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Chapter 5

Radiation Heat Transfer

Prepared by

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Mohamed Mohamed Shabaan

Dr. Eng. Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman Ibrahim

Mechanical Power Engineering Department

At the end of this lecture the student should be able to:

1. Define radiation heat transfer.

2. Define Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity.

3. Define Planck’s Law, Stefan Boltzmann law, Kirchhoff's law and

Lambert's law.

4. Define radiant power, E.

5. Define view factor.

6. Calculate the heat transfer by radiation.

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INTRODUCTION
 Radiant energy is the result of complicated molecular and atomic
disturbances and occurs at the expense of other kinds of energy , mostly
thermal.

 Radiant energy is propagated by electromagnetic waves of a length ranging

from fractions of a micron to many kilometers.
 The wavelength of visible rays is 0.4-0.8 microns and that of heat rays ranges
from 0.8-40 microns.
 Radiation differs from the other two heat transfer mechanisms in that it does
not require the presence of a material medium to take place.
 Also, radiation transfer occurs in solids as well as liquids and gases.
 Heat transfer through an evacuated space can occur only by radiation.

Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Transmissivity.

Absorptivity: the fraction of incident radiation absorbed by the surface
is called the absorptivity.
Reflectivity: the fraction of incident radiation reflected by the surface is
called the reflectivity.
Transmissivity: the fraction of incident radiation transmitted is called
the transmissivity.

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Black body, white body and gray body.

Black body: A black body is defined as a body where all the incident
radiation penetrates it and is completely absorbed within it.
A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation.
α=1
White body: A white body is defined as a body where all the incident
radiation penetrates it and is completely reflected by it.
ρ=1
Gray body: Bodies whose radiation spectrum is continuous and the
curve Eλ = f(λ) is similar to the corresponding curve of a black body at
the same temperature, i.e., Eλi / Eoλi = const. for all wavelengths, called
gray bodies.
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Basic laws of thermal radiation

1- Planck’s Law: the radiant power of a body E is defined as the amount of energy
emitted by unit area per unit time for electromagnetic waves of a length ranging
from λ = 0 to λ = ∞.
 The radiation that is emitted by a blackbody is a function of temperature and
wavelength.
 A blackbody at a specific temperature will
emit thermal radiation over a large range
of wavelengths.
 The distribution of the blackbody spectral
emissive power increases and shifts toward
lower wavelengths as the temperature of
the blackbody increases.

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Basic laws of thermal radiation

2- Stefan-Boltzmann Law: the full amount of energy emitted per square
meter of a black body per hour is :

The radiation energy is proportional to the fourth power of absolute

temperature.
In engineering calculations, this law is used in the following form:
4 4
 T   T 
Eo  Co   , Co  5.7 and E  C  
 100   100 
Emissivity: comparing the radiation energy of a gray body with that
of black body at the same temperature
E

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Eo

Basic laws of thermal radiation

3- Kirchhoff’s Law: Kirchhoff’s Law establishes the relationship between the
emissivity and the Absorptivity of a body.
q  E  Eo

if T  To
at thermal equilibriu m
q  0.0
0.0  E  Eo

E  Eo
E

Eo
E
 
8
Eo

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Basic laws of thermal radiation

4- Lambert’s Law: The Stefan-Boltzmann law determines the energy emitted
by a body in all directions. Each direction is determined by the angle ϕ which
the emitted rays form with the normal to the surface.
 Lambert's law defines the variation of radiation in individual directions.
 According to this law, the rate of radiation from surface element da1 in the
direction of surface element da2 is proportional to the rate of radiation along
the normal dQn multiplied by the solid angle dΩ and cos ϕ

Q  Ea1

dQ  Eda1d

d 2Q  En cos da1d

Basic laws of thermal radiation

4- Lambert’s Law:

d 2Q  En cos da1d

a da
Solid angle   and d  2
r2 r

da  rd d

  r sin 

drd r 2 sin dd

d 2  
r2 r2

d 3Q  En cos  sin ddda1



2   2
Q  En  da1  sin  cos d  d
 0  0
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Basic laws of thermal radiation

4- Lambert’s Law:



