Do Now Script answer.

It is important students
Why is the following commandment important: Whatever goes upon four grasp the meaning of this
legs, or has wings, is a friend. commandment. Later in the novel,
Extension: What other commandments can you remember? the animals are not united and the
farm begins to fail.
Introduction
Use slide 5 to support the feedback taken from the Do Now and to
cement the idea that the commandments is designed to unite the
animals in their common purpose.
Reading Use the glossaries to support
Lesson Guide

Students to read from ‘How they toiled’ to ‘was given up to recreation.’ teaching.
Pages 19-22 NOTE: ALL OF READING (NOT
ABRIDGED) FOR THIS LESSON WILL
TAKE 20 MINS. BEAR THIS IN MIND
WHEN TIMING OTHER TASKS IN THE
LESSON.
Text exploration Consider how you will edit this
With a partner, list 5 reasons the animals’ first harvest was so successful. activity if reading the abridged text.
Reading
Read to the end of chapter 3.
The mystery of the apples and the milk Do encourage students to think
Discuss what happened to the apples and milk at the end of chapter 3. about the writer’s intentions.
Students discuss 2 questions in pairs.
Stretch question
Why is this such an important part of the story? What does this mean for
Animalism and Animal Farm?

Resource- Character List p.6

Character List
In pairs, students discuss what more we have learnt about Napoleon and
Snowball. Students to add notes for these two characters.

Fortnightly Quiz
Ask students to complete fortnightly quiz 1
 Tuesday, 05 April 2022
Here is one of the seven commandments:
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a
friend.

Why is this an important commandment

Do Now

for the animals?

Extension: What other commandments can you

remember? Why was the commandment important?
 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a
friend.
The animals know that they need to work together to
bring down Man. All animals with four legs need to
unite. Birds are also animals and are important to take
Animal Farm

down Man.
The animals should not fight amongst themselves – all
animals are friends in working against Man.
 The animals have successfully thrown Jones out of the
farm.
They have established the rules for Animal Farm.
Now we will find out how successful the animals will be
on their own!
Animal Farm

Chapter 3 – The First Harvest

Read from (page 19) ‘How they toiled…’
Read to (page 22)‘…was given up to recreation’
 How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! toiled – worked
But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was hard
an even bigger success than they had hoped.
**Sometimes the work was hard; the implements implements -
had been designed for human beings and not for tools
animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal
was able to use any tool that involved standing on his
hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could
think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses,
Reading

they knew every inch of the field, and in fact

understood the business of mowing and raking far
better than Jones and his men had ever done. The
pigs did not actually work, but directed and
supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it
was natural that they should assume the leadership.
Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the
cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed
in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round
and round the field with a pig walking behind and
calling out "Gee up, comrade!" or "Whoa back,
comrade!" as the case might be. And every animal
down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and humblest – of the
gathering it. lowest rank
 Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in
the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the
end they finished the harvest in two days' less time
than it had usually taken Jones and his men.
Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm
had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the
hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered
up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm conceived –
had stolen so much as a mouthful. imagined
Reading

All through that summer the work of the farm acute - extreme
went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they doled out – give
had never conceived it possible to be. Every out
mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, grudging – don’t
now that it was truly their own food, produced by want to do
themselves and for themselves, not doled out to something
them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical –
parasitical human beings gone, there was more for relying on
everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, something else to
inexperienced though the animals were. live
 They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in
the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to
tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the
chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no chaff – the outer
threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness layer of crops
and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled that needs to be
them through. Boxer was the admiration of removed
everybody. He had been a hard worker even in
Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three
Reading

horses than one; there were days when the entire

work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty
shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and
pulling, always at the spot where the work was
hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of
the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour
earlier than anyone else, and would put in some
volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most
needed, before the regular day's work began. His
answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will
work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal
motto.
 But everyone worked according to his capacity
The hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels bushel – unit of
of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray measurement for
grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his crops (about 35
rations, the quarrelling and biting and jealousy which litres)
had been normal features of life in the old days had
almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost shirked – avoided
nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting doing something
up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work
Reading

early on the ground that there was a stone in her

hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat
peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was
work to be done the cat could never be found. She
would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at
meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as
though nothing had happened. But she always
made such excellent excuses, and purred so
affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in
her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey,
seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did
his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had obstinate –
done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never unwilling to
volunteering for extra work either. change
 About the Rebellion and its results he would express
no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier
now that Jones was gone, he would say only
"Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen
a dead donkey," and the others had to be content
with this cryptic answer.** cryptic -
On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an mysterious
hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a
ceremony which was observed every week without
Reading

fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had hoisting – raising
found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of something
Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn
in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse
garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green,
Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of
England, while the hoof and horn signified the future signified – be a
Republic of the Animals which would arise when the sign/symbol of
human race had been finally overthrown. After the something else
hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the
big barn for a general assembly which was known as
the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was
planned out and resolutions were put forward and resolution –
debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the decisions
resolutions.
 The other animals understood how to vote, but could
never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball
and Napoleon were by far the most active in the
debates. But it was noticed that these two were
never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of
them made, the other could be counted on to
oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing no one
could object to in itself--to set aside the small
paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for
Reading

animals who were past work, there was a stormy

debate over the correct retiring age for each class of
animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of
'Beasts of England', and the afternoon was given up
to recreation.
 At this point in the novel, the animals are
having huge success on the farm.
Animal Farm

With a partner, list five reasons the

animals’ first harvest was so successful.
 Why is the harvest so successful?
1. The horses know the fields better than the men. This
means they can work around the fields much more
effectively than when the men were directing them.
2. All of the animals have a job to do and they work
Animal Farm

together to complete the harvest.

