PROJECT OVERVIEW AND BUILDING LOADS

I. Project Overview

Project Name: Multi-Purpose Reinforced-Concrete Building Structure (3 Storey)

Location: Intramuros, Manila (around 10.0 km from known seismic fault)

Occupancy: III – Special Occupancy structures

Category Floor System: solid slab supported by beams

Building Lateral: Special Moment Resisting Frame

Foundation System: Isolated Footing

(Floor Plans and Elevations are shown below:)

 Levels Storey Height (m) Relative Height (m)
Footing to GF -1.5 0
GF to 2F 3.6 3.6
2F – 3F 3.6 7.2
3F – Roof Eaves 6.0 13.2
Roof Eave – Apex 6.0 19.2
Total 19.2

MEMBER DIMENSIONS (SECTION PROPERTIES)

These are the sections need to be defined and apply to elements accordingly

Columns

700 x 500 mm (Exterior Columns)

700 x 700 mm (Interior Columns)

Girders/Beams

700 x 400 mm (Girders)

500 x 300 mm (Intermediate Beams)

TRUSS

PURLINS (C200x75x2.3mm)
PROJECT LOCATION
II. Building Loads
A. DEAD LOADS

The dead loads used in this project were determined by referencing various standards
and textbooks to find the corresponding values for their weights. Approximate values
were assumed when ranges were listed depending on how dense the layouts were, as
well as considering the life history and usage of the building.

For DL1 Reference Load

- Selfweight (reinforced-concrete at 25 kN/m3)

- 3.75 kN/m2 floor load for un-modelled 150 mm thick slab ,
- 3.75 kN/m2 is calculated from 150 mm slab thickness multiply by the concrete
density 25 kN/m3 So, 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2

For DL2 Reference Load

- Floor loads

Floor Load (kN/m2) 2nd Floor 3rd Floor Roof

150 mm slab 3.75 -
150 mm slab - 3.75
Floor Finish 1.10 1.25
To be obtained from roof
Ceiling 0.15 0.15
analysis
MEP 0.10 0.10
Interior Partition 1.00 -
Water Proofing - -

- Member loads

- 8.64 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load

2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2

Height of 4” CHB = 3.6m(story height) – 0.7m (beam depth) = 2.9 m

So member load = 2.98 x 2.9 = 8.64 kN/m

- 15.79 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load

2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2

Height of 4” CHB = 6.0 m(story height) – 0.70m (beam depth) = 5.3 m

So member load = 2.98 x 5.3 = 15.79 kN/m

- 6.85 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load

2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2

Height of 4” CHB = 6.0 m(story height) – 1.4m (truss depth) = 4.6 m * ½ (to
consider triangular load)

So member load = 2.98 x 2.30 = 6.85 kN/m

 - Stair loads = 0.2 x 25 kN/m3 x 5.3m / 2 = 13.25 kN/m

- Point Loads (from truss analysis)

27.31 kN as per separate STAAD.Pro analysis, Say 28.00 kN

B. LIVE LOADS

The live loads used in this project were calculated in accordance with NSCP 2015 and
ASCE 7-16.

Live Loads (kN/m2)

Occupancy Design Load
Offices 2.4
Basketball 4.8
Roof 0.6

C. WIND LOADS

Wind loads were calculated in accordance with NSCP 2015, Chapter 2. The simplified
method was used to calculate wind loads for Main Wind-Force Resisting System
(MWFRS) and Components and Cladding (C&C).

In order to use the simplified procedure, all conditions of Section 207C.6.2 of the NSCP
2015 must be satisfied:

1. It is a simple diaphragm building.

2. The mean roof height h is less than 18 m and does not exceed the least
horizontal dimension.
3. Since the building has debris-resistant cladding which are CHB and no
dominant opening in any one wall, it can be classified as an enclosed building.
4. It has a regular shape.
5. It is a rigid building because it meets the definition of low-rise building; as per
STAAD analysis T < 1.0s, hence rigid structure Flexible structure has T > 1.0
seconds
6. There is no expansion joint.
7. It has an approximately symmetrical cross section in each direction with either
a flat roof or a gable or hip roof with roof slope < 45deg.
8. The building is exempted from torsional load cases as indicated in Note 5 of
Fig. 207C.4-1.