2   2
Q  En  da1  sin  cos d  d
 0  0


1  2 2
Q  En a1  sin 2    0
2 0

Q  En a1
1
1  02 
2

Q  En a1 Q  Ea1

Ea1  En a1
E
En 
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

Radiant Interchange Between Solids

1- Two parallel surfaces:
• In heat engineering, it is usually required to calculate the radiant interchange

between bodies whose state of surface, size and temperature are known.
• These data permit determination of the quantity of heat emitted from both
bodies by means of the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
• In this case the essential thing is to take into account the effect of the shape
and size of the bodies, relative position, distance between the bodies and their
emissivity.
• By way of illustration, let us consider the turnover of radiant heat in the
simplest case of radiant-heat interchange between two parallel surfaces.

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Radiant Interchange Between Solids

1- Two parallel surfaces:

 T   T  4 4

Q12  a1 nCo  1    2  
 100   100  

1
n 
1 1
 1
1  2

Co  5.7

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Radiant Interchange Between Solids

2- Two surfaces in an enclosure:

 T   T  4 4

Q12  a1 nCo  1    2  
 100   100  

1
n 
1 a1  1 
   1
 1 a2   2 

Co  5.7

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Radiant Interchange Between Solids

3- Two surfaces in general case (not parallel & not enclosure):

 T   T  4 4

Q12  a1 nCo  1    2   F12
 100   100  

 n  1 *  2

Co  5.7

F12 : shape factor or view factor

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Shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor

F12 : shape factor or view factor
1
d 2Q1  E1 cos 1da1d1

da2 cos 2
d 2 
r2
1 cos 1 cos 2
d 2Q1  E1 da1da2
 r2
1 cos 1 cos 2
d 2Q12   2 d 2Q1   2 E1 da1da2
 r2

1 cos 1 cos 2
d 2Q21  1E2 da1da2
 r2

1 cos 1 cos 2
d 2Q12  ( 2 E1  1 E2 ) da1da2
 r2
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Shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor

4 4
 T   T 
E1  1Co  1  E2   2Co  2 
 100   100 

 T1  4  T2  4  cos 1 cos 2
d Q12  1 2Co 
2
    da1da2
 100   100   r 2

 T  4  T  4  cos 1 cos 2
Q12   nCo  1    2    da1  da2
 100   100   a1 a2 r 2

 n   n  1 * 2

 T  4  T  4 
Q12  a1 nCo  1    2   F12
 100   100  

1 cos 1 cos 2
a1 a1 a2
F12  da1 da2
r 2
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VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

1- The Summation Rule

ϕj
ϕi

2- The Reciprocity Relation

ai Fij  a j Fji
3- The Superposition Rule
F1( 2,3)  F12  F13
a1F1( 2,3)  a1F12  a1F13

(a2  a3 ) F( 2,3)1  a2 F21  a3 F31

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VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

The view factor from a surface to itself is zero for plane or convex ‫ محدب‬surfaces
and nonzero for concave ‫ مقعر‬surfaces.

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View factor between two aligned parallel rectangles of equal size.

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View factor between two perpendicular rectangles with a common edge.

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View factor between two coaxial parallel disks.

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View factors for two concentric cylinders of finite length: (a) outer cylinder to inner
cylinder; (b) outer cylinder to itself.

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Example : A large vertical cylinder has 80 cm in diameter and 2 m height, the bottom of
the cylinder surface is at 150 °C and of 0.9 as emissivity while the upper surface of the
cylinder is at 60 °C and of 0.7 as emissivity. Calculate the heat losses by radiation from the
bottom surface of the cylinder per hour if the intior circumferential surface of the cylinder
is at 40°C as temperatures and emissivity of 0.8.
ε1 = 0.7
ε2 = 0.9
ε3 = 0.8
a2 = 0.503 m2
Co = 5.7
T1 = 333 k
T2 = 423 k
T3 = 313 k
εn1 = ε2* ε1 = 0.63  T  4  T  4   T  4  T  4 
εn2 = ε2* ε3 = 0.72 
Q  a2Co n1 F21  2 
  1 
  a2 n 2Co F23  2    3  
 100   100    100   100  
F21 = 0.05    
F23 = 0.95 Q = 457.44 W

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