation: 2I- → I2 + 2e- and Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-
142. There is no reaction between sodium chloride and bromine because bromine is less reactive than chlorine therefore it can not
displace chlorine from sodium chloride.
143. In the reaction above between lithium bromide and chlorine, 10g of lithium bromide is used. 2LiBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) 🡪 2LiCl(aq) + Br2
a. How much chlorine will be needed for a complete reaction?
Number of Moles LiBr = mass/Mr = 10/87 = 0.115 moles
2 LiBr: Cl2 so number of moles Cl2 = 0.115/2 = 0.0575 moles
Mass Cl2 = n x Mr = 0.0575 x 71 = 4.08g
b. What mass of lithium chloride will be produced?
Number of moles LiCl = number of moles LiBr = 0.115
Mass of LiCl produced = n x Mr = 0.115 x 42 = 4.83g
144. Lithium chloride solution conducts electricity because LiCl dissociates to give Li+ and Cl- ions. These ions move through the
substance carrying charge and completely the circuit.
145. A solution of lithium chloride is made with 20g of lithium chloride in 100cm3 of water. Calculate its concentration in g/dm3 (triple
only – calculate also in mol/dm3).
Concentration = mass/ volume = 20/ (100/1000) = 20/0.1 = 200 g/dm3 (cm3 to dm3 divide by 1000)
Concentration in g/dm3 → mol/ dm3 divide by Mr. 200 g/dm3 /42 = 4.76 mol/ dm3
146. Fluorine is more reactive than iodine as fluorine atoms are smaller than iodine atoms. This means that electrons are more
strongly attracted by the protons of the nucleus of Fluorine forming 1- ions more easily. (Iodine atoms are larger, have more
electrons that shield the positive charge of the nucleus so electrons are not as strongly attached meaning iodine is less reactive.
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Summary problem

This question is about the extraction of copper, an important metal in a number of settings.

147. The bonding of copper. Lattice of positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons that can move through the whole structure..
148. An alloy of copper is harder than pure copper as in the alloy there are different sized atoms that distort the layers so they aren't
able to slide over each other as easily.
149. Copper conducts electricity as the delocalised electrons move through the structure, carrying charge to complete the circuit.
150. Copper is a very good thermal conductor as the delocalised electrons move through the structure, transferring heat energy
through the structure.
151. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
152. Copper can react with oxygen to form copper oxide (CuO)
a. Copper + Oxygen → Copper Oxide
b. 2 Cu (s) + O2(g) → 2 CuO (s)
c. Elements- copper and oxygen. Compound- copper oxide. Reactants- copper and oxygen. Product- copper oxide.
d. If 50g of copper is reacted in an excess of oxygen, what mass of copper oxide will be formed?
n Copper = m/Mr = 50g/ 63.5 = 0.787 moles
n Copper Oxide = n Copper = 0.787 moles
m Copper oxide = n x Mr = 0.787 x (63.5 + 16) = 0.787 x 79.5 = 62.6 g (3 s.f.)
e. Excess oxygen assumes there is so much oxygen preset that it will not run out before the other reactant(s).
153.Copper can be extracted from copper oxide by reacting it with carbon. This is called reduction.
f. Reduction is removal of oxygen or a gain of electrons.
g. Copper Oxide + Carbon → Carbon dioxide + Copper
h. 2 CuO(s) + C(s) → CO2(g) + 2 Cu(s)
i. What mass of carbon will be needed to react with 75g of copper oxide?
n Copper Oxide = m/Mr = 75/ 79.5 = 0.943 moles
n carbon= n Copper Oxide / 2 = 0.943/2 = 0.472 moles
m carbon = n x Mr = 0.472 x 12 = 5.66 g
154. Copper can react with some acids to form salts.
j. A weak acid only partially dissociated in solution so there aren’t enough H+ ions to react with copper.
k. A concentrated acid is when an acidic solution has many acid particles present and not very much water present.
l. Copper + hydrochloric acid → copper (II) chloride + hydrogen
m. The mass of this reaction appears to decrease over time as hydrogen gas is produced which goes into the
atmosphere.
n. Cu (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CuCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
o. Cu (s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + H2 (g)
p. Cu (s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e- (aq) and 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e- (aq) → H2 (g)
q. Copper atoms have been oxidised to copper ions. Hydrogen ions have been reduced to hydrogen gas.

