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HAPP Endocrine System

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30 views

HAPP Endocrine System

Uploaded by

Danes Paguio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Endocrine System

MA. PATRICIA AYKMILLE DANES B. PAGUIO, RPH


ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
∙ Second messenger system of the body
∙ Uses chemical messages (hormones) that
are released into the blood
∙ Hormones control several major processes
1. Reproduction
2. Growth and development
3. Mobilization of body defenses
4. Maintenance of much of homeostasis
5. Regulation of metabolism
TYPES OF CHEMICAL SIGNALING
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS
DEDICATED ENDOCRINE
GLANDS
-Glands with an
exclusive endocrine
function (Exception:
reproductive glands,
also gametogenic
but considered as a
dedicated endocrine
gland)
ORGANS WITH ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

- Organs that contains cells


whose primary function is not
endocrine, but they also have
endocrine function
HORMONES
- From Greek word “horman” meaning to set in motion.
- Mediators that control mechanism in endocrine
system.
CLASSES OF HORMONES
1. Proteins (if more than 100 amino acids) and
polypeptides
(less than 100 AM)
2. Steroid hormones
3. Amine hormones
The Hypothalamus of the
Brain
The Hypothalamus of the Brain

• Controls secretions of the pituitary gland


• Nerve cells produce chemical signals
– Releasing hormones
– Releasing inhibitory hormones
– Controlled by negative feedback from
endocrine system
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
The Major Endocrine Glands
and Their Hormones
The Anterior Pituitary Gland, Its
Hormones, and Some Disorders
The Anterior Pituitary Gland, Its
Hormones, and Some Disorders
• Growth hormone (GH): cell metabolism
and growth
– Decreased production
• Dwarfism: childhood
– Increased production
• Gigantism: childhood
• Acromegaly: post puberty
– Controlled by two releasing hormones from
hypothalamus
The Anterior Pituitary Gland
(cont’d.)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
stimulates thyroid
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
stimulates adrenal cortex
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
stimulates melanocytes
The Anterior Pituitary Gland
(cont’d.)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Females
• Stimulates ovarian follicle development
– Males
• Stimulates sperm cell production
The Anterior Pituitary Gland
(cont’d.)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Females
• Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production
– Males
• Testosterone production
• Lactogenic hormone (prolactin): stimulates
milk production in females
– May cause decrease in male sex hormones
The Posterior Pituitary Gland and
Its Hormones
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
– Increased water reabsorption in kidney
tubules
– Deficiency results in diabetes insipidus
– Regulated through osmoreceptors
• Dehydration causes water conservation
The Posterior Pituitary Gland and
Its Hormones (cont’d.)
• Oxytocin
– Contraction of uterine smooth muscles
– Constriction of mammary gland cells
(lactation)
– Given after childbirth to constrict blood
vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage
The Posterior Pituitary Gland and
Its Hormones (cont’d.)
The Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones,
and Some Disorders
• Located below larynx on either side of
trachea
• Requires iodine
The Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones,
and Some Disorders (cont’d.)
• Hormones
– Thyroxine (T4): metabolism
– Triiodothyronine (T3): metabolism
– Calcitonin: regulation of calcium and
phosphate concentration
The Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones,
and Some Disorders (cont’d.)
• Hypothyroidism
– Cretinism
– Lowered metabolic rate
– Myxedema
• Hyperthyroidism
– Elevated metabolism
– Graves’ disease
• Exophthalmia
The Parathyroid Glands, Their
Hormones, and Some Disorders
• Located within the posterior thyroid gland
• Chief cells secrete parathormone (PTH)
• PTH stimulates bone cell release of
calcium and phosphate
• Hyperparathyroidism
– Breakdown of bone matrix
• Hypoparathyroidism
– Low calcium level in blood
The Parathyroid Glands (cont’d.)

• Position of the
parathyroid glands
The Adrenal Glands, Their
Hormones, and Some Disorders
• Located on top of each kidney
• Adrenal medulla: epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol,
androgens
The Adrenal Glands , Their Hormones,
and Some Disorders (cont’d.)
• Disorders
– Addison’s disease: lack of adrenal cortex
hormones
– Cushing’s syndrome: too much adrenal cortex
hormones
The Pancreas, Its Hormones, and
Some Disorders
• Islets of Langerhans
• Beta cells: insulin production
• Alpha cells: glucagon production
• Blood glucose levels regulated by negative
feedback
The Pancreas, Its Hormones, and
Some Disorders (cont’d.)
• Disorders
– Low blood glucose: acidosis
– High blood glucose: excess kidney production,
dehydration
– Diabetes mellitus: insufficient insulin
production
The Testes and the Ovaries

• Testes: testosterone
– Development of male reproductive structures
– Development of male sex characteristics
• Ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
– Development of female reproductive organs
– Development of female sex characteristics
– Control menstrual cycle
The Thymus Gland and Its
Hormone
• Located behind the sternum
• Secretes thymosin
• Important for T cell production
• Thymus shrinks as we age
The Pineal Gland and Its Hormone
• Located in the brain near the thalamus
• Melatonin
– Inhibits reproductive functions
– Regulates body rhythms
• Serotonin: neurotransmitter and
vasoconstrictor
– Stimulates smooth muscle contractions
The Pineal Gland and Its Hormone
END

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