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Lesson 3.2A PPT - Concept of Species (For Regular Class)

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421 views

Lesson 3.2A PPT - Concept of Species (For Regular Class)

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tnqjyppjn8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biological Species Concept

• A group of
organisms that
can interbreed
naturally and
produce viable,
fertile offspring
• Photo Credit of Galápagos Marine Iguanas:
Putneymark, 2008, Wikimedia Commons
Biological Species Concept
• Assumes
– Common
characteristics
– Genetically compatible
– Interbreed under
natural conditions
– Sexual Reproduction
• Photo Credit of Iguana iguana: Ianare, 2007, Wikimedia
Commons
Morphological Species Concept
• Group of individuals
that share common
characteristics
• Used for:
• Fossils
• Exclusively asexual
• Traditional method
for sexual organisms
• Photo Credit of Orchid: Bernd Haynold, 2004, Wikimedia
Commons
Concept of a Species
What is taxonomy?

• Naming and classification of organisms


• Traditionally based on system
developed by Carolus Linnaeus
Two Components to Linnaean
System
• Idea of binomial nomenclature – naming
organisms
• Idea of hierarchy – classifying
organisms into groups
Binomial Nomenclature
• Idea is that each species is assigned a
unique name
• Name has two parts: a genus name
and a specific epithet
• Together, the two words make up the
scientific name of the species
Binomial Nomenclature
• Allows clear communication between
different researchers
• Prevents confusion that can occur from
use of common names
Example
• Scientific Name:
Yucca filamentosa
• Common Names:
Bear grass, Adam’s
needle, Weak-leaf
yucca
• Picture Credit: Larry Allain @ USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database
Scientific Names: General Guidelines

• Scientific names are based on Latin.


• Scientific names are always italicized
(when printed) or underlined (when
hand-written)
• Modern scientific names follow
international guidelines
Scientific Names: General Guidelines

• Different species with the same genus


name are considered to be more closely
related to each other than to other
species.
• Genus name is always capitalized;
specific epithet is always lower-case.
Example

• Panthera leo – lion


• Panthera onca – jaguar
• Panthera pardus – leopard
• Uncia uncia – snow leopard
• Lions, jaguars and leopards are more
closely related to each other than to
snow leopards.
Scientific Names: General Guidelines

• Some scientific names,


especially older ones,
include the name of the
person who discovered or
described the species.
• Example: The Tibetan
antelope Pantholops
hodgsonii was named for the
19th century British naturalist
who discovered it, Brian
Houghton Hodgson.
• Picture Credit: Rhett A. Butler, mongabay.com
General Naming Guidelines

• Other scientific names


refer to a region, such
as Didelphis virginiana
(Virginia opossum)
• Picture Credit: Alden M. Johnson @
California Academy of Sciences
General Naming Guidelines

• Scientific names often


include some feature or
trait of the species. The
specific epithet for the
hairy bush clover,
Lespedeza hirta, refers
to its “hairy” stem.
• Picture Credit: Tom Barnes, University of
Kentucky
Scientific Names

Poison Arrow Frog


Dendrobates
azureus
“Blue Tree-Walker”
• Picture Credit: Jessie Cohen,
Courtesy of Smithsonian National
Zoo @ nationalzoo.si.edu
Scientific Names

Giant Anteater
Myrmecophaga
tridactyla
“Eater of ants,
with three
fingers”
Picture Credit: Courtesy of
Smithsonian National Zoo @
nationalzoo.si.edu
Taxonomic Hierarchy
• Linnaeus classified organisms into
groups, based on shared characteristics.
• There were different levels of groups.
• Each level nests within the group above.
• In the modern system of classification,
the Domain was the most inclusive.
Successive groups contain fewer and
fewer organisms.
Modern Taxonomy
• Modern taxonomy is in a state of flux.
• As genes are sequenced for different
organisms, evolutionary relationships
often become more clear. Taxonomy
should reflect those relationships.
• Expect major changes in taxonomy over
the next several years.
Three Domains
Three
Domains
Modern Taxonomic Hierarchy
Modern
Taxonomic
Hierarchy
Modern
Taxonomic
Hierarchy
H. sapiens L. terrestris H. rosa sinensis
Example: Giant Anteater
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Xenarthra
Family:
Myrmecophagidae
Genus: Myrmecophaga
Species:
Myrmecophaga
tridactyla
Categories and Taxa
• In this hierarch of classification, the different
levels are categories.
• A named group at a level is called a taxon
(plural = taxa).
• The giant anteater is in Class Mammalia.
Class is the category; Mammalia is the taxon.
• The giant anteater is in Family
Myrmecophagidae. Family is the category;
Myrmecophagidae is the taxon.
Task #1
1. Choose your favorite animal or plant.
2. Classify your favorite animal or plant
according to the modern taxonomic
hierarchy (8 categories).
3. Exchange papers with your seatmate.
Allow your seatmate to check your work.
Task #2
Instructions: Using the web, look for the answers
to the following questions.
1. What is biodiversity?
2. What are the threats to biodiversity in
Philippines? Clue: H-I-P-P-O (Kindly give one
species affected by each threat)
3. What are the nine (9) categories in IUCN
Red List Categories and Criteria? Define
each briefly.

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