Part 7: Electrolysis
155. Solid sodium chloride must be melted (molten) or be made into a solution before it can be electrolysed.
156. The electrolyte is the liquid sodium chloride.
157. To electrolyse sodium chloride you need a breaker, two graphite electrodes, two wires, battery, two crocodile clips, sodium
chloride solution or solid sodium chloride with a heater.

Electrolysis of liquids
158. In the electrolysis of zinc chloride, the electrolyte is molten or aqueous zinc chloride.
159. In the electrolysis of each of the molten compounds below, state which elements will be produced:
a. Zinc iodide- zinc and iodine d. Sodium oxide- Sodium and oxygen
b. Lithium bromide- Lithium and bromine e. Potassium chloride- Potassium and chlorine
c. Iron fluoride- Iron and fluorine
160. Metals are always produced at the negative electrode (cathode). This would be zinc, lithium, iron, sodium and potassium. Non-
metals are produced at the positive electrode (anode). This would be iodine, bromine, fluorine, oxygen and chlorine.
161.

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 f. Zinc iodide-ZnI2 i. Sodium oxide- Na2O
g. Lithium bromide- LiBr j. Potassium chloride- KCl
h. Iron fluoride- FeF2 or FeF3

162. Electrolysis can not be performed on covalent substances as they do not contain any charged particles.
163. Electrolysis can not be performed on metals as it is used to split up compounds and metals are elements.

Redox and half equations recap

164. Copy the table below into your exercise book. Add 7 empty rows.

165. Complete the table

Element Element
Positive Negative
Formula formed at formed at Half equation at cathode Half equation at anode
ion ion
cathode anode
ZnCl2 Zn2+(l) Cl-(l) Zn(s) Cl2(g) Zn2+(l) + 2e- 🡪 Zn(s) 2Cl-(l) 🡪 Cl2(g) + 2e-

2Cl-(l) 🡪 Cl2(g) + 2e-

NaCl Na+(l) Cl-(l) Na(s) Cl2(g) Na+(l) + e- → Na (s)

Na+(l) Br-(l) Na(s) Br2(g) Na+(l) + e- → Na 2Br-(l) 🡪 Br2(g) + 2e-

NaBr (s)

K+(l) I-(l) O2(g) K+(l) + e- → K 2I-(l) 🡪 I2(g) + 2e-

KI K+ (l) (s)

Ca2+(l) Cl-(l) Cl2(g) Ca2+(l) + 2 e- → Ca 2Cl-(l) 🡪 Cl2(g) + 2e-

CaCl2 Ca2+ (aq) (s)

Br-(l) Al3+ Br2(g) 2Br-(l) 🡪 Br2(g) + 2e-

AlBr3 Al3+ (l) Al3+ (l) + 3 e- → Al (s)

Na+(l) Na(s) O2(g) 2 Na+(l) + e- → Na

Na2O O2- (l) (s)
2O2- → O2 (g) + 4e-

Al3+ (l) O2- (l) O2(g) Al3+ (l) + 3 e- → Al 2O2- → O2 (g) + 4e-
Al2O3 Al3+ (s)

166. An ore is a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably.
167. Gold is found naturally in the Earth’s crust as it is very unreactive.
168. Electrolysis is not necessary to extract iron from iron oxide as iron is less reactive than carbon so displacement with carbon can
be used.
169. What properties would you expect iron oxide to have? Metal oxides are usually solid and have basic properties.
170. Iron (III) oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide
171. Electrolysis of calcium oxide required to extract pure metal calcium because calcium is more reactive than carbon do cannot be
extracted by displacement.
172. 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2
173. Challenge: The formula of Vanadium (V) Oxide is V2O5.
V5+ + 5 e- → V and 2 O2- → O2 → 4e-

Electrolysis of aluminium oxide

174. Explain why the formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3 and not AlO3. Aluminium forms a 3+ ion by losing its three outer shell
electrons when it reacts. Oxygen loses 2 electrons when it reacts to form O2- ions. Compounds are neutral, electrons lost from one
atom must be gained by another so 6 electrons are lost from 2 aluminum atoms and are transferred to 3 oxygen atoms. They take
2 electrons each.
175.Balance the equation:
4 Al + 3 O2 🡪 2 Al2O3
176. 2 aluminium atoms lose 3 electrons each. They are transferred to 3 oxygen atoms who take 2 electrons each.
177. Aluminium oxide has a high melting point because it has a giant lattice structure of strong ionic bonds that require a high
amount of energy to break.
178. Aluminium oxide needs to be molten before it can be electrolysed so that the ions are able to move to complete the circuit.
179. In graphite, each carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms leaving one electron delocalised per atom. These
electrons can move through the structure, carrying charge to complete the circuit and conduct electricity.