Therefore, wind pressures for both the MWFRS and C&C can be used on the
design using the simplified method.
The project is categorized as Exposure B due to its urban setting and location in
Intramuros Manila. The basic wind speed was found to be 250 kph per Figure 207A.5-1A
in NSCP 2015.

Wind pressure diagrams were drawn of the final forces acting on the building. Wind
forces for MWFRS and C&C were calculated by hand and then applied to STAAD.Pro 2D
and 3D model. These diagrams and calculations can be found on succeeding pages of
this book.

Structure Data

Location : Intramuros Manila

Basic Wind Speed : 250 Kph

Risk Category : III

Terrain : Suburban Area (Exposure B)

Building Dimensions : 22.5 m x 42 m in plan

Eave height : 13.2 m

Ridge height / Apex : 9.2 m

Roof mean height : 16.2 m

Roof slope : 25.20°

Building Framing : Special Concentric and Eccentric Braced (X – direction)

: Special Moment Frame (Z – direction)

Roof Framing

Truss Spacing : 3.75 m and 3.0 m

Purlins Spacing : 0.8m (typical), 0.6m on Zone 2 and 3

Roofing sheet : conventional spandek sheets with foam insulation

Manila = 250 kph
Calculation of width of pressure coefficient zone (a)

a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than
either 4% of least horizontal dimension or 3 ft (0.9 m).

smaller of a = 0.1(22.5 m) = 2.25 m (governs)

or a = 0.4(16.2 m) = 6.48 m

but not less than 0.04(22.5) = 0.9 m

or a = 0.9m
Wind Pressure diagram for Wind Load Calculation for MWFRS

Case A (Case 1) – wind blows normal to ridge

Case B (Case 2) – wind blows parallel to ridge

Calculation of adjustment factor for building height and exposure,

Roof mean height : 16.2 m

λ is calculated using interpolation = 1.19

1. WIND LOAD CALCULATION FOR COMPONENTS AND CLADDING (C&CS) FOR
PURLIN DESIGN

Net Pressure Calculation

Where:

λ adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Fig. 207E.5-1

Kzt topographic factor as defined in Section 207A.8 evaluated at 0.33 mean

roof height, 0.33h

pnet9 net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h = 9 m, from Fig. 207E.5-1

Minimum Design Wind Pressures: the design wind pressure for C&C shall not be less
than a net pressure (including internal pressures) of 0.77 KN/m2 acting in either
direction normal to the surface

Purlins design involving Zone 1 and Zone 2 wind, use purlin spacing = 0.8 m

Calculate purlins effective area,

L = 3.0m (least purlin span or truss spacing), smaller space considered between 3.0
m and 3.75 m

W = 0.8m or not smaller than 1/3 of span, 3.0m / 3 = 1.0 m, 1.0 m governs

Purlin effective area = 3.0 x 1.0 = 3.0 m2

Purlin Design

Dead Load Selfweight (automated by STAAD.Pro)

Roofing sheet = 0.05 kN/m2

Insulation sheet = 0.05 KN/m2

Total = 0.10 KN/m2

Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.10 KN/m2 x purlin spacing = 0.10 x 0.8 = 0.08 KN/m

Live Load Roof live load = 0.6 kN/m2

Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.60 KN/m2 x purlin spacing = 0.60 x 0.8 = 0.48 KN/m

Wind Load (see tables)

Below are the primary load cases and load combinations will be used in the purlin
design

Load Combination TABLE 1 – PRIMARY LOAD CASE NAME

1 DL1 Dead Load – SelfWeight + Superimposed Dead Load
2 LLR1 Roof Live Load
3 WL1 Wind Load – Direct Action
4 WL2 Wind Load – Uplift Action

Load Combination TABLE 2 – DESIGN LOAD COMBINATION - LRFD

101 1.4DL1
102 1.2DL1 + 1.6LLR1
103 1.2DL1 + 0.5LLR1 + 1.0WL1
104 1.2DL1 + 0.5LLR1 + 1.0WL2
105 0.9DL1 + 1.0WL1
106 0.9DL1 + 1.0WL2

Load Combination TABLE 3 – SERVICE LOAD COMBINATION – For Vertical

Deflection Check
201 1.0DL1 + 1.0LLR1
Below are the available channel sections can be used in the purlin design.