3. All animals – including the ducks and hens – work on
collecting the hay from the field.
4. None of the animals steal any hay from the harvest.
5. Without people, the animals have more to eat. They
enjoy their food more as well.
6. Boxer is so determined for the farm to be a success,
he wakes up early to complete extra work.
7. The animals want to show the humans that they can
be just as good as them. The animals are motivated
to bring in the harvest to prove themselves.
 The animals are working together to make the farm
work.
Let’s find out what happens next.
Let’s read to the end of the Chapter 3
Animal Farm

Read from (page 22), ‘The Meeting always ended…’

Read to ‘…for the pigs alone.’
 The Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts
of England', and the afternoon was given up to
recreation.
The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a
headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings,
they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other
necessary arts from books which they had brought
out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself indefatigable –
with organising the other animals into what he called never became
Reading

Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. tired

 He formed the Egg Production Committee for the
hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild
Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of
this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter
Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others,
besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On
the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt
to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down
almost immediately. They continued to behave very
Reading

much as before, and when treated with generosity,

simply took advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-
education Committee and was very active in it for
some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof
and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her
reach. She was telling them that all animals were now
comrades and that any sparrow who chose could
come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept
their distance.
The reading and writing classes, however, were
a great success. By the autumn almost every animal literate – able to
on the farm was literate in some degree. read and write
 As for the pigs, they could already read and
write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well,
but were not interested in reading anything except
the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could
read somewhat better than the dogs, and sometimes
used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps
of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap.
Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never
exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there exercised his
Reading

was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt the whole faculty –

alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer practised using
could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace his ability
out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and
then would stand staring at the letters with his ears
back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all forelock - part of
his might to remember what came next and never mane in between
succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did a horse’s ears
learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was
always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and
D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four
letters, and used to write them out once or twice
every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to
learn any but the six letters which spelt her own
name.
 She would form these very neatly out of pieces of
twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or
two and walk round them admiring them.
None of the other animals on the farm could get
further than the letter A. It was also found that the
stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks,
were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by
heart. After much thought Snowball declared that
the Seven Commandments could in effect be
Reading

reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, maxim – a phrase

two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential that gives advice
principle of Animalism. Whoever had thoroughly
grasped it would be safe from human influences. The
birds at first objected, since it seemed to them that
they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to them propulsion – a
that this was not so. force that pushes
"A bird's wing, comrades," he said, "is an organ of something
propulsion and not of manipulation. It should forward
therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing manipulation – to
mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which handle
he does all his mischief." something with
skill
 The birds did not understand Snowball's long
words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the
humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim
by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was
inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the
Seven Commandments and in bigger letters When
they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed
a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in
the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good,
Reading

two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and
keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it.
 Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's
committees. He said that the education of the young
was more important than anything that could be
done for those who were already grown up. It
happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both
whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth whelped – given
between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as birth
they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from weaned –
their mothers, saying that he would make himself stopped feeding
Reading

responsible for their education. He took them up into from their mother
a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from
the harness-room, and there kept them in such
seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their seclusion – kept
existence. alone
The mystery of where the milk went to was soon
cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs'
mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the
grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The windfall – an
animals had assumed as a matter of course that apple that has
these would be shared out equally; one day, been blown
however, the order went forth that all the windfalls down
were to be collected and brought to the harness-
room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other
animals murmured, but it was no use.
 All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even
Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make
the necessary explanations to the others.
"Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I
hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of
selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike privilege – an
milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object advantage that
in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk someone has,
and apples (this has been proved by Science, often because
Reading

comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary they are rich or

to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. important
The whole management and organisation of this farm
depend on us. Day and night we are watching over
your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk
and eat those apples. Do you know what would
happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would pleadingly –
come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, make an
comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, emotional and
skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely urgent statement
there is no one among you who wants to see Jones or request
come back?"
 Now if there was one thing that the animals
were completely certain of, it was that they did not
want Jones back. When it was put to them in this
light, they had no more to say. The importance of
keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious.
So it was agreed without further argument that the
milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop
of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for
the pigs alone.
Reading
 At the end of Chapter 3, the animals find out where
the milk and apples went that disappeared in Chapter
2.

Discuss these questions with a partner:

Animal Farm

1. What do you think Orwell wants us to think about

the pigs?
2. What do you think Orwell wants us to think about
the other animals?
 George Orwell said,

‘The turning-point of the story

Animal Farm

was supposed to be when

the pigs kept the milk and
apples for themselves’

Why do you think the end of Chapter 3

is such an important part of the story?
 Let’s return to the Character List.
In the passage we have just read, we found out more
about Napoleon and Snowball.

With a partner, discuss what we have discovered

about Napoleon and Snowball in Chapter 3.

P6
Napoleon Snowball
 Return to the Character List resource.
Add to your notes on Napoleon and Snowball.
• Large, fierce and controlling
• He leads the animals to start work on harvest.
Animal Farm

• Disagrees with Snowball on matters of the farm.

• Does not care about committees – more interested in
educating the young.
• Takes Jessie and Bluebell’s puppies away to train.

• intelligent
• helps to educate the other animals about how they
should live after the Rebellion.

• Disagrees with Napoleon on matters of the farm.

• Organises Animal Committees, which are
generally unsuccessful.
 Quiz time!
Fortnightly quiz

Circle the correct answers for quiz 1.

 Quiz answers

1. de 6. b c
Answers

2. ae 7. b
3. bd 8. d
4. bc 9. a c
5. ad 10. a b
 Here is what happens in the passage we have left out:
• After the Rebellion, the animals begin to work on the
harvest.
• All of the animals work very hard to make the harvest a
success.
Animal Farm

• Boxer does lots of tough, hard work.

• The pigs are clever. They say that they are best at
planning and organising the other animals. They do not do
any physical work.
• Even though it is hard work, the harvest is a huge success.
All of the animals are happy to work for each other.