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 180. The anodes must be regularly replaced as the oxygen produced there reacts with the graphite it is made from producing carbon
dioxide.
181. 2 C (s) + O2 (g) → 2 CO (g)
182. Electrolysis is an endothermic change.
183. Electrolysis is endothermic as energy is required for the reaction to take place.

Electrolysis of solutions
184. For each of the below, state which elements are formed at the anode and at the cathode

Solution Product at the anode Product at the cathode

Copper Sulfate Oxygen Copper

Silver Nitrate Oxygen Silver

Tin Chloride Chlorine Hydrogen

Zinc Fluoride Fluorine Hydrogen

Zinc Sulfate Oxygen Hydrogen

Calcium Nitrate Oxygen Hydrogen

Potassium Chloride Chlorine Hydrogen

185. Potassium can only be extracted from potassium nitrate if it is molten, not if it is dissolved as potassium is more reactive than
hydrogen so hydrogen gas would be discharged at the cathode.
186. Sodium chloride is dissolved in water.
k. Na+ and Cl- and present when sodium chloride dissolves.
l. Na+ and Cl- and H+ and OH- (from the water) are present when sodium chloride dissolves.
m. Chlorine gas will be produced at the anode.
n. Hydrogen gas will be produced at the cathode.
o. Half equations-
Anode: 2Cl- (aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e-(aq)
Cathode: 2 H+ (aq) + 2e-(aq) → H2(g)
p. The process is repeated but with copper (II) sulphate. Give half equations for the reactions at the anode and the
cathode
Anode: 4OH- (aq)→ O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 e-
Cathode: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- → Cu (s)

GCSE Questions

Q1.

a) Iodine has a higher boiling point than chlorine as iodines molecules are larger so it has greater intermolecular forces and
requires more energy to boil.
b) Boiling point of bromine- anywhere from -34 to 183. Most likely somewhere in the middle around 75 degrees celsius. Google says
59 degrees celsius.
c) Ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with potassium iodide: Cl2(aq) + 2 I-(aq) → 2Cl-(aq) + I2(aq)
d) Potassium iodide solution conducts electricity as it is an ionic compound and the ions are able to move when it is aqueous.
e) The products of electrolysing potassium iodide are hydrogen and iodine.

Q2.

(a) When zinc chloride is molten, it will conduct ELECTRICITY .(1)

(b) Zinc ions move towards the negative electrode where they gain electrons to produce zinc.

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 (i) Name the product formed at the positive electrode. CHLORINE (GAS) (1)

(ii) Zinc ions move towards the negative electrode as they are positively charged (Zn2+). Opposite charges attract.. (2)

(iii) Zinc is reduced when is gains electrons (1)

(c) Zinc is mixed with copper to make an alloy.

(i) The alloy is harder than pure zinc as the alloy has different sized atoms that distort the layers meaning they don’t slide over
each other. (2)

Q3. This question is about magnesium and magnesium chloride.

(a) When a magnesium atom reacts with two chlorine atoms, the magnesium atoms loses two electrons to form magnesium ions (Mg2+).
Two chlorine atoms gain one of these electrons each to form chloride ions (Cl⁻).

(b)

(i) Magnesium chloride must be molten or dissolved in water to be electrolysed so that the ions are free to move. In a solid they are in a
fixed position so could not carry charge to complete the circuit.. (2)

(ii) The magnesium ions are attracted to the cathode (negative electrode) where they accept two electrons to form solid magnesium. (3)

(iii) Chlorine gas produced at the negative electrode. (1)

(iv) Magnesium is not produced at the negative electrode in Experiment 2 as hydrogen ions are present. As hydrogen is less reactive
than Magnesium it will be produced at the cathode (1)

(v) 2 Cl⁻ → Cl2 + 2 e- (1)

(c) Metals can be bent and shaped as their atoms are arranged in layers that can slide over each other.. (2)

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