We will use 8 in x 3 in x 2.3 MM, so

CH 200 x 75 x 2.3 mm (A36 steel), fy = 248 N/mm2

Deflection limits (from IBC 2012)

TABLE 1604.3
DEFLECTION LIMITS

CONSTRUCTION L S or W D+L
Roof Members
Supporting plaster or stucco ceiling 𝑙⁄360 𝑙⁄360 𝑙⁄240
Supporting non-plaster ceiling 𝑙⁄240 𝑙⁄240 𝑙⁄180
Not supporting ceiling 𝑙⁄180 𝑙⁄180 𝑙⁄120
Floor members 𝑙⁄360 - 𝑙⁄240
Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions
With plaster or stucco finishes - 𝑙⁄360 -
With other brittle finishes - 𝑙⁄240 -
With flexible finishes - 𝑙⁄180 -
Farm buildings - - 𝑙⁄180
Greenhouses - - 𝑙⁄120
2. WIND LOAD CALCULATION FOR COMPONENTS AND CLADDING (C&CS) FOR TRUSS
DESIGN

Net Pressure Calculation

λ adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Fig. 207E.5-1

Kzt topographic factor as defined in Section 207A.8 evaluated at 0.33 mean

roof height, 0.33h

pnet9 net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h = 9 m, from Fig. 207E.5-1

Minimum Design Wind Pressures: the design wind pressure for C&C shall not be
less than a net pressure (including internal pressures) of 0.77 KN/m 2 acting in
either direction normal to the surface

Truss design involving Zone 1 and Zone 2 wind, use truss spacing = 3.75 m

Calculate truss effective area,

L = 22.5 m + 1.5 m (overhang length) x 2 = 25.5 m

W = 3.75 m or not smaller than 1/3 of span, 22.5 m / 3 = 7.5 m, 3.75 m governs

Purlin effective area = 25.5 + 3.75 = 95.63 m2

𝑝𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 )
l 𝐾𝑧𝑡 ZONE ROOF OVERHANG Remarks
1 2 3 2 3
0.85 0.85 0.85 - - Direct pressure 
1.19 1.00
-1.72 -2.44 -3.83 -4.19 -4.71 Uplift pressure 

Ready Input to STAAD (kN/m)

Truss Spacing
ZONE ROOF OVERHANG Remarks
(m)
1 2 3 2 3
3.79 3.79 3.79 - - Direct pressure 
3.75
-7.68 -10.89 -17.09 -18.70 -21.02 Uplift pressure 
Truss Design

Dead Load Selfweight (automated by STAAD.Pro)

Roofing sheet = 0.05 kN/m2

Insulation sheet = 0.05 KN/m2

Purlins = 0.10 KN/m2

Total = 0.20 KN/m2 (top chord load)

MEP = 0.15 KN/m2 (bottom chord load)

*MEP = mechanical, electrical and plumbing

Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.20 KN/m2 x max truss spacing = 0.2 x 3.75 = 0.75 KN/m (top chord load)

Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.15 KN/m2 x max truss spacing = 0.15 x 3.75 = 0.56 KN/m (bottom chord
load)

Live Load Roof live load = 0.6 kN/m2 (top chord load)

Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.60 KN/m2 x purlin spacing = 0.6 X 3.75 = 2.25 KN/m (top chord load)

Wind Load (see tables)

Below are the primary load cases and load combinations will be used in the truss design

Load Combination TABLE 1 – PRIMARY LOAD CASE NAME

1 DL1 Dead Load
2 LLR1 Roof Live Load
3 WL1 Wind Load – Direct Action
4 WL2 Wind Load – Uplift Action

Load Combination TABLE 2 – DESIGN LOAD COMBINATION - LRFD

101 1.4DL1
102 1.2DL1 + 1.6LLR1
103 1.2DL1 + 0.5LLR1 + 1.0WL1
104 1.2DL1 + 0.5LLR1 + 1.0WL2
105 0.9DL1 + 1.0WL1
106 0.9DL1 + 1.0WL2

Load Combination TABLE 3 – SERVICE LOAD COMBINATION – For Vertical

Deflection Check
201 1.0DL1 + 1.0LLR1
202 1.0DL1 + 0.75LLR1 + 0.6WL1
203 1.0DL1 + 0.75LLR1 + 0.6WL2
204 1.0DL1 + 0.6WL1
205 1.0DL1 + 0.6WL2
Deflection Limits from IBC 2012

TABLE 1604.3
DEFLECTION LIMITS

CONSTRUCTION L S or W D+L
Roof Members
Supporting plaster or stucco ceiling 𝑙⁄360 𝑙⁄360 𝑙⁄240
Supporting non-plaster ceiling 𝑙⁄240 𝑙⁄240 𝑙⁄180
Not supporting ceiling 𝑙⁄180 𝑙⁄180 𝑙⁄120
Floor members 𝑙⁄360 - 𝑙⁄240
Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions
With plaster or stucco finishes - 𝑙⁄360 -
With other brittle finishes - 𝑙⁄240 -
With flexible finishes - 𝑙⁄180 -
Farm buildings - - 𝑙⁄180
Greenhouses - - 𝑙⁄120

Steel sections will be used in the design

Below are the available angle sections can be used in the truss design.

We will use L100 x 100 x 8mm and L100 x 100 x 6mm, so

2L 100 x 100 x 8 mm (double angle) (A36 steel), f y = 248 N/mm2, for bottom cord and
top chord

L 100 x 100 x 6 mm (single angle) (A36 steel), fy = 248 N/mm2, for web and girts
(intermediate trusses)

3. WIND LOAD CALCULATION FOR MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (MWFRS)

FOR BUILDING FRAME ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (to be calculated/determined from
STAAD.Pro)

D. SEISMIC LOADS

The seismic loads were calculated in accordance with section 1630.2 Static Force Procedure
of UBC 1997 and 208.5.2 of NSCP 2015.

Notes on primary loads and combinations involving seismic load:

➢ Seismic load has vertical and orthogonal effects (100% + 30%) as recommended by UBC
97 (1633.1) and NSCP 2015 (208.7.1)
➢ Reliability/Redundancy Factor (r) = 1.0, for regular framing
➢ E = r Eh + Ev is used to account for seismic vertical effects
➢ Ev = 0.5 Ca I, Ca = 0.44,
➢ Na = 1.0 and Nv = 1.2, since the structure is 10.0 km from the nearest seismic source
Seismic parameters

➢ Z = 0.4
➢ I = 1.0
➢ Rx = 8.5 (Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame)
➢ Rz = 8.5 (Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame)
➢ Ct = 0.0731
➢ Soil = D (D is assumed as soil report is not available)
➢ Na = 1.0
➢ Nv = 1.2
E. PRIMARY LOAD CASE AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

The seismic loads were calculated in accordance with section 1630.2 Static Force Procedure
of UBC 1997 and 208.5.2 of NSCP 2015.

Notes on primary loads and combinations involving seismic load:

➢ Seismic load has vertical and orthogonal effects (100% + 30%) as recommended by
UBC 97 (1633.1) and NSCP 2015 (208.7.1)
➢ Reliability/Redundancy Factor (r) = 1.0, for regular framing
➢ E = r Eh + Ev is used to account for seismic vertical effects
➢ Ev = 0.5 Ca I, Ca = 0.44,
➢ Na = 1.0 and Nv = 1.2, since the structure is 10 km from the seismic source
➢ For TABLE 1 combination see UBC 97 (1612.2.1 and 1633.1) or NSCP 2015 (203.3.1
and 208.7.1)
➢ For TABLE 2 combination see UBC 97 (1630.9.1 and 1612.2.1) or NSCP 2015
(208.6.4.1)
➢ For TABLE 4 combination see UBC 97 (1612.3.1) or NSCP 2015 (203.4.1)
➢ For TABLE 5 combination see UBC 97 (1612.2.1) or NSCP 2015 (203.3.1)

LC PRIMARY LOAD CASE NAME

1 EX Seismic X-Direction
2 EZ Seismic Z-Direction
3 DL1 Dead Load – SelfWeight
4 DL2 Superimposed Dead Load
5 LL1 LiveLoad (2.4 kPa) (f1=0.5) Reducible
6 LL2 LiveLoad (4.8 kPa) (f1=1.0) Unreducible
7 LLR Roof LiveLoad (1.9 kPa) (f1=0.5) Reducible
PART II. ROOF FRAMING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN USING STAAD.PRO CONNECT

A. PURLIN DESIGN

B. TRUSS DESIGN